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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 


MONOGRAPHS 


United  States  Geological  Survey 


VOLUME    iX 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    FEINTING    OFFICE 

1885 


UNITED   STATES   GEOLOGICAL   SUEVEY 
J.  W.  POWELL  DIEECTOE 


BRACHIOPODA  AND  LAMELLIBRANCHUTA 


RARITAN  CLAYS  AND  GREENSAND  MARLS 


OF 


NEAV     JERSEY 


ROBERT   P.   WHITFIELD 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT     miNTING     tTFICE 

1SS5 


CONTENTS, 


Page. 

'  Letter  of  transmittal  from  Prof.  George  H.  Cook ix 

Sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  Cretaceous  aud  Trrtiary  Formatious  of  New  Jersey ix 

Letter  of  transmittal  from  Prof.  Robert  P.  Whitfield xv 

Prelimiuary  remarks  x vi  r 

Brachiiipoda :i 

Section    I.— Brachiopoda  of  the  Mar!  Beds 5 

.  Lamellibranchiata 17 

Section  II. — Lamellibranchiata  irom  the  Raritau  Clays '-12 

III. — Lamellibranchiata  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds 29 

IV. — Lamellibranchiata  from  the  Middle  Marl  Beds 194 

V. — Lamellibranchiata  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls £05 

VI. — Lamellibranchiata  from  the  Eocene  Marls 222 

VII. — Unionidx  from  the  Camden  Clays 243 

VIII. — Classified  list  of  the  species 253 

V 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Geologic  Map  of  a  part  of  New  Jersey.*  Page. 

Plate              I. — Brachiopoda  of  the  Marls  of  New  Jersey 270 

II. — Lamell [branch lata  of  tho  Earitaa  Clays 272 

III. — Ostreidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 272 

IV.— OstreidjE  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 276 

V. — Ostreidee  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 278 

VI. — Cstreidie  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls ygO 

VII.— Pecteuidte  of  tho  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 262 

VIII. — Pectenid^  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 21^4 

IX.— SpondylidfB  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 286 

X. — Spondylidai  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 2>i8 

XL — NuculidiE  and  Aroidae  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls £90 

XII. — Arcidfe  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 292 

XIII. — Arcidae  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 294 

XIV. — Trigoiiid»  and  Pteriidae  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 296 

XV. — Pceriidas  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 298 

XVI. — Pinnidje  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 300 

XVIL— Mytilidaa  and  Crassatellidte  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 1302 

XVIII. —Astartidse,  Crassatellidse,  Lucinidse,  and  Chamidas  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand 

Marls 3(j4 

XIX. — Cyprinid®  of  tho  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 306 

XX.— Cardiidae  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 308 

XXI. — CardildiE  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 310 

XXII.  — Veneridae  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 312 

XXIII. — TeUinidiB,  Mactridie,  and  Corbulids  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 314 

XXIV. — Anatinidie  and  Saxicavidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 316 

XXV. — Solenidfe  and  Pholadidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 318 

XXVI. — Lamellibrauchiata  of  the  Middle  Bed  Greensand  Marls 320 

XXVII. ^Lamellibranchiata  irom  the  base  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 322 

XXVIII. — Lamellibrauchiata  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 324 

XXIX. — Laniellibranchiata  from  the  Eocene  Layers,  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 3-J6 

XXX. — Lamellibranchiata  from  the  Eocene  Layers,  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 328 

XXXI. — Uuionidae  from  Lignitie  Clays  at  Fish  House,  New  Jersey 330 

XXXII. — Unionidae  from  Lignitie  Clays  at  Fish  House,  New  Jersey 332 

XXXIII. — Unionidaj  from  Lignitie  Clays  at  Fish  House,  New  Jersey 334 

XXXIV. — Unionidae  from  Lignitie  Clays  at  Fish  House,  New  Jersey 336 

XXXV. — Unionidae  from  Lignitie  Clays  at  Fish  House,  New  Jersey 338 

Figure  1. — Section  across  Cretaceous  strata x 

2. — Columnar  section  of  Cretaceous  strata ix 


*  In  pocket  at  end  of  volume. 

vu 


LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL, 


Gteological  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  16,  1884. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  herewith  to  transfer  to  you  the  text  and  draw- 
ings of  the  Fossil  Brachiopoda  and  LameUibranchiata  of  the  Raritan  Clays 
and  Greensand  Marls  of  New  Jersey.  They  have  been  prepared  by  Prof 
Robert  P.  Whitfield  for  the  Geological  Survey  of  that  State.  While  the 
fossils  here  described  have  come  from  a  limited  district  of  the  United  States, 
it  is  a  district  which  drew  the  attention  of  paleontologists  earlier,  and  has 
been  studied  longer,  than  any  other,  so  that  it  is  classic  and  typical  ground 
for  all  American  geologists.  As  such  we  esteem  it  worthy  of  a  place  among 
the  Monographs  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  with  high  appre- 
ciation leave  it  in  your  charge  for  publication  and  general  distribution. 

I  also  here  append  a 

SKETCH    OF    THE    GBOLOGX    OF    THE    CRETACEOUS    AND    TERTIAltl 
EOEMATIOIfS  OF  KEW  JERSEY. 

The  invertebrate  fossils  described  in  this  and  the  succeeding  volumes 
have  been  found  in  the  geological  formations  which  make  up  the  southern 
half  of  New  Jersey.  The  northwestern  boundary  of  these  formations  may 
be  traced  by  a  line  drawn  in  a  southwesterly  direction  from  Staten  Island 
Sound,  on  the  eastern  border  of  the  State,  to  the  Delaware  River  at  the 
mouth  of  Assanpink  Creek,  in  Trenton,  on  the  western  side.  The  other 
boundaries  are  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Delaware  Bay  and  River.  The 
boundaries,  except  the  first,  need  no  more  specific  description.  The  north- 
western boundary  can  be  traced  with  a  good  deal  of  accuracy  from  tlie 


CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIAEY  FORMATIONS  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 


Sound,  about  four  miles  northeast  of 
Woodhridge,    through     the     northern 
part  of  that  village,   and  then  across  ' 
the  hills  to  Metuchen,  and  onwards  to 
the    Raritan,  which    it    crosses  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  thence  onward  to  Ten- Mile 
Run  and  King'ston,  and  thence  along 
the  valley  in  which  the  Delaware  and 
S   Raritan   Canal  runs   on   the   south  of 
'Z   Princeton  and  Trenton  to  the  Delaware 
^   River. 

a 

5  The    outcropping    edge    of  these 

g   formations  is   thin,  so    that   in    many 

o 

M  places  the  underlying   red    sandstone 

■fe  is  exposed  in  the  inequalities  of  the 

I  surface,  or  is  easily  reached  in  digging. 

-g  This,   of  course,  must  leave  the  edge 

o  somewhat  irregular,  and  in  one  place 

Z  in    Middlesex    County,    north    of    the 

o  Raritan,  the  red  sandstone  rises  in  a 

§  considerable  hill  soutli  of  this  line,  and 

=  is   entirely   surrounded   by  the   white 

■z  clays  of  this  later  formation. 

I.  The  Raritan  cla}^  beds,  with  their 

6  intermediate  beds  of  sand,  which  are 
"  the  lowest  in  the  series  here  described, 

are  retained  as  a  part  of  the  Cretaceous 
series.  Stratigraphical  relations  war- 
rant this.  The  very  few  fossil  shells 
which  have  been  found  in  them  are  of 
estuary  forms,  and  are  thought  by  some 
paleontologists  to  bear  a  close  resem- 
blance to  those  of  the  "Wealden  or 
Jurassic  age.     The  greensand  and  in- 


CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIAEY  FOEMATIONS  OP  NEW  JERSEY.    XI 


termediate  beds  which  he  immediatel}"  over 
these,  and  as  far  as  seen,  with  the  same  gen- 
eral dip,  though  a  Httle  smaller  in  amount, 
are  rich  in  marine  fossils  which  ai'e  unques- 
tionably of  the  Cretaceous  period 

The  numerous  beds  and  strata  of  the 
series  all  dip  gently  to  tlie  southeast,  the 
descent  being  not  more  than  50  feet  per  mile; 
while  the  underlying  red  sandstone  dips 
towards  the  northwest  at  an  angle  of  10°  or 
12°. 

The  accompanying  section,  Fig.  1 ,  across 
the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene  strata  in  Middle- 
sex and  Monmouth  Counties,  in  which  part 
of  the  State  they  are  best  exposed,  will  suffi- 
ciently illustrate  their  mode  of  occurrence. 

The  columnar  section,  Fig.  2,  will  further 
show  the  thickness  of  the  Cretaceous  and 
Eocene  strata,  as  far  as  present  demonstra- 
tions extend ;  and  the  niaj)  of  the  part  of  New 
Jersey  in  which  these  strata  are  found  will 
make  plain  the  numerous  references  to  local- 
ities, which  are  given  in  the  descriptions  of 
species.  In  addition  to  the  outcrop  as  given 
on  the  map,  and  the  dip  as  shown  in  the 
section,  the  correctness  of  the  columnar 
section  has  been  proved  b)^  the  borings  in 
several  artesian  wells  in  which  the  successive 
strata  of  greensand,  clay,  etc.,  have  been  met 
in  the  order  here  laid  down.  The  Miocene 
is  found,  with  its  characteristic  fossils,  in 
several  isolated  localities  in  the  counties  of 
Cumberland  and  Salem,  but  no  structural 
or  other  well-marked  geological  peculiarities 
of  these  beds  have  yet  been  developed. 


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XII     OEETACEOUS  AND  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  greater  part  of  the  State  south  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene  strata 
is  without  fossils  by  which  to  determine  its  geological  age.  It  is,  however, 
later  than  the  Miocene,  as  is  to  be  seen  where  they  meet,  and  it  is  older 
than  the  Glacial,  as  is  shown  where  the  glacial  drift  overlies  the  same  for- 
mation in  some  of  the  country  immediately  north  of  the  Raritan.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  regidarly  stratified,  though  all  the  strata  are  earthy,  no  rock 
having  been  met  in  boring  into  it.  Regular  and  extended  beds  of  clay  and 
sand  have  been  found  in  the  various  places  which  have  been  bored  into, 
but  no  fossils  have  been  met  with.  In  this  state  of  our  knowledge,  it  is 
safe  to  call  these  beds  representatives  of  the  Pliocene  age. 

The  tide  marshes,  the  sand  beaches,  and  some  low  lying  upland  on  the 
borders  of  the  sea  and  bay  sides,  are  of  the  Quaternary  period,  and  fur- 
nish a  few  fossils  which  scarcely  differ  from  the  living  species  now  found  in 
the  adjacent  tide  waters. 

From  the  foregoing  sketch  of  the  geology  of  Southern  New  Jersey,  it 
will  be  seen  that  by  far  the  greater  number  of  fossils  described  in  this  work 
are  from  the  greensand  beds  of  the  Ci'etaceous  formation.  Fossils  are 
really  much  more  abundant  in  these  beds  than  in  any  of  the  others,  and, 
besides,  these  beds  have  been  opened  more  extensively  than  any  others  on 
account  of  the  value  of  the  marls  which  compose  them,  and  which  are  used 
for  fertilizing  the  soil. 

Some  of  the  species  are  very  abundant,  while  of  many  others  only 
single  specimens  have  been  found,  and  very  many  of  these  forms  have  only 
been  found  as  imperfect  casts. 

There  is  no  complete  collection  of  these  fossils,  and  the  Geological 
Survey  of  New  Jersey  possesses  only  a  small  part  of  them ;  for  the  remain- 
der specimens  have  been  borrowed  wherever  they  could  be  got,  and  their 
ownership  is  given  in  the  printed  descriptions. 

The  fossils  in  the  New  Jersey  marls  attracted  the  attention  of  natural- 
ists at  a  very  early  day;  Dr.  S.  G.  Morton  and  Prof  L.  Vanuxem,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, described  some  of  them  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  1828-29,  and  in  the  seventeenth  volume  of 
the  American  Journal  of  Science  in  1 830,  and  since  that  time  many  additions 
have  been  made  to  the  number  described  by  others,  whose  names  will  ap- 


CEBTAOBOUS  AND  TERTIARY  FORMATIONS  OF  NEW  JERSEY.    XIH 

pear  in  their  proper  places.  This  work  of  Professor  Whitfield,  in  bringing 
the  fossils  together  and  in  revising  and  correcting  imperfect  descriptions, 
and  in  making  new  and  better  drawings  of  the  fossils,  will  be  appreciated 
by  every  paleontologist;  and  the  new  species  he  has  been  able  to  add  give 
completeness  to  the  subject,  and  it  is  hoped  will  make  the  book  a  useful  and 
standard  one  both  for  the  student  and  the  field  geologist.  Heretofore,  many 
of  these  fossils  which  were  described  were  not  figured,  and  the  descriptions 
were  scattered  in  so  many  different  works  that  they  were  practically  inac- 
cessible to  most  persons,  and  especially  to  those  who  by  their  residence  on 
the  formations  were  most  competent  to  make  collections.  It  is  a  publica- 
tion which  has  long  been  looked  for  by  citizens  interested  in  geology,  and 
it  is  fair  to  anticipate  from  its  use  much  benefit  to  the  scientific  geology  of 
the  region  from  which  its  materials  are  drawn. 

As  the  collected  work  of  the  pioneers  in  paleontological  study  on  this 
continent,  it  becomes  of  permanent  interest  to  geologists  both  for  the  per- 
sons whose  labors  it  perpetuates  and  the  localities  which  they  explored. 
I  am,  with  high  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

GEO.  H.  COOK, 
State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey. 

Maj.  J.  W.  Powell, 

Director  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL. 


New  Yoek,  March  31,  1884. 

Dear  Sir:  I  herewith  transmit  to  you  the  following  descriptions  and 
illustrations  of  the  Bracliiopoda  and  LamelUhrancMata  of  the  Green  Marls  and 
accompanying  Clays  of  New  Jersey,  which  form  a  part  only  of  the  paleon- 
tological  report  on  the  fossil  remains  of  the  State. 

In  presenting  the  report  allow  me  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  for  the 
many  kindnesses  which  I  have  received  at  the  hands  of  yourself  and  your 
assistant,  Professor  Smock,  in  obtaining  material  for  the  work.  I  am  also 
greatly  indebted  to  the  officers  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  I  have  been  obliged  to  borrow  largely  from 
their  collection,  as  it  contains  very  many  of  the  types  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad 
and  Mr.  W.  M.  Gabb,  as  well  as  of  Dr.  S.  G.  Morton,  and  those  of  Mr.  Isaac 
Lea's  species  of  Unionidce.  I  am,  however,  under  special  obligation  in  this 
respect  to  Profs.  A.  Heilprin  and  H,  Carville  Lewis.  I  have  also  had  the  loan 
of  specimens  from  Columbia  College,  N.  Y.,  through  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberr}^,  and 
from  Dr.  Lawrence  Johnson  and  Miss  F.  M.  Hitchcock,  of  New  York,  to  all  of 
whom  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks.  I  have  also  availed  myself  largely  of 
specimens  from  the  cabinet  at  Rutgers  College  under  your  charge,  and 
from  the  cabinet  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York 
City. 

Yours,  very  truly, 

R.  P.  WHITFIELD. 

Prof  George  H.  Cook, 

State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey. 


PRELIMINARY    REMARKS. 


In  offering  the  following  report  on  a  portion  of  the  organic  remains  of 
New  Jersey,  I  would  state  that  the  very  imperfect  material  with  which  I 
have  had  to  deal,  as  well  as  the  small  number  of  related  specimens,  often 
having  only  a  single  imperfect  individual  of  a  species,  and  that  one  the 
original  type,  must  form  my  excuse  for  the  great  imperfection  of  descrip- 
tion and  meagreness  of  illustration. 

The  report  contains  all  the  species  of  Brachiopoda  and  LameUibrcmchiata 
of  the  greensand  marls  and  their  accompanying  clays  of  the  State,  so  far  as  I 
am  able  to  learn,  hitherto  described  and  published,  as  well  as  several  now 
made  known  for  the  first  time.  The  published  species  have  not  before  been 
brought  together  in  any  form,  even  in  a  catalogue;  and  the  descriptions 
have  been  given  in  so  many  different  publications,  and  through  such  various 
channels,  that  it  has  been  very  difficult  to  ascertain  when  they  had  all  been 
collected.  I  am  by  no  means  certain,  even  now,  that  I  may  not  have  over- 
looked some  isolated  paper  or  obscure  pamphlet  containing  descriptions  or 
mention,  but  every  means  has  been  employed  to  make  the  search  as  thorough 
as  possible,  and  every  known  trace  of  publication  or  reference  to  papers 
has  been  followed  to  its  source. 

Another  difficulty  with  which  I  have  had  to  contend  has  been  the  want 
of  material.  This  has  been  an  almost  insurmountable  obstacle  to  rapid  and 
systematic  work,  as  there  are  no  comparatively  complete  collections  of  the 
marl  fossils  in  existence  at  any  one  place.  This  arises  principally,  I  pre- 
sume, from  the  fact  that  marl  fossils  are  very  difficult  to  preserve  for  any 
length  of  time,  owing  to  their  rapid  disintegration  from  the  effects  of  finely 
disseminated  pyrite  in  the  marls,  which,  on  exposure  to  the  air,  i-apidly  de- 


XVIII  PEELIMINARY  RBMAEKS. 

stroys  them,  thereby  discouraging  j^ersons  from  collecting.  This,  however, 
might  in  a  measure  be  remediedby  judiciously  cleaning  the  specimens  from 
unnecessary  sand  and  marl  when  first  taken  from  the  pits,  and  after  thorough 
drying,  soaking  the  specimens  in  boiling  glue,  of  a  consistency  sufficient 
readily  to  penetrate  the  marl,  which,  on  rapidly  drying  again,  will  be  har- 
dened and  protected  so  as  to  be  preserved  for  an  indefinite  period.  Speci- 
mens which  I  treated  in  this  manner  twenty-six  years  ago  are  as  perfect 
to-day  as  when  first  prepared. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  by  far  the  larger  part  of  the  species  here  de- 
scribed are  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds.  Leaving  out  the  BracJiiopods,  of 
which  there  are  only  five  given,  including  one  doubtfully  from  within  the 
State,  there  are  two  hundred  and  thirty  species  and  varieties.  Of  these,  five 
are  from  the  clays  below  the  Lower  Marl  Bed;  eleven,  including  Gryphcea 
vesicularis,  which  occurs  most  abundantly  in  the  Lower  Marl  Bed,  are  from 
the  Middle  Marl  Bed  ;  seventeen  are  from  the  Cretaceous  layers  at  the  base  of 
the  Upper  Marl  Bed ;  twenty-three  are  from  the  Eocene  layers  at  the  top  of  the 
Upper  Marl  Bed;  and  twelve  species  of  Unionidce  are  from  the  clays  at  Fish 
House.  This  leaves  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  species  for  the  Lower 
Marl  Bed,  only  one  of  which  is  known  to  occiir  in  any  of  the  other  beds; 
Gryphcea  vesicularis  being  common  to  the  Lower  and  the  Middle  Beds,  and 
also  recognized  in  a  single  individual  in  the  Eocene  layers.  Idonearca 
vulgaris  was  supposed  to  pass  from  the  Lower  to  the  Middle  Bed,  but  I  find 
that  the  Middle  Marl  Bed  specimens  belong  to  quite  a  distinct  form.  Ostrea 
or  Gryphcea  Bryani  Gabb,  in  one  of  its  varieties,  appears  to  be  common  to 
the  Middle  Bed  and  to  the  lower  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed.  Beyond 
these  I  have  no  evidence  of  a  passage  of  species  from  one  bed  to  any  of 
the  others.  There  is,  however,  some  difficulty  in  satisfactorily  determining 
whether  this  is  really  the  case,  as  most  of  the  collections  which  I  have  ex- 
amined are  not  carefully  labeled  witli  locality  or  position,  and  from  their 
great  similarity  of  material  they  present  a  peculiar  liability  to  error.  This 
may  be  said  to  be  particularly  the  case  with  the  collections  deposited  in 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  many  of  which  have  no 
other  record  of  locality  or  position,  either  with  the  specimen  or  embodied 
in  the  description  of  the  species  of  which  they  are  the  types,  than  simply 


PEELIMINARY  EEMAEKS.  XTY 

that  of  "Cret.  N.  J."  Others  mention  only  the  county  in  which  they  were 
found.  This  condition  I  find  in  otlier  collections  as  well,  and  it  is  likely  to 
have  been  a  fruitful  source  of  error.  The  blame,  however,  in  the  case  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  rests  solely  with  the  original  collectors 
and  authors  of  the  species;  and  if  some  of  these  errors  are  continued  in 
the  present  work  from  these  causes,  I  do  not  feel  that  they  could  have  been 
avoided.  The  collections  at  the  Academj^  of  Natural  Sciences  are,  never- 
theless, extremely  valuable,  as  they  are  largety  types  of  species  by  Con- 
rad, Gabb,  and  Morton.  Of  the  latter,  however,  there  are  very  few  re- 
maining. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  very  few  of  the  species  have  been  recognized 
from  localities  outside  of  the  State.  It  is  certainly  peculiar  that  so  many 
local  species  should  have  existed  within  the  limits  of  New  Jersey.  This 
may,  however,  be  attributed  to  certain  causes  which  have  existed  over  these 
areas  during  the  deposition  of  these  formations,  and  which  would  have  pro- 
duced a  special  fauna  fitted  for  those  conditions  by  eliminating  from  it  all 
other  forms  not  fitted  to  withstand  them.  Beyond  this,  certain  rapid  or 
sudden  changes  seem  to  have  taken  place  over  nearly  the  entire  coast  of 
this  State,  at  somewhat  regular  periods,  which  materially  changed  the  con- 
ditions of  life  abruptly.  These  are  recorded  in  the  changes  from  the  green- 
sand  deposit  to  a  siliceous  sand  deposit  between  the  several  layers  of  marls, 
in  which  no  animal  remains  occur.  These  abrupt  changes  in  conditions 
and  extinction  of  life  over  these  areas  at  times  also  account  for  the  almost 
entire  change  of  species  in  the  different  beds  of  marl.  But  there  is  still 
another  reason,  and  perhaps  a  more  direct  one,  why  so  few  of  the  species 
have  been  identified  from  other  localities  than  those  of  the  greensand  region. 
This  is  the  condition  of  preservation  of  these  marl  fossils,  which  are  gener- 
ally only  seen  as  internal  casts,  and  therefore  very  difficult  to  identify  with 
perfect  shells.  But  even  among  the  few  which  have  heretofore  been  cited 
as  common  to  New  Jersey  and  more  southern  localities,  I  find  few  that  will 
bear  critical  comparison.  For  this  reason  I  have  been  compelled  to  change 
the  names  of  several  of  the  species  where  the  types  were  from  those  south- 
ern localities. 

In  regard  to  the  identity  of  the  New  Jersey  beds  with  the  supposed 


XX  PRELIMINAEY  EEMABKS. 

equivalent  beds  of  other  parfs  of  the  country,  I  am  not  prepared  at  present 
to  give  a  very  decided  opinion.  I  see  no  reason,  however,  to  dispute  the  notion 
generally  held  that  the  Lower  Marl  Bed  of  the  State  is  equivalent  to  No.  4,  or 
the  Fort  Pierr^  group  of  the  Upper  Missouri  Cretaceous  region.  In  regard 
to  the  Raritan  Clays  which  underlie  the  Lower  Marl  Bed,  I  have  made  some 
suggestions  preceding  their  description.  And  in  regard  to  the  beds  at  the  top 
of  the  Upper  Marl  Bed,  referred  to  as  Eocene,  I  would  state  that  so  far  as  the 
LameUibranchiate  shells  are  concerned,  there  is  so  little  in  common  with  the 
Eocene  known  from  other  localities,  that,  taken  alone,  their  evidence  is  not 
veiy  strong  either  for  or  against  this  Eocene  age.  The  Gasteropndous  fauna, 
however,  is  more  Eocene  in  its  character  than  that  of  the  LamellibraucJdaies. 


BRACHIOPODA  AND  LAMELLIBRANCHIATA 


RARITAN  CLAYS  AND  GREENSAND  MARLS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


By  R.  P.  ^VS^ETITFIELD. 


4418  MON 1 


BRACHIOPODA. 


SEOTio]rsr  I. 

BRACHIOPODA  FROM  THE  SETEKAL  MAEJL  BEDS  OF  THE  STATE. 

DESCRIPTION    OF    SPECIES. 

The  fossil  Brachiopoda  are  not  very  well  represented  in  the  Cretaceous 
formations  of  America,  and  the  New  Jersey  beds  form  no  exception  to  this 
rule.  In  Europe,  as  a  general  thing,  this  class  of  shells  is  quite  abundant, 
and  although  the  genera  are  not  as  numerous  as  they  are  in  Paleozoic 
formations,  yet  the  species  are  many.  But  in  America  there  are  few  spe- 
cies, and  those  mostly  confined  to  four  genera,  namely,  Terebratula,  Ter- 
ehratulina,  Terebratella,  and  JRhynchonella.  In  New  Jersey,  so  far  as  at 
present  known,  only  three  of  these  genera  are  represented ;  the  last  one, 
Mhynchonella,  being  entirely  absent.  In  regard  to  individuals,  two  of  the 
species  known  to  occur  within  the  State  may  be  said  to  be  abundant,  Tere- 
bratula  Harlani  and  Terebratella  plicata.  The  latter  is  moderately  abundant 
as  scattered  individuals  in  the  Gryphaea  beds  of  the  lower  marls,  but  has 
nevei-  yet  been  found  in  large  quantities;  while  the  former,  T.  Harlani,  oc- 
curs in  vast  numbers,  forming,  at  several  localities,  beds  of  several  feet  in 
thickness,  made  up  almost  entirely  of  the  broken  and  often  water-worn 
valves  of  this  species,  with  a  very  moderate  number  of  entire  individuals. 
The  conditions  of  life  prevailing  in  the  New  Jersey  seas  during  the  forma- 
tion of  the  green  marls  do  not  appear  to  have  been  favorable  to  the  exist- 
ence of  this  form  of  Molluscoid,  but  in  a  few  localities  the  vast  abundance 
of  Gryphcea  vesicularis  which  had  accumulated  just  below,  and  whose  shells 
had  formed  beds  of  several  feet  in  thickness,  appear  to  have  furnished, 
by  their  maceration  and  solution,  a  sufficient  amount  of  calcareous  material 
to  have  afforded  the  proper  conditions  requisite  for  these  shells,  and  for 
vast  numbers  of  foraminiferous  bodies  as  well ;   as  the  so-called  calcareous 

5 


6  PAL^ONTOLOaY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

sands  associated  with  the  Terehratula  and  Gryphcea  is  composed  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  remains  of  these  minute  organisms.  Of  the  species  of  Brach- 
iopoda  other  than  the  two  mentioned,  only  a  few  isolated  examples  have 
been  found.  Among  all  the  collections  which  I  have  examined,  probably 
not  more  than  fifteen  individuals  in  all  have  been  discovered.  The  follow- 
ing described  species  are  all  that  have  been  found  in  any  of  the  marls 
within  the  State,  including  the  Eocene  beds  at  the  top  of  the  Upper  Marls. 

Class  BKACHIOPODA. 

TEEEBRATULID^. 

TBEEBEATULA  Llhwyd. 

Terebratula  Harlani. 

Plate  I,  Figs.  15-23. 

Terebratula EarUniMovtou.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,lstser.,Vo].XVIII,p.250,Pl.  Ill,  Fig.  16; 
and  Yol.  XYII,  p.  283.  Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  Yol.  YI,  p.  73,  PL  III,  Figs. 
1-4  aud  7, 8.  Syuopsis,  p.  70,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  1,  aud  PI.  IX,  Figs.  8  and  9 ;  also 
Fig.  2.  Gabb,  Syuop.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  196.  Synopsis  of  Gret.  Brach., 
p.  18.  Meek,  Geol.  Eept.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  729. 
T.  perovalis  (Sow.'?)  Morton.    Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Pliil.,  Yol.  YI,  1st  ser.,  p.  77, 

PI.  Ill,  Figs.  7  and  8. 
T.  fragiUs  Morton  (not  of  Schlot.).     Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Yol.  YI,  Ist  ser., 

p.  75,  PI.  Ill,  Figs.  3  and  4.     Synopsis,  p.  70,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  2.     Am.  J.  Arts 
and  Sciences,  Yol.  XYIII,  p.  250,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  17  and  Yol.  XYII,  p.  2So. 
Meek,  Geol.  Eept.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  723. 
T.  camella  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  70,  in  text. 

T.  subfragilis  D'Orb.     Prod.  Pal.,  Yol.  II,  p.  258. 

T.  atlantica  (Mort.)  Gabb.     Synop.  Cret.  Brach.,  Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861, 

p.  18. 

Shell  large,  sometimes  measuring  two  and  three-fourths  inches  in  length. 

Form,  elongate-oval  with  subparallel  sides,  often  giving  a  somewhat  cyhn- 

drical  form  in  old  specimens  as  seen  in  a  dorsal  view,  with  the  front  usually 

more  or  less  truncate  and  sometimes  bilobate  from  a  flattening  or  lobing  of 

the  valves  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  shell.     Valves  very  ventricose,  almost 

gibbous  in  old  shells   from  a  thickening  of  the  margins.     Ventral  valve 

with  the  beak  large,  strong,  incurved,  and  truncated  at  the  apex  by  the 

large  foramen,  which  is  strongly  excavated  at  the  opening  through  the 

thickness  of  the  shell-substance  of  the  apex,  the  truncation  being  parallel 


BEACHIOPODA  OF  THE  MAEL  BEDS,  7 

to  tlie  axis  of  the  vfilves.  Lateral  margins  of  the  beak,  angular.  Center 
of  the  valve  toward  the  front  usually  flattened  or  concave,  and  the  lateral 
slopes  impressed.  Dorsal  valve  much  less  deep  than  the  ventral;  the 
beak  small  and  invariably  incurved  within  the  deltidial  opening  of  the 
ventral  in  half-grown  or  mature  specimens ;  front  and  anterior  surface  of 
the  valve  flattened  or  concave,  leaving  an  angular  ridge  dividing  the  cen- 
tral area  from  the  lateral  slopes.  This  latter  feature  is  frequently  exag- 
gerated to  so  great  an  extent  as  to  give  a  decidedly  plicate  appearance 
to  the  front  half  of  the  shell.  Shell-surface  marked  by  numerous  lines 
of  growth,  often  grouped  so  as  to  form  varices  of  growth  toward  the  front 
in  old  specimens.  Shell-substance  finely  punctate,  the  punctae  usually 
visible  under  a  hand-magnifier  of  moderate  power ;  more  distinctly  seen, 
however,  on  exfoliated  surfaces.  In  the  interior  the  crura  are  slender  near 
their  junction  with  the  dorsal  valve,  but  rapidly  expand  into  a  broad  loop 
of  from  three  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  in  length  and  more  than  two-third& 
as  great  a  width,  and  very  angular  at  the  bendings.  There  have  been  two 
varieties  of  this  species  described  under  distinct  names,  T.  ovalis  and  T. 
fragilis,  Morton.  There  may  be  some  reason  for  regarding  the  latter  as  a 
good  species,  as  it  occurs  in  beds  where  the  other  form  is  scarcely  or  not  at 
all  represented  This  is,  I  believe,  notably  the  case  at  Harrisonville,  New 
Jersey.     The  characters  of  these  varieties  are  separately  noted  below. 

YsiYieij  fragilis,  =z  Terebratula  fragilis  Morton,  PI.  I,  Figs.  15-18.  This 
form  is  common  enough  at  nearly  all  localities  where  the  species  occurs. 
It  is  found  of  all  sizes,  from  a  little  more  than  an  inch  in  length  to 
those  nearly  as  large  as  the  normal  form  of  the  species.  It  is  usually,  how- 
ever, smaller  in  size,  more  cylindrical,  and  very  strongly  plicated ;  the  plica- 
tions frequently  forming  strong  lobes  and  extending  to  within  half  an  inch 
or  so  of  the  beak  on  the  dorsal  valve  and  nearly  as  far  on  the  ventral.  I 
can  find  no  feature  which  will  serve  to  distinguish  this  form  from  tlie  normal 
type  of  T.  Harlani  constant  enough  to  be  relied  upon.  The  thinness  of  the 
shell  is  no  greater  than  that  of  the  generality  of  those  of  the  other  form. 
There  is  a  decided  and  marked  diff'erence  in  the  size  and  character  of  the 
punctse  of  the  shell  observable  in  some  individuals  of  this  variety,  the 
pores  being  smaller  and  much  more  densely  crowded  together,  forming 


8  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

transverse  wavy  lines,  which,  if  it  were  a  constant  feature,  would  serve  to 
distinguish  them,  but  even  on  the  specimen  where  this  feature  is  most 
marked,  I  find  that  it  varies  even  on  different  laminae  of  shell  over  the  same 
space  where  it  has  been  exfoliated  artificially,  so  that  it  forms  no  positive 
means  of  distinction.  I  am  inclined,  therefore,  to  regard  it  only  as  a  very 
strongly  marked  variety,  and  not  a  valid  species. 

Yarietj  perovalis,  PI.  I,  Fig.  19.  This  form  Dr.  Morton  identified  with 
the  European  shell  T.  perovalis  Sowerby,  but  it  can  be  nothing  more  than  a 
two -thirds  grown  form  of  T.  Harlani,  and  the  name  has  long  since  been 
dropped  out  of  the  literature  by  most  authors.  He  afterwards  proposed  the 
name  T.  camella  for  it,  if  found  to  be  distinct  from  T.  Harlani. 

Terebratula  Harlani  is  about  the  largest  terebratuloid  shell  known  in 
American  rocks,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beaixtiful,  as  well  as  the  most  abun- 
dant. At  several  localities  where  it  is  found,  it  occurs  in  immense  numbers, 
forming,  in  connection  with  Gryphcea  vesicularis,  nearly  or  quite  half  the 
substance  of  beds  of  several  feet  in  thickness.  At  the  marl  pits,  about 
one  and  a  half  miles  from  New  Egypt,  they  are  found  through  about 
eight  feet  of  sandy  marl  so  densely  packed  together  that  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  extricate  specimens  without  breaking,  and  in  certain  parts  of  the 
bed  the  marl  "forms  much  less  than  half  the  bulk  of  the  whole.  Through 
about  two  or  three  feet  of  the  upper  part  of  the  bed  the  Terebratula  is 
almost  alone,  mostly  in  separated  and  water-worn  valves,  but  near  the 
upper  portion  of  this  thickness  perfect  shells  can  be  obtained  in  great  numbers. 
The  Terebratula  bed  is  an  excellent  line  for  comparison  of  the  strata  at  difi"er- 
ent  localities,  and  has  been  traced  throughout  a  large  part  of  the  State  and 
into  Delaware.  The  shell  has  been  obtained  from  South  Carolina,  where 
it  is  said  to  be  found  in  the  Tertiary.  This  I  think  extremely  doubtful,  as 
it  is  never  found  above  the  middle  marl  beds  in  New  Jersey.  Moreover, 
the  strata  in  South  Carolina  are  in  such  a  position  that  it  may  easily  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Cretaceous  layers  below  without  the  fact  being  detected. 
Specimens  in  Dr.  Holmes'  collection  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  certainly  present  all  the  appearances  of  the  Cretaceous  shell,  but 
are  larger  than  any  I  have  seen  from  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Grabb,  in  his  Synop- 
sis, cites  T.  atlantica  Morton  as  a  synonym   of  this,  considering  it  as  a 


BEAOHIOPODA  OF  THE  MARL  BEDS.  9 

young  individual.  But  I  judge  from  Dr.  Morton's  description  that  it  is  a 
very  distinct  species,  being  small  and  distinctly  marked  with  radiating  strias, 
which  T.  Harlani  never  is  so  far  as  I  have  seen.  I  should  be  much  more 
inclined  to  think  T  atlantica  Morton  more  nearly  related  to  Mr.  Gabb's 
T.  Halliani. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  species  is  confined,  so  far  as  I  know,  to  the 
top  of  the  Lower  Marl  Bed  and  to  the  Middle  Marls,  not  having  been  seen 
to  any  extent  in  the  lower  beds  and  never  in  the  upper  beds,  at  least  within 
the  limits  of  New  Jersey.  It  has  been  found  in  the  lowei'  beds  near  New^ 
Egypt,  and  in  the  middle  beds  at  the  same  pits,  where  it  is  extremely  abun- 
dant through  about  eight  feet  of  strata,  also  at  Timber  Creek,  at  Mullica 
Hill,  and  at  Kirby's  marl  pits,  two  miles  southwest  of  Harrisonville,  N.  J.,  in 
the  amber  deposit  on  Old  Man's  Creek.  (Gr.  F.  Kunz.)  The  two  latter 
localities  furnishing  many  specimens  of  the  variety  T.  fragilis.  It  is  found 
in  the  middle  layers  at  very  many  localities  and  sparingly  throughout  the 
entire  bed  in  New  Jersey  and  in  Delaware.  It  also  occurs  in  South  Car- 
olina, as  shown  in  Dr.  Holmes'  collection  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natu- 
ral History,  New  York  City,  from  Mazyck's  green  sands,  at  Saint  John's, 
and  is  marked  by  Dr.  Holmes  as  Eocene,  probably  an  error. 

TerebratuUua  atlantica. 

Plate  I,  Figs.  10-13. 

Terebratula  atlantica  Morton.    Jour.  A.  IS".  ScL,  Phil.,  1st  ser.,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  214. 

T.  Ealliana  Gabb.     Proc.  A.  N".  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  19. 

T.  glossa  Oonrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  42,  PI.  I,  Fig.  22.    Meek, 

Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  732. 
Terebratulina  Salliana  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  200.     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

Dr.  Morton  describes  this  species  as  follows:  "Shell  ovate,  valves 
equally  convex,  with  numerous,  distinct,  and  bifurcating  striae,  most  promi- 
nent on  the  umbo ;  foramen  large ;  beaks  not  incurved.  Length  of  the 
largest  specimen  found,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  ;  width,  half  an  inch."  The 
locality  he  gives  as  in  the  ferruginous  sands  at  Woodward's  farm,  New 
Jersey. 

I  have  seen  a  goodly  number  of  this  species  from  New  Jersey,,  but 
most  of  them  have  been  smaller  than  the  dimensions  given  by  Dr.  Morton, 


10  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

and  are  nearly  all  internal  casts.  In  this  condition  they  frequently  afford 
evidence  of  radiating  strise,  and  correspond  with  the  description  given 
above,  but  are  different  in  form  from  those  more  advanced  stages  of 
growth.  As  they  advance  in  size  the  form  changes  from  this  nearly  equi- 
valve,  lenticular  form,  by  the  front  of  the  valves  becoming  elevated, 
forming  a  fold  on  the  dorsal  side  and  a  broad,  shallow  depression  on  the 
ventral.  This  feature  is  increased  with  increased  growth  until  they  assume 
the  form  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  for  his  Terehratida  glossa.  The  form  is  then 
elongate-ovate  with  very  convex  valves,  the  front  of  which  is  somewhat 
produced  into  a  pinched  fold  on  the  upper  valve,  and  with  a  shallow  depres- 
sion on  the  opposite  one  corresponding  to  it.  The  beak  of  the  ventral  valve 
becomes  slightly  incurved  and  is  largely  truncate,  and  its  lateral  margins 
subangular.  The  ventral  valve  possesses  a  sKght  cardinal  area  on  each  side 
of  the  foramen,  which  is  flattened,  and  the  dorsal  valve  has  lateral  expan- 
sions on  the  sides  of  the  beak  to  correspond,  and  which  form  a  slightly 
extended  cardinal  line  on  each  side  of  the  beak.  This  is  shown  on  the 
medium-sized  cast  figaired  in  the  pouching  of  the  lateral  margins  on  the 
sides  of  the  beak  of  the  dorsal  valve,  but  it  is  not  distinctly  observable  in 
the  larger  figure,  nor  on  the  one  copied  from  Mr.  Conrad.  On  the  former 
specimen  the  strise  are  fine  and  even,  but  as  it  does  not  retain  the  shell  they 
ai-e  not  seen  on  the  upper  part  of  the  specimen. 

Dr.  Morton  first  described  this  species  from  young  specimens,  and  Mr. 
Gabb  seems  to  have  considered  it  as  identical  with  the  young  of  T.  Harlani 
(see  Synopsis,  p.  194).  This  could  not  be  the  case  with  a  shell  possessing 
the  features  described  by  Dr  Morton.  Mr.  Grabb  also  considered  the  small 
shells  as  the  same  as  T.  lachryma  Morton ;  being  misled  by  specimens  labeled 
by  Dr.  Morton  (see  Synopsis,  p.  200,  foot-note),  on  ascertaining  his  mistake 
he  described  the  New  Jersey  shell  as  T.  Halliana.  Mr.  Conrad  subsequently 
obtaining  adult  specimens  described  and  figured  them  under  the  name  T. 
glossa,  supposing  it  to  come  from  the  Eocene  beds  at  Shark  River,  New  Jer- 
sey, which  is  a  mistake.  I  believe  them  all  to  be  only  stages  of  growth  of  one 
species;  at  least  I  have  not  seen  specimens  that  I  should  consider  as  represent- 
ing distinct  species  when  they  are  examined  together  and  in  numbers.  There 
are  some  of  the  small  ones  which  are  rather  more  ventricose  than  the  ma- 


BRACHIOPODA  OP  THE  MAEL  BEDS.  H 

jority,  but  not  sufficiently  so  to  be  specifically  distinct.  The  young  shells 
of  this  species  difFer  from  T.  lachryma  Morton,  in  being  less  ventricose  on 
the  umbo,  less  elongated  in  form,  more  circular  in  outline,  with  a  shorter 
and  broader  beak.  They  must  very  closely  resemble  T.  floridana  Morton, 
from  the  Cretaceous  at  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala.,  but,  as  I  have  no  specimen  from 
that  locality  for  comparison,  I  am  not  able  to  assert  positively  in  what  par- 
ticulars they  differ.  If  they  prove  to  be  indentical,  the  name  T.  floridana 
will  have  precedence  over  that  of  T.  atlantica. 

Formation  and  locality. — All  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen,  and  of 
which  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  the  locality  without  doubt,  have  been 
from  the  lower  beds  of  the  upper  marls.  The  form  given  by  Conrad  as  T. 
glossa,  I  have  seen  from  Farmingdale  in  the  collection  of  Miss  F.  M.  Hitch- 
cock, of  New  York  City  (Plate  l,fig.  13).  The  example  figured  on  PI.  l,fig 
10,  is  from  the  collection  of  Dr.  L.  Johnson,  of  New  York,  and  is  also  from 
Farmingdale.  Other  and  smaller  specimens,  but  showing  the  same  featui-es, 
except  in  being  less  gibbous,  are  from  the  same  horizon  at  Shark  River,  N  J., 
Columbia  College  collection.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  any  speci- 
mens authentically  derived  from  either  a  higher  or  lower  locality.  Mr. 
Conrad's  examples  of  T.  glossa  were  from  Shark  River.  Mr.  Gabb  gives  for 
T.  Halliana  simply  "New  Jersey."  Dr.  Morton  cites  for  his  specimen  the 
"ferruginous  sands  at  Woodward's  farm.  New  Jersey,  found  by  Mr.  Con- 
rad." 

Terebratuliua  floridana. 

Terehratula  floridana  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  72,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  17. 
Terebrat'uUna  floridana  (Mort.)  D'Orb.    Prod.  Pal.,  p.  258,  Vol.  II;  also  of  Gabb,  Meek, 
and  others. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  the  Cretaceous  formations 
at  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala.,  but  is  given  by  Mr.  Meek  as  a  New  Jersey  species  in 
his  catalogue  in  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey  for  1868,  p.  729. 
So  far  I  have  not  observed  it  among  the  fossils  of  this  State,  and  am  inclined 
to  think  the  reference  an  error.  Young  individuals  of  T.  Halliana  (Gabb) 
^  T.  atlantica  (Morton)  have  very  much  the  characters  of  the  Alabama 
shell,  but  they  differ  in  being  more  elongate,  less  broadly  rounded,  and  in 


12  PAL^ONTOLOaT  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

having  a  shallow  sinus  on  the  dorsal  valve,  while  the  Alabama  shell  is 
described  and  figured  without  this  feature.  I  do  not,  therefore,  consider  it 
as  properly  belonging  to  the  State  fauna. 

Terebratulina  lachryma. 

Plate  I,  Fig.  14. 

Terchraiula  lachryma  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  72,  PI.  X,  Fig.  11,  and  PI.  XVI,  Pig.  6. 
Terebratidina  lachryma  D'Orb.     Prod.  Pal.,  p.  396.    Gabb,  Synop.  Cret.  Bracb.,  p.  19. 
Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.  PLil.,  1861 ;  Synopsis,  p.  200. 

Mr.  Gabb  states  that  he  has  seen  this  species  from  the  Cretaceous  marls 
of  New  Jersey,  and  therefore  he  considers  it  as  a  Cretaceous  species,  remark- 
ing that  D'Orbign)^  is  incorrect  in  placing  it  in  the  Lower  Eocene.  Dr. 
Morton's  specimens  were  from  the  calcareous  strata  of  South  Carolina, 
which  is  considered  as  Eocene,  although  at  the  time  Dr.  Morton  described 
the  species  it  was  supposed  to  be  Cretaceous.  He  also  states  that  Mr. 
Conrad  had  at  a  later  time  obtained  it  from  "strata  below  Claiborne,  Ala." 
This  would  also  bring  it  into  the  Eocene.  Mr.  Meek,  in  his  check -list  of 
Cretaceous  Mollusca,  does  not  include  this  as  a  Cretaceous  species,  and, 
although  Mr.  Conrad  does  not  include  it  among  the  Eocene  Terebratulidse 
in  his  Smithsonian  Institution  check-list  of  that  formation,  he  does  subse- 
quentl}^  in  a  later  list  published  in  Vol.  I,  Am.  Jour.  Conchology.  I  do 
not  know  what  Mr.  Gabb  may  have  seen  from  New  Jersey  to  identify  as 
belonging  to  this  species,  but  I  certainly  have  never  seen  any  shell  or  cast 
of  shell  from  New  Jersey  that  I  should  consider  as  belonging  to  it.  In 
order  that  it  may  be  identified  if  found,  I  have  given  a  figure,  enlarged  to 
twice  the  natural  size,  of  a  specimen  of  undoubted  authenticity,  from  the 
white  limestones  of  the  Eocene  of  South  Carolina,  near  Charleston,  for 
comparison. 

Genus  TEREBEATELLA  D'Orb. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

Plate  I,  Figs.  5-9. 

Terebratula plicata  Say.  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  and  Arts,  Vol.  II,  1st  ser.,p,  43.  J.  A.  N.  S., 
1st  series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  73,  PI.  Ill,  Pigs.  5  and  6.     1829. 

r.  Sayi  Mort.     Synopsis  Org.  Eem.,  p.  71,  PI.  Ill,  Figs.  3  and  4.     1834.    Am. 

J.  Arts  and  Sciences,  Vol.  XLVIII,  p.  283. 


BEACHIOPODA  OF  THE  MARL  BEDS.  13 

Terebratella  plicata  (Say)  D'Orb.    Prod.,  p.  259.     Gabb,  Synop.  Cret.  Foss.,  p.  193. 
1861.    Meek,  Geol.  New  Jersey,  1868,  pp.  375,  723. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  subcircular  in  outline  and  somewhat  plano-con- 
vex in  profile,  marked  by  from  eight  to  twelve  or  more  sharply  angular 
plications,  which  extend  from  beak  to  base.  Ventral  valve  strongly  convex, 
with  an  erect  beak  of  small  size,  which  is  angular  on  the  back  but  not 
incurved.  Area  moderately  large,  and  perforated  by  a  large  circular  fora- 
men and  broad  triangular  deitidium,  which  is  partially  closed  by  a  small 
deltidial  plate  on  each  side.  Dorsal  valve  flattened  or  slightly  convex, 
often  with  a  broad  undefined  sinus  in  the  middle,  which  may  be  occupied 
by  a  single  strong  plication  or  by  three  or  five  smaller  ones.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  numerous  strong  concentric  lines  of  growth  crossing 
the  plications,  and  the  minute  structure  of  the  shell  beautifully  and  strongly 
punctate,  the  punctse  being  arranged  in  quincunx  order,  so  as  to  form  oblique 
lines  across  the  plications.  In  the  interior  of  the  ventral  valve  the  cardinal 
muscles  have  left  a  pair  of  strong  flabellate  scars  occupying  the  upper  third 
of  the  valve,  and  in  the  dorsal  the  adductors  show  deep  semi-circular  pits 
of  moderate  size  separated  b}^  an  elevated  mesial  septum  which  extends  to 
some  distance  beyond  the  middle  of  the  valve.  The  teeth-sockets  are  large 
and  deep,  and  the  cardinal  process  double  or  in  some  cases  triple,  nearly 
erect,  and  of  large  size.  The  crura  start  from  a  more  or  less  well-devel- 
oped hinge-plate  at  a  moderate  distance  from  each  other,  and  are  directed 
forward  and  outward,  giving  origin  to  crural  process  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  hinge-plate.  The  loop  is  formed  of  a  rather  broad  band  or  rib- 
bon, which  curves  outward  from  the  crural  points  and  forms  an  imperfect 
circle  of  nearly  one-half  the  diameter  of  the  valve,  and  of  equal  length, 
the  two  sides  nearly  meeting  in  front,  where  they  are  bent  upon  themselves 
and,  returning  at  a  short  distance  above  the  main  portions,  are  united  in  a 
transverse  bar  just  in  front  of  the  crural  points.  The  main  portions  of  the 
loop  are  united  to  the  central  septum  of  the  dorsal  valve  by  a  transverse 
plate  near  the  end  of  the  septum  and  just  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
loop,  thus  giving  a  double  attachment  to  the  loop,  as  in  the  living  forms  of 
the  genus.  Among  several  specimens  examined  showing  the  loop  more  or 
less  perfect,  the  ventral  side  of  the  band  comes  so  near  to  the  ventral  valve 


14  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY. 

that  tlie  minute  crystals  with  which  both  the  loop  and  the  interior  of  the 
valves  is  coated  bring  it  in  contact  with  the  valve,  so  that  in  breaking 
away  the  shell  to  show  the  interior  this  part  has  been  somewhat  injured  on 
one  side  of  each  specimen.  There  is  considerable  difference  observed  in 
the  proportional  form  of  the  different  parts  of  the  loop  in  different  speci- 
mens, in  the  width  of  the  band  composing  it,  in  the  relative  width  between 
the  bands  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  center,  and  in  the  proportional  length 
of  the  transverse  plate  which  connects  the  dorsal  sides  of  the  ribbon  with 
the  median  septum  of  that  valve.  Moreover,  the  ribbon  in  all  cases  where 
seen  is  coated  with  minute  crystals  of  lime,  which  gives  it  a  much  stronger 
appearance  than  it  has  really  possessed  when  in  its  normal  condition.  Tlae 
loop  in  its  general  appearance  presents  much  the  same  aspect  that  is  seen 
in  that  of  Waldlieimia  australis  of  the  present  time,  except  that  it  has  the 
double  attachment  to  the  dorsal  valve  characteristic  of  the  genus  Terebra- 
tella.  The  general  shape  of  the  shell  externally  had  long  ago  decided 
naturalists  in  referring  the  species  to  Terebratella,  but  it  has  hitherto  disap- 
pointed all  efforts  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  its  loop;  but  as  it  is  now  known 
in  several  individuals,  there  can  no  longer  be  any  doubt  of  its  generic 
relations. 

Formation  and  locality. — This  is  an  abundant  species  at  most  of  the 
localities  where  the  shell-bed  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  is  worked.  At 
Cream  Ridge,  New  Jerse}'-,  it  is  extremely  abundant;  also  at  Middletown, 
New  Jersey. 

Terebratella  Vanuxemi. 

Plate  I,  Figs.  1-4. 

Terebratula  Vanuxemi  Lyell  and  Forbes.     Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  1845,  Vol.  I,  p.  62. 
Terebratella  Vanuxemi  D'Orb.     Prod.  Pal.,  p.  259.     Gabb,  Synopsis  Am.  Cret.  Brach., 

P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  18.     Synop.,  p.  194.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  5. 

Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

Shell  resembling  T.  plicata,  Say,  in  size,  form,  and  general  characters, 
varying  only  in  the  greater  convexity  of  the  valves,  especially  the  dorsal 
valve,  and  in  the  greater  number  of  plications,  which  are  less  angular  and 
not  so  distinctly  elevated  or  so  distinctly  marked.     The  ventral  valve  is 


BEACHIOPODA  OF  THE  MAEL  BEDS.  15 

sometimes  slightly  flattened  in  the  middle  region  instead  of  having  plica 
tions,  as  in  T.  plicata.  On  some  individuals  the  plications  are  all  but  obso- 
lete, being  very  faintly  marked  on  the  central  portions  and  obliterated 
toward  the  front  of  the  shell  by  the  strong  concentric  lines  and  varices  of 
growth.  The  punctate  structure  of  this  shell  is  about  the  same  as  that  of 
T.  plicata. 

This  shell  has  been  very  generally  admitted  as  a  valid  species  by 
Palaeontologists ;  still  I  have  ver}^  great  doubts  of  its  specific  distinction. 
It  occurs  at  nearl}^  all,  if  not  quite  all,  localities  where  T.  plicata  is  found, 
but  is  quite  rare  in  its  typical  character.  Individuals  can  be  selected  very 
readily  from  any  of  the  localities  where  it  is  found  that  will  unite  by 
insensible  gradations  the  utmost  extremes  attained  by  the  two-  forms.  I 
have  not  seen  the  internal  features  of  this  form  to  know  if  they  agree 
with  those  of  T.  plicata,  as  specimens  pi-esenting  the  features  of  the  species 
in  good  degree  are  too  rare  to  be  sacrificed  in  an  tin  certain  attempt  to 
develope  them. 

Formation  and  locality. — Usually  found  associated  with  T.  plicata,  Say, 
at  most  of  the  localities  where  that  one  occurs,  and  only  in  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds  associated  with  Gryphoea  vesicularis,  Exogyra  costata,  etc. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 


17 

4418  MON  9 2 


Class  LAMELLIBEANCHIATA. 

I  have  preferred  the  use  of  the  name  LameUihranchiata  for  this  group 
of  moHusts,  because  it  appears  to  me  more  apphcable  than  any  other  one 
of  the  very  many  names  proposed.  It  may  be  objected  that  it  is  a  long  and 
difficult  name,  but  that  is  its  only  objection ;  while  most  of  the  others  either 
imply  zoological  falsehoods  when  applied  to  some  portions  of  the  group,  or 
are  equally  ajDplicable  to  other  groups  than  this  one,  and  I  do  not  see  but 
that  the  name  I  have  adopted  is  as  generally  used,  or  even  more  generally 
used,  at  the  present  time  than  any  other.  There  seems,  however,  to  be 
a  growing  tendency  with  many  Conchologists  to  use  the  name  Pelecypoda, 
proposed  by  Goldfuss  in  1820  (meaning  hatchet-footed),  which,  to  my 
mind,  is  particularly  objectionable,  as  there  are  large  groups  of  these 
animals  where  the  foot  is  entirely  obsolete,  or  so  nearly  obsolete  as  to 
be  without  definite  form.  I  do  not,  however,  think  this  the  place  to  enter 
into  an  elaborate  discussion  of  this  matter,  but  will  refer  those  who  wish  for 
knowledge  on  these  subjects,  to  the  various  manuals  of  moUusca  which  have 
been  published,  and  particularly  to  the  very  learned  and  able  remarks  of  Dr. 
Stoliczka  in  the  opening  chapter  of  his  work  on  the  '■^ Pelecypoda''^  of  the  Cre- 
taceous rocks  of  Southern  India,  Palseont.  Indica,  Vol.  3,  p.  7,  et  seq.,  al- 
though I  entirely  disagree  with  his  choice  of  name  for  the  group. 

In  regard  to  the  matter  of  arrangement  or  classification  which  I  have 
adopted  in  the  work,  I  have  a  word  to  say.  It  will  at  once  be  noticed  by 
almost  every  modern  student  of  conchology  that  my  arrangement  is  old, 
and  that  it  is  nearly  the  reverse  of  that  used  by  writers  on  recent  con- 
chology. My  reason  for  this  is  that  it  accords  so  much  more  nearly  with 
the  course  of  nature,  as  evinced  by  the  successive  appearances  of  the 
different  groups  in  the  geological  record.  By  this  I  mean  an  arrangement 
from  the  lower  toward  the  higher  in  zoological  structure.     It  may  be  said 

19 


20  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

in  contradiction  of  this  statement  that  the  oysters,  for  instance,  which  by 
many  are  classed  as  the  most  lowly  organized  of  the  entire  group,  do  not 
appear  at  all  in  the  Palaeozoic  formations.^  But  this  may  prove  to  be  a 
retrograde  from  a  higher  type,  and  not  invalidate  to  any  very  great  extent 
the  statement  above  made.  In  arranging  and  classifying  the  fossil  mollusca 
with  other  forms  of  animal  life  in  a  palseontological  collection  I  find  it  most 
convenient  and  instructive  to  classify  them  in  this  way;  and  I  also  find 
that  it  leaves  a  by  far  less  number  of  breaks  and  gaps  in  the  chain  of  suc- 
cession than  when  the  arrangement  is  made  in  the  opposite  direction.  Had 
it  not  been  for  this  circumstance  I  should  have  arranged  them  after  the 
other  method,  had  it  been  for  no  other  reason  than  that  I  should  prefer  to 
conform  to  that  generally  accepted  by  other  writers  if  it  were  possible 
without  conflicting  with  nature's  own  arrangement. 

In  the  adoption  of  g-eneric  divisions  among  the  very  imperfect  material 
for  generic  distinction  with  which  I  have  had  to  work,  I  have  been  gov- 
erned by  reasons  which  have  forced  themselves  upon  my  inind  as  I  have 
progressed  with  the  work.  When  I  first  commenced  to  study  and  classify 
the  forms  under  consideration,  I  was  much  inclined  to  throw  aside  most  of 
the  more  recently  proposed  generic  divisions  founded  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad 
upon  such  poor  material,  and  often  upon  a  single  imperfect  cast  of  a  single 
valve.  But  I  have  found  that  in  many  instances,  where  among  later  col- 
lections than  those  he  at  first  used,  the  shells  themselves  were  found  pre- 
served, they  show  strong  generic  differences,  and  afford  in  most  instances 
fully  as  good  grounds  for  separation  as  those  usually  adopted  among 
recent  shells;  consequently  I  have  been  compelled,  almost  against  my  own 
will,  to  accept  his  divisions.  While  in  other  cases  I  have  found  it  totally 
impossible  to  establish  any  refutation  of  their  value;  so  that  in  the  end  I 
have  concluded  to  adopt  the  generic  divisions  nearly  as  proposed  by  him, 
offering  only  a  few  criticisms  by  the  way.  This,  I  think,  will  perhaps  prove 
in  the  end  the  most  satisfactory  manner  of  dealing  with  the  very  imperfect 

'  There  is  only  one  species  of  true  oj/ster,  so  far  as  I  know,  described  from  the  PaliEozoic  rocks. 
This  one,  Ostreapatercula,  Winch.,  described  as  coming  from  the  Waverly  sandstones  at  Burlington,  Iowa, 
I  had  the  privilege  of  seeing  some  years  ago;  and  I  am  perfectly  confident  that  it  is  a  young  specimen 
from  the  yellow  limestone  sands  of  the  Middle  Marl  Beds  of  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey,  which  had 
gotten  by  some  means  mixed  among  the  Waverly  group  fossils  by  accident. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  PLASTIC  CLAYS.  21 

material  with  which  I  have  had  to  work.  The  great  difficulty  of  obtaining 
collections  has  been  the  greatest  drawback  with  which  I  have  had  to  con- 
tend. The  specimens  are  mostly  internal  casts  poorly  preserved  in  a  soft 
friable  material,  which  is  strongly  impregnated  with  pyrite,  so  that  they 
readily  decompose  and  crumble,  making  it  impossible  to  preserve  them  for 
any  length  of  time.  For  this  reason,  collections  made  a  few  )^ears  ago  of 
apparently  good  fossils,  are  represented  at  present  only  by  a  few  shapeless 
masses  of  marl  and  a  quantity  of  loose  sand;  and  I  present  this  as  an  ex- 
cuse for  illustrating  such  imperfect  material  as  will  be  found  on  the  plates. 
If  collectors  would  take  their  marl  specimens  when  first  collected,  and  after 
cleaning  and  shaping  them  as  desired,  soak  them  carefully  and  thoroughly  in 
boiling  glue-water,  then  dry  them  rapidly,  they  might  be  preserved  in  good 
condition  for  a  very  long  time.     But  this  is  seldom  done. 


SEOTIOIS'  II. 

LAMELLIBEANCHIATE  S BELLS  PEOM  THE  PLASTIC  CLAYS. 

The  following  five  species  of  Latnellibranchiate  shells  are  from  the 
plastic  clays  in  the  townships  of  Woodbridge,  East  Brunswick,  and  Sayre- 
ville.  These  clays  are  supposed  to  hold  a  position  stratigraphically  below 
the  lowest  of  the  green  marls,  and  are  consequently  older,  although  their 
true  geological  position  does  not  appear  to  be  very  well  deteraiined.  Some 
of  the  layers  of  these  clay  beds  furnish  plant  remains  in  large  numbers, 
many  of  which  were  submitted  to  Prof.  L.  Lesquereiix  some  years  ago,  who 
identified  a  considerable  number  of  the  species,  and,  basing  his  remarks 
upon  these  plants,  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  they  represented  the  flora  of 
the  Dakota  gi-oup  of  the  West,  Cretaceous  No.  1,  of  the  Upper  Missouri 
section.  I  am  not  aware  that  any  other  opinion  has  been  expressed  of  late 
years  as  to  their  distinct  equivalents  in  other  parts  of  the  country  or  in 
Europe.  In  1868  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad  described  two  species  of  shells  from 
these  clays  and  pronounced  them  Triassic  (Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  IV,  p. 
279),  stating  that  Professor  Rogers  had  previously  considered  them  as 
forming  the  lowest  part  of  the  Cretaceous  formation,  but  that  he  (Mr  Con- 
rad) had  ascertained  them  to  be  Triassic.  That  they  contained  abundant 
leaves  and  stems  of  Cyclopteris.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  Professor 
Lesquereux's  list  published  in  the  "Report  on  Clays"  (Geol.  Rept.  N.  Jersey, 
1878,  pp.  28  and  2b),  that  Professor  L.  does  not  include  this  genus  among 
those  examined  and  reported  upon.  We  may,  therefore,  consider  that  Mr. 
Conrad  may  have  been  mistaken.  Professor  Cook  also  states,  on  page  29  of 
the  same  report,  that  two  specimens  of  shells  only  had  then  been  collected 
from  the  clays,  and  that  these  had  been  examined  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Gabb,  of 
Philadelphia,  who  determined  them  to  be  CucuUcea  antrosa,  Morton.  I  am 
not  sure  that  I  have  ever  seen  these  two  shells,  but  among  all  those  which 
I  have  seen,  twenty  or  more,  none  of  them  would  readily  be  mistaken  for 
that  species.     Imperfect  casts  of  the  one  I  have  referred  to   Gnafhodon 

22 


LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  PLASTIC  CLAYS.  23 

iiiigkt  possibly  resemble  them  in  some  cases,  but  not  strongly.  All  these 
forms  found  in  the  clays  are  estuary  shells,  and  strongly  indicate  an  estuary 
formation,  which  it  imdoubtedly  is.  The  generic  characters  of  all  of  them 
are  obscure  and  cannot  be  positively  affirmed,  as  their  interiors  are  unknown. 
They  would  seem  to  represent  Gnathodoii,  Astarte,  and  CorUcula;  and  the 
one  most  common,  a  new  genus  which  I  have  called  Ambonicardia,  but  none 
of  these  would  serve  to  definitely  fix  the  geological  horizon  of  the  beds  in 
-which  they  occur  without  other  evidence.  Gnathodon  is  known  to  occur  in 
the  Cretaceous,  but  I  think  not  below,  some  of  the  older  species  having 
been  proved  to  belong  to  the  genus  Rangia.  Astarte  is  known  in  the  Juras- 
sic and  possibly  below,  but  most  of  the  Carboniferous  species  have  been 
shown  to  belong  to  other  genera;  while  Corhicula  certainly  occurs  in  the 
Cretaceous  and  probably  below.  The  new  genus,  which  I  have  named 
Ambonicardia,  is  related  to  Homomya  and  to  the  smooth  forms  of  Pliola- 
domya,  but  it  will  not  answer  for  either.  Consequently  we  get  no  help  of 
sufficient  value  to  establish  the  geological  horizon  of  the  beds  from  these 
moUuscan  remains,  and  aside  from  the  evidence  furnished  by  the  plant 
-remains  we  must  rely  entirely  upon  the  stratigraphical  position. 

In  looking  over  the  forms  of  Lamellibranchiate  shells  from  the  Jurassic 
formations  in  the  vain  effort  to  find  some  genus  under  which  I  could  class 
this  new  form,  I  have  been  thoroughly  impressed  with  the  feeling  that  it  was 
more  intimately  allied  to  the  Jurassic  forms  than  to  any  of  those  from  the 
European  Cretaceous.  And  I  have  a  feeling,  resting  upon  this  evidence 
alone,  that  the  beds  in  which  they  occur  represent  that  period  on  our  east- 
ern border.  But  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient  to  give  basis  for  a  positive 
opinion. 

ASTARTID^. 

Genus  ASTAETE  Sowerby. 

Astarte  veta. 

Plate  II,  Fig.  1. 

Astarte  veta  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  279,  PL  XX,  Fig.  4  (Fig.  5  by  error 
on  descriptions  of  plate,  see  Vol.  V,  p.  227). 

Mr.  Conrad  describes  this  species  as  "Ovate,  from  ventral  margin  to 


24  PAL^OifTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

beak  compressed,  equilateral;  beaks  prominent,  oblique;  anterior  ventral 
margin  rounded,  posterior  obliquely  truncated  ;  posterior  end  truncated  and 
situated  much  above  the  line  of  the  base  (cast)."  In  comparison  he  says, 
"this  species  is  neai'ly  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  Astarte  Triasina, 
Dunker." 

I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  specimens  agreeing  with  the  above  descrip- 
tion, nor  to  find  the  type  specimen  used  by  Mr.  Conrad.  The  form  of  the 
shell  would  indicate  that  it  belonged  to  the  genus  Astarte,  but  beyond  that 
there  appears  to  be  no  real  evidence  of  its  generic  relations  more  than  there 
is  to  other  species  found  in  these  clays.  The  outline  of  the  shell  might 
suggest  that  it  w^as  a  young  individual  of  what  I  have  herein  called  Gna- 
thodon  tenuidens,  but  the  apparent  want  of  gibbosity  would  not  agree.  So 
for  the  jiresent  at  least  the  species  will  have  to  be  left  as  it  is. 

Formation  and  locaMy. — Mr.  Conrad  cites  it  as  coming  from  the  "ash- 
colored  clay  near  Washington,  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey." 

CYPRINID^. 
AMBONICARDIA,  n.  gen. 

Shell  bivalve,  large  and  heavy,  triangularly-rhomboidal  in  outline; 
beaks  anterior,  large,  ponderous,  and  enrolled.  Body  of  the  valves  sulcated. 
Ligament  external,  large,  resembling  that  of  TJnio.  A  large  well-marked 
lunule  occurs  beneath  the  beaks.  Hinge  only  partially  known,  but  pro- 
vided with  a  strong  tooth  anterior  to  the  center  in  the  left  valve;  posterior 
teeth  probably  obsolete.  Anterior  muscular  scar  deep,  placed  well  anterior; 
pallial  line  simple.     Exterior  coated  with  an  epidermis.     Type  A.  Cooki. 

The  shells  for  which  the  above  name  is  proposed  very  closely  resem- 
ble that  section  of  the  genus  Unio  which  is  typified  by  U.  pyramidata, 
common  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  watershed,  diff'ering  externally  only 
in  having  a  strong  lunule.  They  are  probably  closely  related  to  the 
genus  Veniella  and  allied  Isocardias;  but  they  difi"er  so  strongly  from 
any  of  them,  that  it  appears  unnatural  grouping  to  place  them  in  any  of 
the  established  genera.  They  are  as  near  Veniellicardia,  Stoliczka,  as  to 
any  one,  but  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  a  large  number  of  imperfect  speci- 
mens, there  seems  to  have  been  no  lateral  teeth,  or  any  thickness  of  shell 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  PLASTIC  CLAYS.  25 

for  such.  They  also  seem  to  be  allied  in  general  form  to  Homomya,  Ag.,  and 
to  some  of  the  smooth  forms  of  Pholadomya,  but  in  the  lunule  and  the  thick- 
ened shell,  are  different.  Very  little  is  really  known  of  the  hinge  characters, 
but  on  some  of  the  best  casts  the  imprint  of  a  strong  tooth  on  the  left 
valve  in  front  of  the  line  of  the  beaks  shows  relations  to  Veniella.  I  am 
in  hopes  to  obtain  better  material  for  illustrating  the  genus  before  the  com- 
pletion of  this  work. 

Ambonicardia  Cookii,  n.  sp. 
Platell,  Figs.  ll-]4. 

Shell  large  and  ponderous,  with  heavy,  massive,  incurved  beaks,  which 
are  strongly  enrolled  and  situated  near  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell.  Valves 
very  gibbous,  very  inequilateral  and  transverse,  strongly  cuneate  in  a 
cardinal  view  when  united,  being  extremely  ventricose  opposite  the  beaks 
and  gradually  but  rapidly  decreasing  in  depth  toward  the  posterior  end; 
obliquely  ovate  in  outline,  with  a  short,  obtusely  pointed  anterior  end, 
straight  but  short  cardinal  line;  prolonged  but  obtusely  rounded  posterior 
end;  basal  line  strongly  curved,  rapidly  declining  from  the  antei'ior  end, 
and  distinctly  sinuate  near  the  middle  of  the  shell  by  a  broad,  shallow,  but 
well-defined  oblique  sulcus,  which  passes  from  the  beak  to  the  basal  margin 
just  in  front  of  the  strongly  rounded  and  prominent  umbonal  ridge.  Ex- 
ternal ligament  strongly  marked,  and  extending  the  length  of  the  posterior 
cardinal  line  and  deeply  imbedded  in  a  narrow  escutcheon.  Lunule  large 
and  deep,  strongly  defined,  with  sharply  angular  margins.  Substance  of 
the  shell  thick  and  dense,  and  the  surface  marked  with  close  comparatively 
strong  concentric  lines  or  ridges,  and  apparently  with  a  thick  epidermis. 
Anterior  muscular  scar  lai'ge  and  deep,  situated  close  to  the  margin  in  the 
pointed  anterior  end  Other  muscular  imprints  not  determined  and  the  fea- 
tures of  the  hinge  are  as  yet  unknown.     Pallial  line  apparently  simple. 

The  general  features  of  this  shell  remind  one  of  a  deep-valved  and 
strong-beaked  Unio,  but  the  hinge  has  certainly  been  destitute  of  lateral 
teeth,  and  the  form  and  position  of  the  anterior  muscular  impression  is  such 
as  at  once  to  preclude  all  possibility  of  its  reference  to  that  genus. 

Localities. — The  species  has  been  obtained  from  the  clavs  at  Sayre  and 
Fisher's  banks  near  Sayreville,  N.  J.,  and  at  clay  banks  of  R.  N.  and  H. 
Valentine,  near  Woodbridge,  and  at  East  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 


26  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Genus  CORBICULA  Megerle. 

Corbicula  ?  emacerata,  n.  sp. 
Plate  II,  Figs.  5  and  6. 

Shell  of  rather  small  size,  transversely  elliptical  or  subovate  in  outline, 
and  moderately  ventricose.  Beaks  moderately  large  but  not  prominently 
so,  and  situated  at  about  the  anterior  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  shell. 
Anterior  end  of  the  shell  the  highest,  the  anterior  margin  narrowly  rounded; 
basal  line  strongly  curved  and  the  posterior  end  narrow  and  obHquely 
truncate,  the  cardinal  portion  rapidly  sloping  with  a  slight  curvature  to  the 
extremity  of  the  moderately  sized  ligament;  hinge  line  short  and  oblique 
to  the  axis  of  the  shell.  Umbonal  angle  distinct  but  not  marked,  and  the 
cardinal  slope  narrow  and  rather  abrupt.  Surface  marked  only  by  fine  con- 
centric strise,  which  appear  to  have  been  confined  principally  to  the  epi- 
dermal layer. 

The  shell  is  of  an  unusal  form  for  a  CorUcula,  and  may  possibly  not 
belong  to  the  genus;  but  as  none  of  the  hinge  features  are  obtainable,  it  is 
impos.sible  to  determine  its  generic  relations  satisfactorily.  The  surface 
has  been  covered  with  a  pretty  strong  epidermis,  and  over  a  large  part  of 
the  specimen  this  is  the  only  portion  of  the  original  substance  preserved; 
the  calcareous  portion  having  been  mostly  removed  by  solution. 

Formation  and  locahty. — From  the  clays  below  the  lowest  Cretaceous 
sands;  clay  banks  near  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey. 

Corbicula  aunosa. 

Plate  II,  Figs.  2-4. 

Artarte  annosa  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Concb.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  279,  PI.  XX,  Fig.  5  (by  error  on 
description  of  plate.  Fig.  4;  see  Vol.  V,  p.  227). 

This  species  Mr.  Conrad  describes  at  the  same  time  with  A.  veta,  in  the 
following  language:  "  Suborbicular,  convex,  very  inequilateral,  ventral  and 
anterior  margins  regularly  and  nearly  equally  rounded;  posterior  end  trun- 
cated, direct  (cast.)." 

I  have  before  me  two  specimens  which  I  have  referred  to  this  species. 
They  are  both  somewhat  distorted  by  compression  and  retain  but  little  of 
the  substance  of  the  original  shell,  other  than  the  epidermis,  which  has  been 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  PLASTIC  CLAYS.  27 

"very  strong,  and  a  ferruginous  replacement  of  the  ligament.  The  speci- 
mens are  both  very  ventricose,  with  a  somewhat  subquadrangular  outline 
and  a  moderately  angular  umbonal  ridge.  The  beaks  are  small  and  nearly 
anterior,  hinge  line  short  and  oblique,  with  a  small  ligament.  Anterior  end 
short  and  rounded,  while  the  posterior  is  broadly  truncated,  correspond- 
ing to  the  rather  broad  and  abrupt  postero-cardinal  slope.  If  I  have  rightly 
identified  the  species  there  can  be  no  reason  for  referring  it  to  Artartein  the 
light .  afforded  by  the  two  specimens,  but  every  appearance  would  indicate 
their  relations  to  the  genus  Corbicula,  with  which  I  have  placed  it. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  specimen  was  from  near  Wash- 
ington, Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  One  of  the  two  specimens  which  I  have  be- 
fore me  came  from  the  top  layers  of  Sayre  and  Fisher's  brick  and  clay  yards 
near  Sayreville,  N.  J.,  and  the  other  from  near  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  GNATHODON. 

Gnathodon?  tenuidens,  u.  sp. 

Plate  II,  Figs.  7-10. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  very  ventricose,  very  broadly  ovate  or  subtri- 
angular,  with  strong  and  rather  tumid,  enrolled  beaks,  which  are  directed 
forward  and  project  considerably  beyond  the  line  of  the  hinge.  Posterior 
hinge  border  gently  arcuate,  extending  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  dis- 
tance from  the  beak  towai'd  the  basal  margin  of  the  shell.  Postero-basal 
angle  sharply  rounded,  and  the  basal  margin  broadly  arched;  anterior  end 
less  sharply  and  more  regularly  rounded  than  the  postero-basal.  Surface 
of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  partial  casts  and  imprints  left  in  the  hard- 
ened clay,  smooth  or  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth  only.  On  the  cast  of 
a  right  valve  there  are  indications  of  two  principal  cardinal  teeth  beneath 
the  beak,  and  a  long,  rather  slender,  lateral  tooth.  The  muscular  impres- 
sions are  not  visible  on  the  posterior  side,  but  on  one  specimen  the  anterior 
scars  seem  to  have  been  large  and  deep ;  but  this  feature  is  not  very 
satisfactorily  determined. 

The  shell  has  had  nearly  the  form  of  G.  cimeata  of  our  Southern  Atlantic 
coast,  but  has  been  a  much  thinner  and  more  delicate  shell  with  a  much 


28  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

narrower  hinge-plate,  and  more  delicate  and  slender  teeth,  while  the  shell 
is  proportionally  broader  along  the  basal  margin,  the  valves  much  more 
ventricose,  and  the  beaks  more  distant.  It  is  possible  the  generic  features 
of  this  shell  may  not  be  exactly  those  of  the  modern  Gnathodon,  but  so  far 
as  can  be  seen  on  all  the  specimens  examined  there  seems  to  be  no  reasonable 
doubt  of  their  generic  identity.  The  specimens  are  all  highly  imperfect,  so 
much  so  that  the  generic  features,  as  exhibited  on  the  hinge-line,  cannot  be 
illustrated;  and,  of  course,  under  such  circumstances,  it  is  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  to  determine  definitely  the  generic  relations.  The  only  part  of 
the  original  substance  of  the  shell  preserved  on  the  specimen  is  the  epider- 
mis, which  is  very  distinct  on  some  of  them,  and  a  little  of  the  oxide  of  iron 
which  has  replaced  the  original  shell.  On  one  of  those  figured  there  is  the 
remains  of  a  species  of  Flusira  and  fragments  of  Serpula,  showing  its  habitat 
to  have  been  in  sea  water. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimens  are  from  the  clay  beds  below 
the  Lower  Marls,  at  Sayre's  and  Fisher's  brick -yards,  and  at  R.  N.  and  H. 
Valentine's,  near  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  are  in  the 
State  collection  at  New  Brunswick  and  that  of  Columbia  College  School  of 
Mines  in  New  York. 


SEOTIOISJ^    III. 

LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  FEOM  THE  LOWER  MAEL  BEDS. 

Order  ASIPHONIDA. 

Suborder  MUNOMYAEIA. 

Family  OSTEEIDJE. 

Genus  OSTREA  Linn. 

Ostrea  deuticulifera. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  8  and  9. 

Ostrea  denticulifera  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  30,  PI.  XXXIV, 
Figs.  1  and  8.    Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  152.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6.    Geol.  Surv 
.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

The  shells  of  this  species  are  very  small,  flattened,  thick,  and  extremely 
irregular  in  form.  Those  originally  described  by  the  author  seem  to  have 
been  moderately  convex,  but  the  New  Jersey  specimens  are  extremely 
shallow  and  generally  elongated,  with  the  surface  obsoletely  striate ;  even 
on  the  smoothest  specimens  the  stria3  show  beneath  the  surface.  The  liga- 
mental  area  is  small  and  the  margin  crenulate  on  some  individuals  to  near 
the  front  of  the  shell,  the  crenulations  being  strong  and  tooth-hke,  and  leav- 
ing rido-es  on  the  sides  of  the  valves  as  the  shells  thicken  with  age.  Muscu- 
lar impression  large,  lateral,  and  usually  below  the  middle  of  the  length. 

All  the  specimens  of  this  species  observed  are  upper  valves ;  no  lower 
valves  appear  to  have  been  collected.  Mr.  Conrad,  in  his  original  descrip- 
tion, mentions  only  "lower  valve  moderately  capacious;  upper  margins 
denticulated,"  features  which  might  have  been  inferred. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimens  used  are  from  the  collection  of 
the  Academy  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  and  are  marked  Haddonfield, 
New  Jersey,  and  are  probably  Mr.  Conrad's  types.  I  have  not  observed  it 
in  other  collections. 

29 


30  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET, 

Ostrea  crenulimarginata. 
Plate  III,  Figs.  10  aud  11. 

Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  2d  ser.,  p.  398,  PL  LXVIII, 
Figs.  48  and  49.    Synopsis,  p.  152.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6. 

Shell,  as  seen  in  a  single  upper  valve,  depressed  convex  and  moder- 
ately smooth,  of  an  irregular  ovate  outline,  and  marked  by  but  few  con- 
centric lines  of  growth  more  prominent  than  striae.  Faint  indications  of 
radiating  strise  show  obscurely,  but  are  more  in  the  substance  of  the 
shell  than  on  the  surface.  On  the  interior  the  margin  is  finely  crenulate 
for  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  valve,  being  strongest  near  the  hinge  and 
becoming  fainter  in  the  forward  part.  Muscular  scar  large,  reniform,  and 
situated  above  the  middle  of  the  shell. 

I  have  seen  but  a  single  upper  valve  of  this  shell.  It  differs  in  the 
surface  characters  from  Mr.  Gabb's  description  of  the  species,  but  I  judge 
the  characters  given  by  him  were  partly  from  the  lower  valve,  as  he  figures 
none  other,  and  the  upper  valve  would  naturally  be  much  smoother  than 
the  lower.  In  other  characters  it  agrees  very  well.  In  general  features 
it  does  not  differ  very  materially  from  specimens  (casts)  which  I  have 
referred  to  0.  suhspatulata,  L.  &  S.,  but  the  position  of  the  muscular  scar  is 
very  much  higher  on  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — From  the  lower  marl  bed,  at  Marlborough, 
N.  J.,  in  the  collection  of  the  Kev.  Dr.  Schanck. 

Ostrea  panda  Morton. 
Ostrea  panda  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  51,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  6,  and  PI.  LXX,  Fig.  10. 

This  species,  although  described  as  a  Cretaceous  form  by  Dr.  Morton, 
and  recognized  as  such  in  all  the  catalogues  of  Cretaceous-  fossils,  has 
proved  to  belong  to  the  Eocene  only;  and  so  far  as  known  to  me  has 
not  been  found  in  the  Cretaceous  at  any  place.  There  are  many  specimens 
of  it  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Philadelphia  from  the 
Eocene  of  the  Southern  States,  and  among  them  the  one  figured  on  Plate 
19,  Fig.  10,  of  Morton's  Synopsis.  Examples  of  the  casts,  or  rather  impres- 
sions in  the  marls  of  Plicatula  urticosa  Morton,  often  closely  resemble  some 
of  the  smaller  forms  of  this  oyster,  and  it  is  possible  that  Dr.  Morton's  speci- 
men (Fig.  on  PI.  5,  Fig.  G)  may  have  been  such  a  one. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  31 

Ostrea  plutuosa. 
Plate  ni,  Figs.  12  and  13. 

Ostrea  plumosa  Morton,  Synopsis,  p.  51,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  9.  Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  153.  P.  A. 
N.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  320;  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6.  Geol.  N.  Jersey,  1868,  p.  724, 
and  others. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  ovate-triangular  or  elongste-spatulate,  thin  and  some- 
what fragile  irregularly  convex  on  the  upper  valve,  often  subangulated 
longitudinally,  either  along  one  side  or  the  other,  beak  of  the  upper  valve 
thin,  sharp,  and  pointed;  the  ligamental  area  small  and  inconspicuous  in 
most  cases,  though  sometimes  of  moderate  size.  Exterior  of  the  upper 
valve  marked  by  obscure  plications  in  all  the  type  specimens,  which  cross 
the  valve  obliquely  in  either  direction  from  right  to  left  or  oppositely;  also 
by  fine  radiating  striae  which  obscurely  diverge  from  a  more  or  less  median 
line  and  pass  toward  the  margin  on  either  side.  On  the  interior  the  margin 
of  the  valve  near  the  apex  is  more  or  less  crenulate.  The  muscular  scar  is 
small  and  lateral.     Lower  valve  not  yet  observed. 

The  type  specimens  used  by  Dr.  Morton  furnish  the  above  characters, 
his  figured  specimen  being  one  of  them,  but  he  appears  to  have  considered 
them  as  lower  valves,  while  they  are  all  upper  valves,  as  the  position  of  the 
muscular  scar  and  the  ridge  on  the  ligamental  area  would  indicate,  as  well 
as  the  obliquity  of  the  valve.  Among  the  collections  which  I  have  examined 
I  have  observed  no  lower  valves  which  I  can  identify  with  them.  Mr.  Meek 
mentions  in  his  Invert.  Pal.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  however,  that  the  lower  valve 
is  usually  attached  by  nearly  its  entire  surface.  The  plications  which  cross 
the  upper  valves  obliquely  are  probably  the  efi'ects  of  marking  on  some  other 
shell,  possibly  Exogyra  costata,  on  which  the  oyster  has  grown,  and  not 
an  organic  feature  of  the  species.  This  I  think  is  plain  from  the  fact  that 
they  cross  the  shell  in  opposite  directions  in  different  specimens.  Ostrea 
cretacea  Morton,  Synop.  p.  52,  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  3  is  a  very  closely  allied,  if 
not  identical  species.  It  is  also  often  obscurely  plicated  and  striate,  the  size 
and  position  of  the  muscular  scar  are  the  same,  but  tbe  apex  of  the  valve 
is  proportionally  a  little  wider  in  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined. 
This,  however,  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  a  specific  feature  in  shells  of 
such  variable  characters  as  oysters.     A  single  individual  in  the  same  collec- 


32  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

tion  with  the  above  is  obliquely  oval  and  destitute  of  surface  markings 
except  concentric  lines  of  growth.  These  indicate  that  for  one-half  of  its 
size  it  was  nearly  circular,  and  presenting  much  the  appearance  of  the  lower 
valve  of  Anomia  tellinoides  Morton.  It  is,  however,  an  upper  valve  of  an 
oyster  and  of  this  species.  The  muscular  scar  is  somewhat  larger  and  a 
Httle  more  central. 

Formation  and  hcality. — Dr.  Morton  gives  Arneytown,  N.  J.,  as  the 
locality  for  his  specimens,  which  would  place  them  in  the  Lower  Green  Marls. 
The  specimens  used  in  the  above  description  and  illustrated  are  from  the 
collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  from  whence  they  were 
borrowed  for  the  purpose. 

Ostrea  subspatulata. 
Plate  III,  Fig.  14. 

Ostrea  suhspatidata  L.  &  Sow.  Qiiar.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  1845,  p.  61,  Fig.  — .  Gabb, 
Synop.,  p.  154.  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 
Gabb,  P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  320. 

This  species  has  been  cited  as  coming  from  New  Jersey  by  both  Mr. 
Gabb  and  Mr.  Meek,  though  I  do  not  know  on  what  authority.  The  only 
specimens  which  I  have  seen  at  all  resembling  the  figures  of  it  given  in  the 
article  in  the  Geological  Society's  Journal  are  casts  of  young  specimens 
probably.  At  least  they  are  very  small  compared  with  those  there  described 
and  figured.  On  page  64  of  the  Quarterly  Journal,  in  a  list  of  species 
peculiar  to  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  Sir  C.  Lyell  mentions  this  species,  but 
his  New  Jersey  doubtless  extended  all  along  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far  as  the 
green-sand  formation  appeared;  for  under  the  description  of  the  species  it 
is  cited  only  as  coming  from  "Lewis's  Creek,  South  Washington,  N.  C' 

The  casts  from  New  Jersey  are  more  or  less  subovate  and  a  little  oblique, 
slightly  concave  on  the  upper  side  and  quite  convex  on  the  lower  surface; 
narrowed  at  the  upper  end  but  not  sharp;  having  some  width  and  slightly 
shouldered.  Muscular  scars  rather  large,  subovate  or  subreniform  and 
prominent,  situated  near  the  side,  and  pretty  well  forward  on  the  valve. 

The  remains  of  the  shells  of  this  genus  are  amongst  the  most  unsatis- 
factory material  obtained  from  the   geological  formations  of  the  State. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  33 

Owing  to  the  great  variability  among  the  individuals  of  species  it  is  nearly 
or  quite  impossible  to  identify  with  certainty  the  internal  casts,  especially 
where  they  are  taken  from  collections  that  have  been  made  by  others  under 
circumstances  where  no  note  has  been  taken  or  preserved  of  the  markings 
on  the  matrix.  It  is  therefore  with  great  doubt  that  I  have  assigned  to  an}' 
given  species  the  casts  which  I  have  examined. 

Formation  and  locality. — From  the  green  clays  under  the  second  marl 
of  the  Lower  Green  Sand  at  the  pits  of  W.  Lippincott,  esq.,  Shrewsbury, 
N.  J.  In  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia, 
there  is  a  specimen  bearing  this  name,  which  is  evidently  a  specimen  of  0. 
compressirostra,  and  has  the  locality  marked  in  ink  on  the  specimen  as 
Chickasaw  Bluffs,  which  I  believe  is  considered  as  Eocene. 

Ostrea  tecticosta. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  403,  PI.  LXVIII,  Figs. 
47  and  48.    Synopsis,  p.  154.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6.    Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  1868, 
■      p.  724. 

Shell  small,  elongate,  oval,  ovate  or  irregularly  elliptical  in  outline, 
slightly  curved,  with  a  small,  strongly-twisted  beak  and  moderately-sized 
ligamental  area  on  the  lower  -valve.  The  lower  valve  usually  shows  a  large 
cicatrized  area  of  attachment  and  is  strongly  plicated,  the  plica  being  usually 
sharply  rounded  and  very  rugose  from  concentric  lamellose  lining..  The 
inner  margins  of  the  valves  are  also  crenulated  on  the  upper  haKor  two-thirds 
of  their  length,  and  more  minutely  so  on  the  inner  border  at  the  junction 
of  the  valves  just  below  the  ligamental  area.  Muscular  scar  large,  but  only 
moderately  marked.  Upper  valves  slightly  convex  and  destitute  of  plica- 
tions except  near  the  border. 

I  have  only  seen  a  single  lower  valve  of  this  species  from  the  Creta- 
ceous beds  of  New  Jersey,  where  it  would  seem  to  be  a  rather  uncommon 
species,  though  quite  abundant  in  Tennessee.  All  the  shells  have  an 
extremely  immature  look,  as  if  they  were  the  young  of  a  larger  shell,  but 
as  none  such  have  been  observed  corresponding  in  characters,  we  must 

admit  it  as  a  species  for  the  present.     The  New  Jersey  specimen  presents 
4418  MON  9 3 


34  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

much  the  appearance  of  a  young-  and  shallow  individual  of  Exogyra  costata 
in  its  general  shape,  and  particularly  so  in  its  plicated  surface,  but  differs 
materially  in  the  form  of  the  hinge  and  ligamental  area. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  from  New  Jersey  was  presented 
to  Mr.  Gabb  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbot,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  as  learned  by  Mr.  Gabb's 
statements  under  his  original  description  cited  above.  But  the  particular 
locality  is  not  stated.  It  however  retains  a  small  amount  of  rather  dark 
green  sand  in  the  inside,  which  leads  me  to  infer  it  was  from  the  Lower  Bed 
at  some  locality  not  far  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

Ostrea  larva. 
Plate  III,  Figs.  3-7. 

Ostrea  larva  Lamarck.     An.  sans  Vert.,  Yol.  YI,  p.  216.     ?  H.  &  M.,  Mem.  A.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  Boston,  Yol.  Y,  new  series,  p.  406,  M.  and  H.    Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1856, 
p.  286.     Gabb,  P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  320. 
0.       falcata  S.  G.  Morton.    A.  X.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1827,  p.  50,  PI.  I,  Fig.  2.     Synop.  Org. 

Bern.  Cret,  U.  S.,  p.  54,  PI.  Ill,  Pig.  5. 
0.       falcata  var.,  nastita  Mort.     IMd.,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  6,  p.  54. 
0.       falcata  var.,  mesenterica  Mort.    Ibid.,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  7,  p.  54. 
Comp.  O.pellucida  Meek  &  H.    Proc.  A.  X.  S.,  Phil.,  1860,  p.  249.    Meek  Invert.  Pal.  U. 

S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  p.  15,  PI.  XXYIII,  Figs.  4  a,  &. 
Comp.  0.  [Gryphceostreaf)  suhalata  Meek.    Invert.  Pal.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  p.  15, 
PI.  XXYIII,  Fig.  5. 

Shell  small,  strongly  denticulate,  and  also  strongly  arcuate  laterally, 
being  turned  to  the  left  when  viewed  on  the  upper  side.  Hinge  straight- 
ened, and  usually  slightly  alated  on  each  side,  the  left  side  the  most  dis- 
tinctly, making  the  hinge-line  often  as  long  or  even  longer  than  the  width 
of  the  valve.  Denticulations  of  the  margins  strong,  sharp,  and  pointed  on 
the  outside;  numbering  from  three  to  ten,  often  as  long  as  the  width  of  the 
valve;  those  of  the  inner  edge  small,  forming  minute  serrations  only,  usu- 
ally as  many  or  even  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  outer  border.  Under 
valve  deepest ;  ligamental  fosset  distinct ;  beak  often  long  and  pointed  and 
the  surface  of  the  valve  convex.  Upper  valve  flat  on  the  surface,  more 
particularly  so  in  the  region  of  the  beak.  Muscular-  scar  moderatel)^  large, 
oval,  and  distinct,  situated  near  the  inner  margin  and  at  about  the  posterior 
third  of  the  length  of  the  shell. 


LAJMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  35 

The  shells  as  found  in  the  Cretaceous  marls  of  the  lower  beds  are 
somewhat  variable.  There  are,  however,  two  very  distinct  varieties  com- 
mon. One  agreeing  with  the  above  description  (0.  mesenterica  Mort.),  ex- 
cept in  the  small  number  of  denticulations  assigned  to  the  margins ;  the 
number  being  usually  from  seven  to  ten.  The  shell  is  small,  not  exceeding 
half  an  inch  in  width  and  usually  much  less,  while  the  shell  is  curved  within 
a  circle  of  one  and  a  quarter  inches  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter. 
The  other  variety,  0.  nasuta  Mort.,  being  much  larger,  sometimes  the  valves 
being  nearly  an  inch  in  width  and  curved  within  a  circle  of  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  while  the  denticulations  vary  from  three  to  seven  on  the 
outer  side,  counting  the  wrinkles  of  the  hinge  alations.  The  differences 
between  these  two  varieties  are  so  great  that  were  they  living  shells  there 
would  be  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  them  distinct  species. 

In  the  Palaeontology  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Territories  (Vol.  IX,  p.  15),  Mr.  Meek  has  given  descriptions  of  two  spe- 
cies of  Ostrea  from  the  Fox  Hills  group  of  the  Western  Cretaceous,  under 
the  names  0.  pellucida  and  O.  stibalaia,  separating  the  first-named  species 
from  this  one  of  the  Eastern  Cretaceous,  on  the  want  of  "auricular  append- 
ages," a  feature  which  I  find  quite  common  among  the  New  Jersey  speci- 
mens; and  on  the  less  strongly  denticulate  margins  of  the  shell,  which  is 
an  extremely  variable  feature,  and  the  fact  that  the  shell  grows  attached  by 
the  aj)ex,  more  or  less  broadly,  of  the  lower  valve.  While  I  write  there 
lies  before  me  two  New  Jersey  shells  which  have  grown  together,  attached 
to  each  other  for  their  entire  length,  showing  that  this  species  also  seems  to 
have  had  that  same  habit  to  a  certain  extent.  The  second  one  of  Mr.  Meek's 
species,  0.  subalaia,  is  so  nearly  like  the  variety  nasuta  Mort.,  that  it  is 
very  difficult  to  see  wherein  lies  the  specific  distinction,  more  especially 
as  the  one  before  me  possesses  the  alation  on  the  left  side  only,  with  beaks 
exactly  parallel  to  those  of  his  figure  given,  but  is  coupled  with  five  very 
strong  denticulations  on  the  outer  margin.  On  examination  of  the  form  as 
it  occurs  in  the  Eocene  at  various  places  in  this  country  the  same  variations 
are  detected,  although  the  coarser  denticulated  variety  is  less  common  and 
not  so  extreme;  and  among  the  European  specimens  the  same  changes  are 
visible.     In  the  form  given  in  Sowerby's  Min.  Conch.,  t.  135,  Fig.  1,  as 


36  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

0.  canaliculata  the  denticulations  are  almost  obsolete;  while  one  given  in 
Goldf.  Petraf.,  p.  10,  PI.  LXXIV,  Fig.  2,  as  0.  limata  Nils.,  is  a  very  good 
representative  of"  the  var.  nasuta  Morton. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  species  is  common  at  many  of  the  marl 
pits  in  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Green  Sands  throughout  the  State, 
as  well  as  in  many  of  the  Southern  States  in  the  Eocene  sands  and  clays. 

Genus  GEYPHJ5A  Lam. 

Gryphaea  vesicularis  Lam.  ?. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  15  and  16;  Plate  IV,  Figs.  1-3,  and  Pi.  v. 

Ostrea  vesicularis  Lam.  (1806).    Ann.  Mus.,  VIII,  p-  160,  PI.  XXII,  Pig.  3.     An.  sans 

Vert.,  Vol.  6,  p.  209. 
0.        convexa  Say.     1820,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts.,  Vol.  II,  p.  42. 
Gryphma  convexa  Mort.    Jour.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  IV,  Figs.  1  and  2,  PI.  V,  Figs. 

1-3.     Organic  Rem.,  p.  53,  PI.  IV,  Figs.  1  and  2. 
G.  mutaUUs  Mort.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  PLil.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  IV,  Fig.  3.    Synopsis,  p.  53, 

PI.  IV,  Fig.  3. 
Pycnodonta  vesicularis  (Fisclier)  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  275,  1860. 
Grypluca  vesicularis  var.  aucella  Roemer;  Kried.  von  Texas,  p.  74,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  4. 
Comp.  G.  digitata  var.  Tucumcarii  (Sow.)  Mai  con;  Geol.  U.  Am.,  yy.  43,  PI.  IV,  Figs.  1  a, 

&,  and  2  and  3. 
Comp.  G.  Piicheri  (Con.).    U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  p.  155,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  3  a-e. 
Comp.  G.  Pitclieri  var.  navia.     See  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  Vol.  I,  p.  155. 

Shell  varying  from  depressed  convex  to  highly  gibbous  on  the  lower 
valve,  and  from  flat  to  deeply  concave  on  the  upper  valve.  Outline  varying 
from  subcircular  with  a  very  short  cardinal  line  to  semicircular,  where  the  car- 
dinal line  is  of  considerable  length ;  the  relative  proportions  of  length  and 
breadth  being  equally  variable,  sometimes  wider  than  long  and  again  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  wide.  Left  side,  when  looking  on  the  flat  valve,  more  or 
less  lobed,  often  projecting  in  an  extended  finger-like  anal  tube  a  little 
below  the  line  of  the  hinge.  Exterior  of  the  shell  strongly  lamellose,  and 
most  distinctly  so  on  the  convex  side,  which  often  shows  strongly  projecting 
concentric  lamellae  having  free  edges ;  apex  of  the  lower  valve  often  pre- 
senting a  broad  cicatrix  of  attachment,  while  many  specimens  are  found 
which  are  entirely  destitute  of  any  such  feature.  Upper  or  flat  valve 
strongly  lamellose,  especially  near  the  margin  of  old  or  thickened  shells, 
and  the  sui-face  usually  marked  b}^  strong  radiating  depressed  lines,  very 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  37 

tortuous  and  irregular  in  their  direction,  and  also  by  finer  interrupted  raised 
lines,  which  give  a  somewhat  thread-Hke  or  fibrous  texture  to  the  shell.  The 
valve  is  flat  or  shghtly  concave  exteriorly,  and  of  somewhat  smaller  size 
than  the  deep  valve.  Ligamental  area  of  the  lower  valve  large  and  strong, 
broadly  triangular,  and  moderately  incurved,  with  a  very  distinct  triangular 
depressed  central  fosset.  Inner  cardinal  margins  of  the  shell  strongly 
crenulate.  Muscular  imprint  large,  and  situated  behind  the  center  of  the 
valve.  Ligamental  area  of  the  flat  valve  nearly  vertical,  and  the  thickened 
margin  of  the  shell  abruptly  beveled  on  the  inside  to  fit  the  concavity  of 
the  opposite  valve. 

There  are  nearly  as  many  varieties  of  this  shell  as  there  are  localities 
from  which  it  is  obtained.  At  least  this  is  the  case  if  all  those  usually  con- 
sidered as  varieties  of  it  are  really  forms  of  one  species,  which  statement  I 
greatly  doubt.  There  is  not  the  least  question  but  that  in  their  present 
condition  as  imperfect  fossils  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  draw  a  line  of  spe- 
cific demarkation  between  the  several  varieties  which  have  been  noticed 
and  referred  to  it,  but  if  we  had  the  animal  to  study  as  we  have  in  recent 
forms,  there  would  be  but  little  difficulty  in  recognizing  several  distinct  and 
well  marked  species.  The  form  usually  recognized  as  belonging  to  the 
genus  Pycnoclonta  Fischer  is  often  so  strongly  marked  as  to  give  one  the 
impression  when  looking  on  its  upper  valve  that  it  is  more  nearly  related 
to  Placuna  except  for  the  cartilage  pit  and  area.  Among  the  various  forms, 
the  following  local  or  rather  stratigraphical  varieties  may  be  mentioned  as 
worthy  of  special  notice: 

Var.  convexa  (Say).  This  form  is  very  strongly  convex  on  the  lower 
side,  and  often  quite  concave  on  the  upper,  with  a  strong  anal  constriction 
separating  a  part  of  the  shell  near  the  hinge  line,  forming  a  more  or  less 
perfect  siphonal  tube  on  the  left  side,  and  which  usually  forms  considerable 
of  an  angle  with  the  hinge  line.  The  shell  is  usually  wider  than  long  and 
distinctly  subangular  on  the  umbonal  ridge  of  the  deep  valve,  which  also 
shows  considerable  obliquity. 

Var.  micella  Roemer.  Kreid.  von  Texas,  p.  74,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  4,  a  h.  This 
form,  which  is  figured  on  PI.  XXVI,  Figs.  9  and  10,  is  usually  smaller  and 
quite  as  gibbous  as  G.  convexa,  but  has  only  a  sfight  posterior  sinus  or  con- 
striction, and  a  deeply  concave  upper  valve.     It  is  also  less  oblique,  and  more 


38  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

regularl}^  rounded  on  the  back ;  that  is,  without  the  subangular  character. 
It  is  extremely  abundant  in  the  middle  marls  of  New  Jersey,  where  it  is 
almost  without  any  admixture  of  other  forms,  and  I  have  seen  beds  nearlj^ 
eight  feet  in  thickness  composed  almost  entirely  of  this  shell  and  Terebratiila 
Harlani.  They  are  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  many 
localities. 

G.  Pitcheri  var.  navia.  This  shell  'is  small,  elongate  ovate  in  outline, 
widening  below  with  a  strongly  incurved  beak,  or  broad  truncation  of  that 
of  the  lower  valve,  highly  concavo-convex  with  a  short  hinge  line,  and  des- 
titute of  any  or  with  scarcely  perceptible  constriction.  Resembles  G.  in- 
curva  from  the  Jura,  but  is  less  incurved  at  the  beak. 

Var.  mutahilis  Morton.  (Syu.  Org.  Rem.,  p.  63.  PI.  IV,  Fig.  3  (^Pycno- 
donta  mutabilis).  Shell  broadly  depressed-convex  on  the  lower  side  and  flat 
or  slightly  concave  on  the  upper.  Outline  more  or  less  circular,  with  a  mod- 
erately extended  hinge  line,  which  is  often  more  or  less  arcuate  on  the 
outer  margin  ;  and  with  a  broad  ligamental  area.  Posterior  constriction  of 
the  lower  valve  obsolete  or  barely  distinguishable,  not  marking  the  upper 
valve. 

Var.  No.  4  (see  PL  III,  Fig.  15).  Somewhat  resembling  the  last,  but  less 
regular  in  outline  and  with  a  straighter  hinge  line,  l)ut  with  a  deep  constric- 
tion which  appears  at  a  late  stage  of  growth  and  modifies  the  upper  valvt 
to  a  great  degree.  It  is  placed  at  a  considerable  distance  below  the  cardinal 
line,  and  is  deeply  bent  backwards  to  nearly  the  depth  of  the  convex  or 
lower  valve. 

Of  course  there  are  many  intermediate  forms  found  scattered  through 
the  marls  at  vai'ious  elevations  and  at  different  localities,  which  would  readily 
serve  to  unite  all  these  forms,  and  especially  is  this  the  case  if  we  take  into 
consideration  those  from  other  23arts  of  the  country  and  from  Europe,  but 
there  are  many  localities  where  among  thousands  of  individuals,  of  different 
stages  of  growth,  pertaining  to  one  of  these  varieties,  one  will  search  long 
before  finding  forms  enough  to  satisfactorily  link  the  large  ponderous  shells 
with  the  small  highly  arcuate  but  adult  shells  of  the  varieties  navicella  and 
navia. 

Formation  and  localities. — Among  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined 
in  the  various  cabinets,  I  have  seen  them  from  nearly  all  of  the  noted  locali- 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  39 

ties  of  the  lower  and  middle  green  sands  of  the  New  Jerse}^  Cretaceous,  but 
they  all  appear  to  have  been  collected  with  but  little  care  and  without  any 
discrimination  as  to  their  exact  position  as  regards  their  stratigraphical  rela- 
tions to  the  different  layers  of  the  formation,  so  that  it  is  practically  impos- 
sible to  assign  any  one  variety  its  definite  localities  or  horizon,  and  tliis 
may  be  said  of  the  majority  of  all  the  collections  of  invertebrate  fossils 
which  I  have  seen  from  within  the  State.  In  fact,  to  so  great  an  extent  is 
this  the  case  that  I  find  it  absolutely  unsafe  to  credit  many  of  the  localities 
which  I  find  assigned  to  specimens,  while  by  far  the  greater  part  are  only 
known  as  having  come  from  New  Jersey,  and  many  others  entirely  without 
locality  mark  of  any  kind.  But  little  true  progress  in  the  study  of  the  Pale- 
ontology of  the  State  can  be  made  until  collections  shall  be  made  with  care, 
and  accurate  lists  of  the  species  from  each  particular  bed  given  from  the 
vaiious  localities.  The  form  G.  navia  has  been  received  from  Professor  Cook 
as  coming  from  Monmouth  County,  and  from  Blue  Ball,  N.  J.;  the  G.  naviceJla 
from  Blue  Ball  and  Monmouth,  New  Jersey.  I  also  know  it  from  Freehold 
and  Burlington,  in  the  lower  beds,  and  from  Timber  Creek  and  New  Egypt, 
in  the  middle  beds.  It  is  also  known  to  occur  at  Barrie  Bluff  and  elsewhere 
in  AlabaiSa  and  in  Texas,  and  is  common  at  many  places  in  Europe.  The 
ordinary  form  of  G.  convexa  is  known  from  Monmouth,  Cream  Ridge,  New 
Egypt,  Harrisonville,  near  Mullica  Hill,  and  elsewhere  in  New  Jersey. 

The  form  described  under  the  name  Pycnodonia  mutabilis  is  marked 
Monmouth  Count}^,  in  Rutgers  College  cabinet.  I  have  seen  it  at  Cream 
Ridge  in  company  with  G.  convexa,  and  the  form  shown  on  PL  IV,  Fig.  3,  is 
without  local  distinction. 

Genus  EXOGYEA  Say. 

Esogyra  costata. 

Plate  VI,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

E.rogijra  costata  Say.    J.  A.  N.  S.  Phil.,  1st  series.  Vol.  II,  p.  43.    Also  of  many  autlaors. 
Ostiea  Americana  Desb.    Euc.  Method.  Vers.,  Vol.  II,  p.  30i,  No.  45  {Gryplma).    Lam., 

Anim.  sans  Vert.  (Desh.  ed.),  Vol.  VII,  p.  207  (Meek). 
?  0.         torosa  Mort.    Synop.,  p.  52,  PI.  X,  Fig.  1. 

Shell  large,  thick,  and  ponderous,  irregularly  circular  or  subovate  in 
outline,  plano-convex  in  profile  and  obliquely  coiled  at  the  apex,  the  lower 


40  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY, 

valve  sometimes  sliowiug  one  and  a  half  to  nearly  two  volutions  in  well- 
preserved  adult  specimens.  Convex  valve  deep,  and  on  the  back  strongly 
angular,  especially  so  in  the  earlier  parts  formed,  the  portion  near  the  beak 
often  being  sharply  carinate  and  smooth.  Surface  of  the  valve  marked  by 
strong  radiating  costse,  which  are  round  on  the  surface,  and  separated  by 
narrow  depressions.  Costse  frequently  bifurcating,  and  radiating  from  or 
dividing  along  the  umbonal  ridge ;  one  set  curving  toward  the  anterior  side 
and  the  other  toward  the  basal  margin.  In  old  shells  the  costse  are  often 
more  or  less  obsolete  beyond  the  middle  of  the  shell,  where  the  con- 
centric lamellae,  which  everywhere  cross  the  cost^,  become  much  more 
developed  and  often  form  comparatively  broad  fringe-like  expansions.  Upper 
or  left  valve  flat  or  slightly  convex,  often  becoming  slightly  concave  toward 
the  antero-basal  margin  in  advanced  stages  of  growth,  while  in  many  in- 
stances both  valves  conform  in  producing  a  deep  sinuosity  on  the  anterior 
side  below  the  beaks.  Surface  of  the  flat  valve  very  strongly  lamellose  on 
the  posterior  half,  while  showing  incipient  costse  on  the  anterior  side  below 
the  apex. 

The  features  of  this  shell,  as  it. occurs  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New 
Jersey,  are  sufficiently  well  marked  and  distinctive  to  leave  no  room  for 
en-or  in  its  identification,  when  medium  sized  or  adult  individuals  are  exam- 
ined which  preserve  the  normal  form  of  the  species.  But  shells  of  all  this 
family  are  so  extremely  liable  to  distortion  during  growth,  from  external 
influences,  that  individuals  of  any  of  them  may  occur  which  retain  but  few 
of  the  normal  features  of  their  species,  and  this,  like  others  of  the  group,  is 
occasionally  met  with  departing  widely  from  the  general  form  of  its  kind. 
They  will  be  found  to  vary  greatly  in  the  strength  and  number  of  the  costse, 
and  in  their  proportional  strength,  some  examples  having  been  noticed  where 
they  were  almost  obsolete.  The  same  example  often  shows  them  well  de- 
veloped on  one  part,  and  on  another  will  show  scarcely  a  trace  of  their  ex- 
istence. The  angularity  of  the  umbonal  ridge  of  the  right  valve  is  also  an 
extremely  variable  feature,  some  having  a  broadly  rounded  form  nearly  to 
the  apex,  while  others' will  be  extremely  sharp  and  angular  with  a  sub-spinose 
carination.  This  difference  is  not  unfrequently  the  result  of  the  adhesion  of 
tlie  shell,  by  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak,  to  foreign  substances,  though  not 


lamellibrajStchiata  of  the  lowee  maels.  41 

always.  The  very  young  shell,  when  of  not  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  is 
often  so  sharply  angular  and  so  finely  costate  that  it  might  well  be  consid- 
ered as  a  distinct  species.  One  example  of  an  adult  shell  from  Prairie  Bluff, 
Alabama,  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  has  grown  attached  to 
some  foreign  flat  substance  over  nearly  the  entire  disk  of  the  shell,  leaving 
the  walls  of  the  anterior  and  basal  borders  standing  at  right  angles  to  the 
atached  surface.  In  the  conditions  of  internal  casts,  a  not  unfrequent  con- 
dition of  occurrence  at  many  localities,  it  is  more  difficult  still  to  recognize 
its  relations,  especially  so  in  casts  of  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in 
length.  In  these  conditions  it  is  seen  to  be  more  elongated,  and  as  the 
inner  surface  of  the  flat  valve,  when  young,  is  liable  to  be  somewhat  angu- 
larly convex,  it  then  assumes  exactly  the  form  and  features  of  JEx.  Texana 
of  Roemer  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  in  Texas.  There  is  another  form  of 
internal  cast  of  a  convex  valve  before  me  as  I  write,  from  the  marl  beds 
at  Holmdel,  N.  J.,  which,  although  highly  convex,  approaching  gibbosity, 
lacks  that  angularity  usuallj^  seen  on  the  shell  itself  The  beak  of  the  spe- 
cimen is  broken,  and  the  costse  are  few  and  extremely  coarse,  while  the  form 
is  somewhat  spreading;  and  as  it  is  accompanied  by  the  cast  of  an  oyster 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  specimen,  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  cast  of  a 
very  large  individual  of  0.  panda  Morton  When,  however,  the  marl  was 
cleared  out  from  beneath  the  apical  portion,  the  hinge  structure  of  JExogyra 
appeared  distinctly. 

Mr.  Grabb  and  Mr.  Meek  both  refer  Morton's  Ostrea  torosa  (Synop.,  p.  52, 
PL  X,  Fig.  1 )  to  this  species.  This  reference  I  presume  to  be  correct,  simply 
on  their  evidence,  as  I  have  not  seen  the  specinien,  although  were  I  to  judge 
from  the  figure  given  by  Dr.  Morton  I  should  have  supposed  it  to  have 
been  a  Pinna. 

Formation  and  locality. — This  species  occurs  more  or  less  commonly  at 
nearly  all  the  localities  of  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  of  the  Cretaceous  in  New 
Jersey.  It  is  also  known  at  most  of  the  localities  of  the  formation  in  Del- 
aware, Alabama,  South  Carolina,  and  Texas.  Morton  also  cites  it  from 
Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  and  Mr.  Gabb  gives  it  the  range  of  "all  of  the 
United  States  except  the  northwest,"  where  I  believe  it  has  never  yet  been 
noticed.     It  is  also  found  in  Europe. 


42  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JBESEY. 

ANOMIID^. 

Genus  ANOMIA  Linn. 
Anomia  argentaria. 
Plate  IV,  Figs.  9-11. 

Anomia  argentaria  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  61,  PI.  V,  Fig.  ]0.     Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  94. 

Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6.     Geol.  Siirv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724.     Gabb,  P.  A.  N. 

Sci.,  1876,  p.  319. 
Couip.  A.  micronema  Meek.    Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  2d  ser.,  No.  1,  p.  43,  1875.     Con- 

trib.  to  Pal.  Dept.  Interior,  No.  4,  p.  57,  PI.  XXV,  Fig.  2. 
Comp.  A.  f  obllqua  M.  &  H.     Invert.  Pal.  Territ.,  p.  22,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2. 

Shell  small,  thin,  irregularh'  circular,  and  moderately  convex  on  the 
deep  valve.  Surface  marked  by  closely  arranged,  regular  concentric  lines, 
at  almost  regularlj^  increasing  distances,  and  by  very  fine,  hair-like,  regu- 
lar, radiating  lines  or  stri*,  which  are  interrupted  at  the  concentric  lines. 
Surface  of  the  shell  nacreous,  having  a  silvery  white  luster.  Perforated 
valve  not  observed. 

The  shell  used  in  the  above  description  is  the  only  one  I  have  seen  at 
all  approaching  that  described  by  Dr.  Morton,  in  the  regularity  of  the  con- 
centric lines.  The  shell  is  not  as  regular  in  outUne  as  his  figure,  and  he 
says  nothing  about  the  fine  radiating  striae  seen  on  this  specimen.  As  com- 
pared with  shells  of  A.  tellinoides,  its  outline  is  not  more  regular,  but  the 
apex  is  situated  within  the  margin  of  the  valve,  not  being  marginal  or  pro- 
jecting as  in  that  one,  and  the  regularity  of  the  concentric  strise  and  the 
fine  radii  are  certainly  distinguishing  features.  In  Kerr's  Report  Geology 
North  Carolina,  Appendix,  page  i  3,  Mr.  Conrad  cites  A.  argentaria  and  A. 
tellinoides  as  synonyms.  I  may  be  in  error  in  considering  this  shell  as  iden- 
tical with  Morton's  A.  argentaria,  but  if  not,  I  certainly  should  consider  it 
as  distinct  from  A.  tellinoides.  It  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  Anomia 
micronema,  Meek,  from  the  Laramie  Group  of  the  west  in  its  general  form 
and  in  the  radiating  lines  of  the  surface,  and  seems  almost  too  nearly  like  it 
to  be  considered  distinct,  although  of  a  different  geological  horizon. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  bed  of  the  Lower  Green  Sand  at 
Freehold,  New  Jersej^. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  43 

Anomia  tellinoides. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  12,  13. 

Anomia  tellinoides  Morton.  Synop.,  p.  61,  PI.  V,  Fig.  11.  Gabb,  Syuop.  Cret.  Form., 
p.  95.    Meek,  Check -list  Smitli.  lust.,  p.  7.     Geol.  Rept.  N.  Jers.,  1868,  p.  427. 

A.  tellinoides  and  A.  argentaria  (Mort.).  Courad,  Geol.  IST.  C,  Kerr's  Rept.,  Api:>endix, 
p.  13. 

Shell  measuring  from  one  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter, 
more  or  less  circular  in  outline,  and  irregularly  biconvex  or  concavo- 
convex  in  profile.  Larger  valve  generally  convex  and  often  inequilat- 
eral, with  the  apex  nearly  or  quite  marginal,  though  sometimes  distant  from 
the  edge  of  the  valve  and  more  convex  than  the  later  portions  of  the  shell. 
Flat  valve  with  a  moderately  large  opening  situated  at  some  distance  from 
the  edge  of  the  shell.  Shell  lamellose  or  smooth,  and  one  cast  shows 
evidence  of  plications  toward  the  outer  margin. 

Formation  and  locality. — I  have  seen  a  single  cast,  of  both  valves  in 
position,  from  the  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Green  Sand,  at  Holmdel,  and 
impressions  of  several  convex  valves  from  the  white  limestone  beds  at  the 
same  locality,  but  have  never  seen  any  of  the  shells  preserved  "except  from 
near  Freehold.  Dr  Morton  does  not  state  from  what  part  of  New  Jersey 
his  specimen  came,  althougli  he  says  it  is  common  in  the  marls  of  the 
State.  Mr.  Conrad  cites  A.  argentaria  as  a  synonym,  though  on  a  single 
specimen  which  I  have  identified  as  of  that  species  there  are  certainly  good 
specific  features. 

Genus  DIPLOSCHIZA  Conrad.    1866. 

(Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  77  and  105.) 

Diploschiza  cretacea. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  4-8. 

Diploschiza  cretacea  Courad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  78  and  105,  PI.  IX,  Fif;-.  203. 

Deeper  valve  anomia-like,  deeply  concave  internally,  and  most  abrupt 
on  the  posterior  side.  Margin  entire,  and  the  apex  truncate  from  attach- 
ment to  foreign  substances  ("?).  Smaller  valve  concave  externallj-,  with  a 
notch  in  the  cardinal  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  marlced  by  very  fine 
concentric  lines  of  growth  and  a  few  stronger  undulations. 


44  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

I  have  seen  only  one  of  the  deeper  valves  of  this  species,  and  that 
has  the  apex  broken.  The  features  of  the  smaller  valve  are  given  from 
Mr.  Conrad's  figure.  I  cannot  see  how  the  shell  differs  from  the  ordinary 
Anomia,  and  do  not  think  there  is  the  slightest  need  of  the  generic  division. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Upper  Freehold, 
Monmouth  County,  N.  J.     Collected  by  Dr.  Bruere. 

Genus  PAEANOMIA  Courad.     1860. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  290,  and  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  8.) 

Paranomia  scabra. 
Plate  X,  Fig.  10. 

Placuna  scabra  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  62. 
Placiinanomya  scabra  (Mort.)  Gabb.     Syuop.,  p.  167. 
Placunomia  scabra  (Mort.).     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6. 

Paranomia  scabra  (Mort.).     Conrad,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  8.    Meek,  Geol.  Surv. 
N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  species  as  marked  in  the  collection  of  the 
A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  is  a  small  fragment,  scarcely  sufficient  for  generic  identifica- 
tion, and  when  originally  described  was  not  figured.  The  fragment  is 
probably  of  a  lower  valve,  being  very  irregular,  and  is  about  seven-eighths 
of  an  inch  in  width  by  about  one  inch  and  an  eighth  long.  The  surface 
is  marked  by  irregular  radiating  costse,  which  are  rather  fine,  and  covered 
toward  the  front  of  the  shell  by  short  spines.  There  are  also  strongly- 
marked  concentric  lines  crossing  the  shell,  which  add  greatly  to  the  rough- 
ness and  scaly  surface  characters  produced  by  the  short  irregular  spines. 
No  portion  of  the  hinge  is  preserved.     Shell  thin  and  fragile. 

The  specimen  might  very  well  be  part  of  the  valve  of  a  Spondyhis  so 
far  as  its  surface  characters  are  preserved,  but  the  shell  does  not  break  into 
longitudinal  sections,  as  do  those  of  that  genus  when  similarly  preserved, 
but  seems  to  divide  into  concentric  laminse,  as  would  an  Oyster. 

Formation  and  locality. — Dr.  Morton  gives  no  locality  for  his  specimens, 
but  mentions  only  that  they  are  from  the  blue  marls.  In  the  collection  of 
the  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  it  is  labeled  "N.  J.  Cret." 


LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  45 

Paranomia  lineata. 

Plate  IX,  Fig.  10. 

Placunanomia  lineata  Conrad.     J.  A.  JST.  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  291,  PL  XLVI, 

Fig.  20.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  167. 
Plaeunomia  lineata  (Cou.).    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6. 
Paranomia  lineata  Courad.     Am.  Jonr.  Couch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  8.     Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  167. 

J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  2d  ser.,  p.  291. 

A  single,  apparently  imperfect  valve,  whicli  I  have  referred  to  this 
species,  occurs  in  the  collection  of  Rutgers  College.  It  is  much  larger 
than  that  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad  above  cited,  but  very  similar  in  form  and 
identical  in  surface  characters.  The  form  is  broadly  and  irregularly  ovate, 
the  shell  being  veiy  thin  and  fragile.  Surface  marked  by  distant  elevated 
ribs,  which  are  irregular  in  their  direction,  rounded,  and  produced  into 
sharp  scattered  hollow  spines  at  irregular  distances,  becoming  more  distant 
and  larger  toward  the  front  of  the  valve.  Spaces  between  the  ribs  broad 
and  flattened,  and  marked  by  faint  irregular  concentric  lines.  On  tbe 
interior  the  surface  is  roughened  and  radiatingly  striate  to  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  margin,  where  it  becomes  smooth  and  porcellaneous  in 
character.  Hinge  margin  imperfect,  but  the  portion  preserved  is  rough- 
ened, as  if  for  a  ligamental  surface. 

The  specimen  is  imperfect  on  the  umbo,  having  probably  been  broken, 
though  the  imperfection  looks  much  as  if  it  were  a  natural  perforation  for 
the  passage  of  an  attaching  muscle,  as  in  Anomia.  The  mai'gin  of  the  open- 
ing is  thin  and  sharp,  without  any  appearance  of  fracture ;  still  it  msij  have 
been  broken.  Neither  this  or  the  specimens  of  the  following  species  pre- 
sent any  of  the  features  upon  which  the  genus  was  founded ;  consequently 
I  am  not  able  to  judge  of  the  correctness  of  the  generic  reference. 

Formation  and  locality. — From  the  lower  bed  of  the  Lower  Green  Sand, 
at  Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  of  Dr.  Bruere. 

Geuns  PEOTEN  Kleiu. 

Pecten  venustus. 

Plate  Vll,  I'igs.  1-4.  " 

Peeten  venmtus  Mort.     Synopsis,  p.  58,  PI.  V,  Fig.  7.    Gabb,  Syn.  N.  A.  Cret.,  p.  161. 

Meek,  Check  list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  7.    Geol.  Eept.  IST.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 
Chlamys  venustus  Stoliczka.     Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  429. 

Shell  quite  small,  seldom  attaining  a  height  of  more  than  five-eighths 

of  an  inch,  and  not  commonly  of  more  than  half  an  inch.     Form  nearly  cir- 


46  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

cular  below  tlie  ears  and  a  little  straiglitened  on  the  cardinal  slopes.  Valves 
convex,  slightly  inequivalve  and  erect,  or  not  perceptibly  inequilateral. 
Cardinal  line  about  half  as  long  as  the  greatest  width  of  the  valves,  which  is 
a  very  trifle  less  than  the  height.  Auriculations  very  unequal,  distinctly 
separated  from  the  body  of  the  shell.  The  posterior  one  is  quite  small  "and 
alike  in  each  valve:  anterior  large,  ribbed  on  each  valve,  and  provided 
with  a  moderately  distinct  notch  below  in  the  right  one.  Eight  valve  most 
convex,  marked  by  seventeen  to  nineteen  elevated  radiating  ribs,  which 
are  somewhat  flattened  on  the  top  and  are  marked  by  fine  transverse  strise. 
Interspaces  narrow  and  deep.  Many  of  the  ribs  of  this  valve  become 
duplicate  below  the  middle  of  the  valve.  Left  valve  depressed,  convex, 
with  narrow,  sharply-elevated  ribs,  which  are  separated  by  much  wider 
interspaces,  and  are  marked  by  comparatively  distant  elevated  rugae. 
Many  of  the  wider  interspaces  have  a  thinner  and  smaller  rib  along  their 
middle  below  the  center  of  the  valve,  corresponding  to  the  duplicated  ribs 
of  the  opposite  valve. 

On  the  interior  of  the  valves  the  ribs  are  distinctly  marked,  but  much 
more  strongly  so  along  the  margin  of  the  shell.  Cardinal  line  marked  by 
a  single  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  center  nearly  parallel  to  the  hinge  line 
in  the  left  valve,  with  corresponding  grooves  in  the  right.  Ligamental  pit 
well  marked. 

This  shell  appears  to  be  a  true  Peden  in  its  characters,  but  has  been 
referred  to  the  group  Clilamys  Bolton,  by  Ferd.  Stoliczka,  probably  from 
the  inspection  of  figures  only.  The  specimens  seen  are  mostly  in  the 
condition  of  complete  or  partial  casts  in  the  marl,  but  at  Freehold,  N.  J., 
occur  with  the  shell  substance  preserved,  but  of  so  fragile  a  character  that 
it  is  with  difficulty  they  can  be  cleaned  and  examined,  and  then  with  the 
beaks  usually  broken. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Sand  at  Monmouth,  Free- 
hold, Burlington,  Arneytown,  etc.,  in  New  Jersey.  The  entire  shells  figured 
were  obtained  at  Freehold  by  Miss  F.  M.  Hitchcock,  who  kindly  loaned 
them  for  illustration  and  description. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  47 

Pecten  quinquenarius. 
Plate  VII,  Figs.  13-lC. 
Pecten  quinquenaria  Con.     J.  A.  K  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  10, 1854. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  slightly  oval  transversely;  in  outline  a  little 
wider  than  high.  Valves  plano-convex  in  profile  when  united.  Hinge  line 
much  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  shell  below.  Ears  large,  slightly  un- 
equal ;  that  of  the  flat  valve  (right)  somewhat  sinuate  on  the  anterior  side. 
Cardinal  slope  of  the  valves  somewhat  concave  between  the  beaks  and  the 
lateral  margins  of  the  body  of  the  shell.  Surface  of  the  valves  marked  by 
strong,  wide,  rounded,  radiating  ribs,  about  five  on  the  flat  valve  and  six  on 
the  convex  valve.  On  the  convex  valve,  as  shown  upon  the  impression 
left  in  the  fine  blue  marl,  there  have  been  fine,  even,  and  closely  arranged 
•concentric  lines  crossing  the  folds  and  passing  up  over  the  auriculations; 
in  fact,  covering  the  entire  surface  of  the  valve.  The  opposite  flat  valve 
has  not  been  marked  bj^  concentiic  lines,  as  was  the  convex  valve,  the  sur- 
face of  the  cast,  both  inside  and  outside  impressions,  being  apparently 
smooth.     No  remains  of  radiating  lines  on  the  folds  can  be  seen. 

There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  identity  of  the  New  Jersey  shells 
here  figured  and  described  with  the  specimen  from  Delaware  used  by  Mr. 
Conrad  in  his  original  description,  although  our  specimens  show  the  folds 
comparatively  broader  than  does  his  figure.  Mr.  Conrad's  description  is 
very  imperfect,  and  leaves  one  in  doubt  as  to  most  of  the  features  of  his 
shell,  as  he  states  only  that  it  is  "ovate,  much  compressed,  with  five  distinct 
ribs,  broad  and  rounded  on  one  valve,  narrow  and  subangulated  on  the 
opi^osite  valve.     (A  cast.)." 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lowest  beds  of  the  dark-blue  marl  of  the 
Lower  Green  Sands  at  G.C.  Schanck's  pits,  Marlborough,  New  Jersey.  The 
only  two  specimens  seen  are  casts,  but  the  fine  marl  preserves  the  surface 
features  of  the  shell  in  a  remarkable  degree  of  perfection. 

Pecten  tenuitestus. 
Plate  VII,  Figs.  5  and  G. 

Fecten  tenuitesta  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  K  S.,  Phil.,  18GI,  p.  327.    Meek,  Check-list,  Smith. 
Inst.,  ]).  7.    Geol.  Eept.  X.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  of  small  to  medium  size,  broadly  ovate  exclusive  of  the  auricu- 
lations, the  breadth  of  the  shell  being  to  the  height  as  six  is  to  seven. 


48  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESBT. 

Cardinal  slopes  straight,  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell,  and 
the  anterior  longest.  Left  valve  very  depressed  convex,  most  ventricose 
above  the  middle ;  beak  small  and  pointed.  Auriculations  large,  the  anterior 
double  the  size  of  the  posterior,  very  slightly  rounded  on  the  margin,  and 
perceptibly  narrowing  below ;  posterior  shorter  on  the  cardinal  line  than 
below;  anterior  side  marked  by  seven  .sharply-elevated  nodose  rays,  and 
the  posterior  by  six,  with  one  or  two  smaller  ones  between,  near  the  body 
of  the  shell.  Body  of  the  shell  marked  by  about  thirty  to  thirty-five  slender, 
rounded  but  unequal  rays  with  much  wider  flattened  interspaces,  with  an 
occasional  incipient  ray  on  the  outer  third  of  the  shell.  Ribs  marked  by 
distant,  elevated  or  subspinose  nodes,  most  closely  arranged  on  the  auricu- 
lations and  obsolete  above  the  middle  of  the  body  of  the  valve.  Right 
valve  with  the  ribs  proportionally  stronger  in  the  specimens  examined  than 
on  the  left  valve  and  showing  a  stronger  tendency  to  alternation  of  smaller 
and  larger  ones  than  on  the  opposite,  while  the  imbrications  of  the  ribs  are 
not  nearlv  so  strong,  not  rising  into  spines,  as  on  the  left  valve.  Auricu- 
lations of  the  right  valve  scarcely  perceptibly  radiate,  while  the  concentric 
markings  of  the  valve  are  more  subdued  throughout. 

So  far  as  I  have  discovered  the  species  was  never  figured  by  its  author, 
but  its  description  is  more  full  than  usual,  so  I  think  the  identification  is  less 
likely  to  be  questionable  than  in  some  other  instances.  It  would  seem  to 
be  of  the  type  of  Pecten  Islandicus,  although  the  ribs  are  less  closely 
arranged  and  the  interspaces  are  flattened.  Among  the  few  specimens 
which  I  have  examined  I  have  seen  no  reason  to  suppose  the  valves  were 
so  strongly  bent  as  to  leave  them  "about  half  an  inch  apart  in  the  middle," 
as  the  author  states. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  N.  J., 
collected  at  Gr.  C  Schanck's  pits,  near  Marlborough,  and  presented  to  the 
New  Jersey  collection  by  the  Reverend  Dr.  Riley.  It  also  occurs  at  Bur- 
lington, New  Jersey. 

Pecten  planicostatus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VIII,  Figs.  10  and  11. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  thin  and  flattened,  equilateral,  circular  in  outline, 
or  a  little  wider  than  high.     Hinge  line  straight,  about  half  as  long  as  the 


LAMELLIBEAIS'GHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  .      49 

greatest  width  of  the  shell.  Auriculations  of  nearly  equal  size,  but  only 
moderately  large,  the  posterior  side  on  the  left  valve  gradually  receding 
toward  the  hinge  and  the  anterior  one  on  the  same  valve  sloping  in  the 
opposite  direction.  Cardinal  slopes  of  the  body  of  the  shell  slightly  con- 
cave. Left  valve  marked  by  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  narrow,  raised,  but 
slender  flattened  ribs,  with  broad  flattened  interspaces,  often  six  or  eight 
times  as  wide  as  the  ribs.  Ribs  increased  by  intercalations,  never  by  bifurca- 
tion. Greneral  surface  of  the  left  valve  marked  by  very  fine,  raised  con- 
centric lines,  which  are  regularly  and  evenly  arranged  but  scarcely  per- 
cejjtible  to  the  unaided  eye.  Interior  of  the  shell  showing  very  faintly  the 
lines  of  the  ribs.     Right  valve  unknown. 

In  its  naiTow  flattened  ribs  with  wide  interspaces  this  species  differs 
conspicuously  from  any  other  species  described  from  the  green  marls  of 
New  Jerse)^  or  elsewhere.  It  presents  the  general  form  and  proportions  of 
CamjJtonectes  Burlingtonensis  Grabb ;  and  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  Mr.  Gabb 
has  figured  both  valves  of  that  species  and  shown  them  to  be  destitute  of  the 
strong  radiating  ribs,  I  should  have  been  inclined  to  have  considered  it  as  the 
left  valve  of  that  species  As  yet  I  have  only  observed  the  left  valve,  and  am 
inclined  to  expect  a  right  valve  very  similar  to  that  of  C.  Burlingtonensis. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark-blue  marls  oftheLowerGrreen  Sands, 
at  Gr.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  near  Marlborough,  New  Jersey. 

Pecten  (Chlamys)  craticulus. 

Plate  VII,  Figs.  17  and  18. 

Pecten  craticula  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  57.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  158.    Meek,  Clieck-list, 
p.  7,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Dr.  Morton's  type  specimen  of  this  species  consists  of  a  fragment  rep- 
resenting- about  one-third  of  one  valve.  It  is  a  moderate-sized  species  and 
possesses  very  strong  rounded  ribs,  jsrobably  ten  or  twelve  in  number,  the 
interstices  being  occupied  by  a  single  smaller  rib.  The  ribs,  both  large 
and  small,  are  marked  on  their  surfaces  by  comparatively  coarse  striations, 
eight  or  nine  of  them  on  each  large  rib,  and  a  fewer  number  on  the  smaller 
ribs  and  interspaces.  Strong  concentric  lines  cross  the  ribs  and  form  rugte 
or  granules  at  their  junction  with  the  striations.  Toward  the  margin  there 
4418  MON  9 4 


50  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEKSEY. 

are  strong  varices  of  growth.  On  the  interior  of  the  shell  the  outside  de- 
pressions are  represented  by  strong  flattened  ribs  with  angular  margins  and 
deep  grooves  between 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  in  all  the  more  recent  collections  no 
good  specimen  of  this  shell  has  been  discovered,  or  any  cast  representing 
it  found  at  any  other  locality. 

Formation  and  locality. — Dr.  Morton  states  that  the  fragment  was  found 
near  Arneytowu,  N.  J.,  by  Mr.  Conrad.  I  have  more  recently  seen  other 
fragments  among  specimens  labeled  Vincentown,  N.  J.,  which,  if  correct, 
would  probably  place  it  in  the  Middle  Marl  Bed. 

Pecten  (Syncyclonema?)  perlamellosus. 
Plate  VII,  Fig.  7. 

Pecten  perlamellosa  on  label  in  collection  of  the  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  apparently  in  Mr. 
Conrad's  handwriting. 

Shell  small,  broadly  subcircular,  with  moderately  convex  valves.  Hinge- 
line  comparatively  long  and  the  auriculations  large,  particularly  the  poste- 
rior one,  which  extends  more  than  two- thirds  the  depth  of  the  cardinal 
slope;  both  ears  distinctly  separated  from  the  body  of  the  shell  along  the 
cardinal  slope,  which  is  sharply  and  abruptly  elevated  above  their  surfaces. 
Beaks  small  and  pointed,  and  the  cardinal  slope  diverging  at  about  a  right 
angle  to  each  other.  Posterior  ear  very  slightly  sinuated  or  contracted  in 
the  lower  part,  and  the  anterior  one  nearly  direct  on  the  margin.  Surface 
of  the  right  valve  marked  by  distant,  strongly  and  sharply  elevated  con- 
centric lamellae,  the  spaces  between  being  flat  and  marked  by  very  fine 
radiating  lines,  perceptible  only  by  the  aid  of  a  glass.  The  concentric, 
raised  lamella  also  pass  upward  and  cross  the  auriculations  in  nearly  full 
strength.     Left  valve  unknown.     Hinge  characters  not  observed. 

It  is  barely  possible  that  these  shells,  two  of  which  are  before  me,  may 
be  the  young  of  C.  Burlingtonensis  Gabb,  as  they  have  about  the  same 
relative  proportions  and  form  as  that  species,  but  I  think  it  highly  improb- 
able from  their  adult  appearance  and  the  strong  distant  lamellae  of  the  sur- 
face, which,  if  continued  and  increased  in  strength  relatively  until  the  shells 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  51 

attained  the  size  common  to  that  species,  would  have  presented  a  very  dif- 
ferent appearance  from  that  figured  and  presented  by  that  species.  The 
larger  of  the  two  specimens  seen  has  a  height  and  breadth  of  very  nearly 
three-fourths  of  an  inch. 

It  seems  difficult  to  place  this  species  under  the  genus  Syncydoyiema 
Meek,  on  account  of  the  large  ears,  which  feature  is  in  direct  contradiction 
of  the  features  of  that  genus.  Still  Mr.  Meek  himself  places  Burlingtonensis 
Gabb  {Cainptonedes  Burlingtonensis  of  this  work),  with  which  it  is  possible 
this  may  be  identical,  under  it,  notwithstanding  this  feature 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  clay  marls  of  the  Lower  Green  Sand 
at  Haddonfield,  N.  J.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia,  labeled  as  above  in  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting,  but  I 
have  not  been  able  to  trace  the  origin  of  the  name  or  find  any  description 
of  the  species. 

Genus  AMUSIUM  Klein. 
Amusium  simplictun. 

Plate  VII,  Figs.  11  and  12. 

Pecten  simplicus  Conrad.    J.  A.  K".  S.,  Pbil.,  2d  series,  Vol.  IV,  p.  283,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig. 

44.     Gabb,  Synop.  Gret.  Ter.,  p.  160.    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  1863,  p.  725. 
8'mcyclonema  ?  simpUcus  (Con.).    Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  7.    Gabb,  P.  A.  I^T. 

Sci.,  3876,  p.  319. 
Psetuiamusium  simplica  (Con.).    Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  420. 
Sincyelonema  ?  simplicia  Conrad.    A.  M.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  99,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  20. 

Shell  small,  barely  half  an  inch  in  extreme  height,  and  of  equal  width  ; 
discoid  or  very  depressed  convex,  nearly  or  quite  equilateral;  margins  of 
the  shell  somewhat  regularly  rounded;  hinge-line  a  little  less  than  half  the 
width  of  the  shell,  and  slightly  rising  from  the  center  toward  the  extremi- 
ties. Auriculations  moderately  large,  the  anterior  side  largest,  slightly 
rounded  on  the  outer  margin  and  forming  a  slight  byssal  notch  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  body  of  the  shell  on  the  right  valve.  Cardinal  slopes  on  the 
right  valve  straight  to  near  the  point  of  greatest  width  of  the  valve,  and 
forming  an  angle  of  about  fifty  to  fifty-five  degrees  with  each  other  and 
very  strongly  impressed.  Beak  small  and  pointed.  On  the  left  valve  the 
posterior  ear  is  the  smallest  of  the  two,  and  the  cardinal  slopes  less  strongly 


52  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

marked,  not  so  straight,  and  extend  down  the  valve  not  so  far  as  on  the 
opposite  valve.  Surface  of  the  valves  smooth  and  shining  to  the  naked  eye, 
but  under  a  lens  is  seen  to  be  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
and  on  the  left  valve  by  faint,  incipient,  radiating  lines. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  specimens  from  Eufaula,  Ala., 
the  locality  from  which  the  species  was  originally  described.  The  valves 
present  every  appearance  of  having  been  gaping  on  the  sides  when  perfect, 
being  bent  even  as  seen  on  the  soft  marls  when  preserved  only  as  separated 
shells ;  consequently  the  species  would  properly  be  classed  as  an  Amusium 
and  not  as  Pseudamusium  or  Sincyclonema,  both  of  which  genera  are  subdi- 
visions only  of  the  other,  and  differ  but  very  slightly.  There  is  no  other 
form  known  from  the  American  Cretaceous  strata  sufficiently  resembling  it 
to  be  easily  mistaken  for  it.  Sincyclonema  rigida  H.  &  M.  sp.  is  the  nearest, 
but  it  is  much  more  elevated  in  proportion  to  its  width,  being  ovate  in  out- 
line. The  ears  are  smaller,  the  hinge-line  straight  instead  of  depressed  in 
the  middle,  and  the  valves  are  more  strongly  marked  both  by  concentric 
lines  and  radii 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  specimens  which  I  have  observed 
from  New  Jersey  were  from  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  and  are  too 
imperfect  for  illustration.     The  specimens  illustrated  are  from  Eufaula,  Ala. 

Amusiiun  Couradi,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VII,  Figs.  8-10. 

Syncyclonema  ?  simplicia,  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  99,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  20. 

Not  of  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  7. 
Not  Pecten  simplicus,  Con.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2(1  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  283,  PI.  XVI,  Fig. 

44,  or  Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  160. 
Not  Pseudamusium  simplica.     Stoliczka.    Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  420. 
Pecten  simpUous  (Con.)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  small,  seldom  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  height;  erect-ovate,  be- 
coming more  elongate  proportionally  with  increased  growth.  Valves  slightly 
convex.  Hinge  short,  from  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  width  of  the 
body  of  the  shell,  strongly  and  distinctly  auriculated.  Beaks  of  the  valves 
small  and  pointed,  and  the  cardinal  slopes  long,  straight  or  slightly  concave, 
extending  to  near  the  point  of  greatest  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  ^  53 

Left  valve  smooth  or  but  faintly  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines,  and  a 
few  (five  or  six)  very  faint  radii.  Ears  smaller  than  in  the  opposite  valve, 
both  sloping  toward  the  beak  on  the  outer  margin.  Right  valve  marked 
with  crowded  concentric  folds  or  elevated  lines ;  also  by  five  or  six  radiat- 
ing lines;  not  always  present.  On  most  specimens  there  are  distinctly 
rounded  concentric  folds  or  varices,  but  on  some  they  are  thin,  sharp  lines ; 
always  more  crowded  and  usually  finer  toward  the  front,  in  adult  specimens. 
Ears  very  distinct;  that  of  the  posterior  side  sloping  toward  the  beak  and 
the  anterior  one  rounded  at  the  extremity  and  deeply  notched. 

This  shell  is  very  closely  allied  to  P.  simplicus,  Conrad,  but  difiPers  in 
being  more  elevated  and  in  the  surface  markings,  that  one  being  generally 
smooth  or  imperceptibly  marked.  In  making  these  comparisons  I  have 
used  a  number  of  each  valve  of  the  present  species  from  New  Jersey,  and  a 
fine  series  of  A.  simplicum  fl'om  the  typical  locality,  Eufaula,  Ala.,  and  it 
leaves  no  doubt  in  my  mind  as  to  their  complete  specific  distinction. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  fine  blue  clay  marl  of  the  Lower  Green 
Sand  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  are  from  the  collection 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  and  being  borrowed  I 
have  not  attempted  to  examine  the  hinge  structure,  as  they  are  so  veiy 
fragile  that  the  least  disturbance  of  the  matrix  might  result  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  shells. 

Czunptonectes  (Amusium)  Burlingtonensis. 
Plate  Vin,  Figs.  3-9. 

Pecten  Burlingtonensis,  Gabb.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  304,  PI.  LXVIH, 

Fifj.  25.     Synops.  p.  157.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  7. 
Sincyclonema  Burlingtonensis  (Gabb).     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  7:^5. 
Camptonectes  Burlingtonensis  (Gabb).    Conrad,  Am.  J.  Couch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  76.    Gabb, 

P.  A.  N".  Sci.,  1876,  p.  318. 
C.  hellisculptus  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  99,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  11. 

Shell  attaining  a  full  medium  size,  one  specimen  measuring  two  and  a 
half  inches  in  height,  and  is  equally  wide,  being  nearly  circular  exclusive 
of  the  auriculations.  Hinge-Hne  straight,  not  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  width  of  the  shell;  ears  moderately  large.  Valves  convex,  cardinal 
slopes  of  the  body  of  the  shell  concave  in  their  course  from  the  beak,  the 


54  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

shoulders  of  the  valves  being  high  and  pi-ominent.  Surface  of  the  valves 
marked  by  fine,  even,  rounded  and  tln-ead-like  radiating  strise  which  maintain 
nearly  the  same  size  throughout  by  their  frequent  bifurcations,  but  are  less 
strongly  developed  on  the  right  valve.  On  the  sides  of  the  valves  the  striae 
curve  strongly  upward  and  pass  off  on  the  cardinal  slopes  even  within  the 
limits  of  the  auriculations.  Ears  of  the  left  valve  also  radiately  striate. 
Besides  the  radiating  strise  the  shell  is  closely  marked  by  elevated  concen- 
tric lines  which  form  free  projecting  edges  where  the}^  cross  the  radiating 
stria?,  which  are  more  strongly  developed  and  often  form  fine  hair-like 
spines  toward  the  front  of  the  right  valves.  The  bifurcations  of  the  strias 
mostly  take  place  immediately  below  these  concentric  lines.  Hinge  char- 
acters not  observed,  but  stated  by  Mr.  Conrad  to  be  crenulated. 

The  specimen  used  by  Mr.  Conrad,  in  his  description  of  C.  bellisculptiis 
was  of  small  size,  but  its  general  form,  as  given  on  the  plate  cited  above, 
and  its  peculiar  striations,  leaves  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  its  identity  with 
those  here  used.  If  the  genus  Cumptonectes  is  to  be  distinguished  by  the 
punctate  depressed  lines  between  the  strise,  this  shell  ought  not  to  be 
classed  under  it,  as  they  show  no  evidence  whatever  of  that  feature,  like 
those  found  in  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  In  fact  the 
strise  on  the  Jurassic  forms  are  their  best  distinguishing  feature,  being 
formed  by  impressed  lines  which  are  filled  with  punctures;  the  strise  being 
flattened  on  the  top,  while  these  are  rounded  and  wirey  in  character,  and 
closely  pressed  together,  like  the  striee  on  shells  of  the  genus  Aimisium,  and 
destitute  of  punctures  in  the  interspaces.  From  what  evidence  of  the  hinge- 
structure  I  have  seen  I  do  not  think  this  shell  possesses  the  fold  or  tooth- 
like ridge  characteristic  of  Camptonedes,  and  the  anterior  ear  of  the  right 
valve  is  certainly  much  more  like  that  of  a  true  Peden  than  in  the  Jurassic 
species,  so  that  from  these  evidences  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  consider 
the  shell  rather  a  species  of  Amusium  than  of  Camptonedes.  I  see  no  reason 
for  considering  Conrad's  C.  bellisculptus  as  a  distinct  species  from  the  present 
one.  Mr.  Grabb's  type  specimen  is  a  cast  and  does  not  retain  any  of  the 
sm-face  characters,  consequently  he  could  not  have  known  its  true  generic 
relations,  but  Mr.  Conrad  has  seen  it  with  the  shell  preserved  and  refers  it 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  55 

to  Camptoiiedes,  but  does  not  mention  it  as  being  the  same  as  his  bellis- 
culptus,  about  which  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt.  In  the  younger  stages 
of  gi-owth  the  shell  is  much  more  elongated,  and  this  feature  may  have 
induced  him  to  retain  his  specific  name  for  the  smaller  shell  which  he 
described. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad  cites  it  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
The  specimens  in  the  State  collection  are  from  Holmdel,  N.  J.,  both  local- 
ities being  in  the  Lower  Green  Marls.  Specimens  borrowed  from  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  come  to  me  with- 
out locality  marks. 

Camptonectes  parvus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VIII,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Shell  quite  small,  the  only  specimen  observed  measuring  only  about 
three-tenths  of  an  inch  in  height.  Outline  subcircular  and  (the  left  valve) 
convex,  moderately  elevated  on  the  umbo  and  somewhat  regularly  declining 
in  convexity,  toward  the  front;  anterior  auriculation  proportionally  large  and 
vertically  striated  with  lamellose  striee  parallel  to  the  anterior  margin. 
Surface  of  the  shell  polished  and  marked  with  numerous  interrupted 
impressed  strise,  the  spaces  between  the  strise  being  flattened  and  crossed 
by  very  faint  lines  of  growth. 

Only  a  single  individual  of  this  species  has  come  under  my  observation. 
The  shell  presents  the  features  in  its  external  appearances  of  the  Jurassic 
forms  of  the  genus,  as  they  occur  at  the  west,  and  is  the  only  individual 
from  New  Jersey  that  I  have  seen  which  possesses  the  peculiar  impressed 
strise  so  characteristic  of  those  forms.  It,  however,  wants  the  punctures 
that  are  present  in  the  bottom  of  the  strise  of  those,  and  in  this  respect 
differs  very  materially.  It  also  differs  in  its  very  small  size  and  greater 
convexity.  It  is  possible  that  it  may  not  be  an  adult  shell,  but  the  character 
of  the  strise  is  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  even  should  it  be  found  of  larger 
growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  a  band  of  clayey  marl  of  the  Lower  Bed^ 
at  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 


56  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Genus  NEITHEA  Drouet. 

Neithea  quinquecostata. 
PI  itc  A^II,  Figs.  12-14. 

Pecten  quinquecostata  (Sowerby).     Morton,  Synop.,  p.  57,  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  1. 

Janira  2Iortoni  (D'Orb.).     Prodr.,  p.  253. 

Xcillica  Mortoni  (D'Orb.).     Gabb,  Synops.,  Cret.   Form.,  p.  149.     Meek,   Check-list 

Smith.  lust.,  p.  7.  Geol.  Snrv.  N.  Jcrs.,  1868,  p.  72.5. 
Vola  Mortoni  (D'Orb.).  Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  430. 
Pcctcn  quinquecostatus  and  P.  quadricostatus  of  anthors. 

Shell  broadl}^  ovate  exclusive  of  the  auriculations,  and  plano-convex  to 
concavo-convex  in  profile,  right  valve  strongly  convex,  with  a  sharp,  arching, 
and  incurved  beak  extending  beyond  and  partially  overarching  the  hinge- 
line;  hinge- line  straight  or  nearly  so,  slightly  declining  on  the  anterior  side; 
nearly  two -thirds  as  long  as  the  entire  width  of  the  shell;  auriculations 
moderate  in  size,  the  anterior  one  the  smallest  and  constricted  below  where 
it  joins  the  body  of  the  shell,  forming  a  slight  byssal  notch;  posterior  side 
triangular,  longest  at  the  hinge-line  and  receding  below.  Sides  of  the  valve 
where  it  joins  the  auriculations  strongly  incurved  laterall}^,  so  as  to  cause  the 
sides  to  overhang.  Valve  marked  by  six  strong,  rounded,  principal  radiat- 
ing costse,  with  from  two  to  four  smaller  ones  between.  These  are  usually 
distributed  in  the  following  manner:  three  between  the  two  anterior  strong 
ones;  three  or  four  between  the  two  antero-basal  and  median  ones;  three 
usually  between  the  postero-basal  pair,  and  usually  two  only  between  the 
postei-ior  pair.  There  are  also  three  or  four  anterior  to  the  first  strong  ray, 
and  from  four  to  six  on  the  area  posterior  to  the  last  principal  ray.  The 
auriculations  are  also  rayed,  unequally  on  the  opposite  sides,  the  posterior 
one  most  strongly.  The  characters  of  the  flat  or  left  valve  have  not  been 
observed  on  the  New  Jersey  specimens.  The  casts,  the  only  condition  in 
which  I  have  seen  them  from  within  the  State,  show  evidence  of  moderately 
strong  concentric  lines  crossing  the  rays  and  intermediate  portions  of  the 
shell. 

The  shell  seems  to  be  subject  to  considerable  variation  in  the  number 
and  strength  of  the  secondary  cost«,  and  this  fact  has  given  great  latitude 
to  species-making,  consequently  we  have  several  names  under  which  the 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  57 

shell  has  been  mentioned  and  referred  to.  Judging  from  what  specimens  I 
have  examined,  there  appears  to  be  but  little  reason  for  considering  them 
other  than  as  varieties  of  a  single  species,  and  our  American  forms  differ  so 
little  from  those  found  in  Europe  and  Asia  that  I  have  been  inclined  to 
refer  them  back  to  the  place  where  Dr  Morton  first  placed  them.  The 
generic  reference  of  the  fonu  seems  to  have  passed  through  equally  great 
tribulation  as  the  species.  I  have  left  it  under  the  genus  which  most  writers 
of  late  date  seem  to  prefer,  as  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  exact  value  of 
the  two  older  names  Vola  Klein,  and  Janira  Schum. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  New  Jersey  it  is  found  in  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Burlington,  Holmdel,  Freehold,  and  Mullica  Hill.  It  is  also 
found  at  Prairie  Blufif,  Ala.,  and  at  severad  places  in  Texas,  and  in  Eng- 
land, Continental  Europe,  and  at  many  places  in  Asia,  being  one  of  those 
almost  universal  forms  wliich  we  occasionally  find. 

SPONDYLIDiE. 

Genus  SPOKDTLUS  Lam, 

Spondylus  gregalis. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  11, 12,  and  Plate  X,  Figs.  1, 2. 

Plagiostoma  gregale  Morton.     Synop.,  p.  60,  PL  V,  Fig.  6. 

Spondylus  gregalis  (Mort.).    Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  171.    Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst,  p.  7. 

Geol.  Eept.  N.  Jer.,  1868,  p.  724. 
S.  gregalis  D'Orb.    Pr,ocl.,  p.  254. 

Shell  rather  above  medium  size  when  fully  grown,  and  generally  ovate 
in  form,  with  the  lower  or  attached  valve  somewhat  the  deepest.  Cardinal 
area  large,  but  short,  much  extended  and  flattened  on  the  surface;  trans- 
versely striated  and  with  a  narrow  linear  groove  through  the  middle;  teeth 
strong.  Surface  of  the  lower  valve  strongly  lamellose  on  the  free  portions ; 
the  attachment  apparently  being  only  small  and  near  the  apex ;  between 
the  lamella,  which  are  elevated,  the  surface  shows  indistinct  radiations, 
which  on  the  interior  are  quite  distinctly  marked  and  flexuose,  and  are 
comparatively  fine.  The  upper  valve  not  observed,  except  as  shown  on 
casts  of  the  interior.     In  this  condition  it  is  shown  to  have  been  only  very 


58  PAL.5;OI^TOLOGT  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

moderately  convex  at  the  apical  portions,  and  to  have  been  flattened  or  but 
very  slightly  convex  toward  the  front,  with  the  surface  radiated  as  in  the 
case  of  the  lower  valve,  but  whether  the  exterior  has  been  lamellose  or  only 
simply  radiated  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain. 

The  figure  given  of  this  species  by  Dr.  Morton,  as  cited  above,  is 
nearly  circular  in  outline.  Among  the  few  casts  which  I  have  seen  and 
one  perfect  lower  valve  there  is  none  of  that  form,  all  being  elongate-ovate, 
narrow  toward  the  beaks  and  widened  below,  and  all  slightly  curved  to  one 
side.  On  the  casts  the  muscular  imprint  as  shown  on  the  lower  side  is 
quite  large  and  uniform,  and  situated  rather  below  the  middle  of  the  valve. 

The  large  entire  valve  of  the  species  figured  is  neatly  perforated 
through  the  solid  part  of  its  substance,  showing  the  work  of  some  boring 
moUusk. 

Formation  and  locality/. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Upper  Free- 
hold, Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  collected  by  Dr.  Bruere. 

Genus  DIANCHORA,  Sowerby. 
(Mineral  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  183.) 

The  genus  Bianchora  was  described  by  Sowerby  in  1815  (Min. 
Conch.,  Vol.  1,  p.  183),  for  the  reception  of  two  forms  of  Spondylus-like 
shells,  that  appeared  to  be  without  hinge  area  or  teeth.  Subsequently  the 
genera  Pedopsis  Sow.  and  Pachytes  Desh.  were  proposed  by  their  respective 
authors  for  similar  forms.  In  later  years  all  these  genera,  which  appear  to  be 
synonyms  of  each  other,  have  been  condemned  by  many  authors,  under  the 
impression  that  the  shells  on  which  they  were  founded  were  mutilated 
specimens  of  Spondylus  that  had  by  accident  been  deprived  of  these  parts. 
It  seems  strange  that  naturalists  are  so  often  led  to  discredit  the  statements 
of  good  observers,  and  to  reject  their  work  simply  because  they  themselves 
have  not  observed  the  same  features.  It  is  perhaps,  however,  well  that 
such  care  be  exercised  to  keep  down  names  and  divisions  founded  upon 
imperfections  and  abnormal  features.  But  in  this  case  the  rejection  has 
cei-tainly  been  too  hastily  made,  for  the  species  here  described  certainly 
agrees  in  character  perfectly  with  Sowerby's  description  and  figures,  es- 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  59 

pecially  of  his  D.  striata^  given  in  the  Min.  Conch.,  and  it  is  equally  cer- 
tain that  the  shells  are  perfect  and  without  injury;  and  the  lines  of  growth 
clear,  clean,  and  distinct  as  on  any  living  shell.  The  triangular  foramen 
extends  from  the  beak  forward  to  the  position  of  the  hinge-line,  and  later- 
ally to  the  entire  width  of  the  shell  at  this  point  on  both  sides,  leaving  the 
entire  cardinal  portion  of  the  shell  forming  a  single  broad  triangular  open- 
ing in  each  valve,  while  the  margins  are  elevated  and  sharp,  with  the  lines 
of  growth  passing  over  them  in  perfect  continuit}^  What  the  purposes  of 
this  opening  may  have  been  I  cannot  say.  It  is  not  the  position  for  a 
byssus,  or  any  organ  of  similar  nature;  nor  can  it  have  been  needed  for 
any  analogous  purpose,  as  the  shells  are  all,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  firmly 
anchored  or  attached  to  foreign  substances.  The  small  specimen  figured 
was  attached  only  by  the  beak,  but  that  by  a  surface  nearly  or  quite  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  wide.  From  the  form  of  the  apex  of  the  upper  valve,  as 
far  as  I  have  seen  them,  I  judge  it  curved  over  this  opening  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  partially  cover  it,  as  they  are  all  extremely  ventricose  in  this 
part.  But  this  was  not  the  case  in  the  English  species,  for  there  the  upper 
valve  is  but  moderately  convex.  So  the  question  as  to  the  purpose  of  the 
opening  remains  unsolved, 

Dianchora  echinata. 
Plate  X,  Figs.  3-9. 

Plagiostoma  ecMnatum,  Morton.     Syuopsis,  additional  observations,  §  iv. 

Spondylus  ecMnatum  (Mort.)    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  71.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  18GS,  p.  724. 

8.  capax  Conrad.     J.  A.  K  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  274,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  8. 

Shell  below  medium  size,  subcircular  or  very, broad-ovate  in  general 
outline,  and  with  a  very  highly  convex  or  gibbous  free  valve.  Lower 
valve  fixed  to  foreign  substances,  and  often  by  nearly  its  entire  surface,  and 
conforming  in  depth  to  the  surface  to  which  it  is  afiixed,  or  nearly  so.  Or 
when  more  concave  the  space  between  the  margin  of  the  shell  and  the  object 
to  which  it  is  attached  is  filled  up  with  shelly  matter  formed  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  spines  of  the  valves.  The  cardinal  portion  of  the  valve  is 
open,  forming  a  broad  triangular  foramen  the  entire  width  of  the  valve  at 
this  j)oint,  the  margins  of  the  foramen  being  sharp,  no  hinge-teeth  or  cardi- 


60  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

nal  area  existing.  The  interior  of  the  valve  is  strongly  marked  by  moder- 
ately fine  striag  or  ribs,  which  are  flattened  on  their  surfaces ;  muscular 
imprints  not  observable.  Upper  valve  ver)^  ventricose  and  strongly  arcuate, 
the  beak  thin  and  sharply  incurved.  Hinge  open  as  in  the  lower  valve,  the 
cardinal  angles  spread  ovitward  in  the  form  of  auriculations  to  meet  those 
of  the  opposite  valve.  The  sides  of  the  valve  are  sharply  bent  inward  on 
a  line  from  the  beak  to  the  point  of  greatest  width,  forming  a  hiatus  on 
each  side  between  the  body  of  the  valve  and  the  auriculation,  as  in  the 
genus  Janira.  Surface  of  the  valve  marked  by  strong,  closely  compact, 
radiating  ribs;  every  fifth  or  sixth  one  of  which  is  stronger  than  the  others, 
and  bears  short,  sharp,  curved  spines,  some  of  which  are  nearly  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  long,  while  the  others  are  only  rugose  from  the  concentric 
lamella  which  cross  them.  On  the  depressed  spaces  on  the  sides  of  the 
valve  there  are  no  radii,  the  concentric  lines  only  being  present.  Substance 
of  the  shell  thin  in  the  cardinal  portions  and  much  thickened  toward  the 
front.  Interior  of  the  valve  marked  by  the  radii,  and  the  thickened  front 
margin  strongly  crenulate. 

A  single  highly  decomposed  specimen  of  Spondylus-like  shell,  in  the 
collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  may  possi- 
bly belong  to  this  species,  but  its  condition  is  such  that  its  specific  relations 
are  not  determinable,  and  in  a  shoi't  time  more  it  will  have  crumbled.  It 
shows  no  evidence  of  having  been  attached,  however;  the  lower  valve  is 
moderately  convex  and  the  upper  one  rather  more  ventricose;  the  area  or 
cardinal  parts  of  both  valves  are  beyond  description,  but  the  valves  are 
both  marked  by  rays  and  spines,  as  are  the  upper  valves  of  this  one.  It 
may  possibly  represent  an  undescribed  form,  but  looks  like  a  specimen  of 
the  B.  ecJiinata  that  had  been  entirely  free  except  pei'haps  in  its  earlier 
stages  of  growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Holmdel,  Free- 
hold, and  on  Mr.  Woodward's  farm,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.  It 
does  not  seem  to  be  abundant  anywhere,  and  so  far  I  have  never  seen  a 
perfect  upper  valve  of  even  medium  size.  The  imperfect  upper  valve  figured 
is  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia, 
and  is  without  locality  further  than  "N.  Jersey." 


LAMELLIBRANGHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS,  61 

Genus  PLICATULA  Lam. 

Flicatula  urticosa. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Ostrea  urticosa,  Morton.    Synop.,  1st  ed. 

Flicatula  urticosa,  Morton.    Synop.,  p.  62,  PI.  X,  Fig.  2.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  Vol.  XXIV,  1st 

scr.,  PI.  X,  Fig.  2.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  169.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  7.     Geol. 

Surv.  S".  J.,  1868,  p.  724.     Stoliczka  and  others. 

Shell  irregularly  oval  in  outline  and  obliquely  curved,  biconvex  or 
plano-convex,  marked  by  strong,  somewhat  angular  radiating  and  bifur- 
cating plications,  usually  much  stronger  and  less  numerous  on  the  lower 
than  on  the  upper  valve,  and  crossed  by  strong  projecting  concentric 
lamella,  which  are  elevated  and  often  form  thin,  flat  spines  on  the  crest  of 
the  radiating  plications  of  greater  or  less  length,  which  give  a  very  rough 
and  spiney  surface  to  the  shell,  resembling  that  of  Spondylus.  Muscular 
impression  moderate;  teeth  not  observed. 

On  some  internal  casts  from  Freehold  the  muscular  scar  is  quite  large, 
and,  so  far  as  can  be  judged,  the  teeth  have  been  quite  small.  The  shell 
appears  to  have  been  quite  abimdant,  and  to  have  grown  in  groups,  attached 
to  each  other  or  to  foreign  bodies.  On  the  Alabama  specimens,  and  on 
some  of  those  from  New  Jersey,  there  are  indistinct  radiating  strige  between 
the  plications.  The  largest  individuals  which  I  have  observed  are  casts, 
one  of  which  is  one  inch  and  five-eighths  long  and  of  a  broadly-ovate  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Freehold  and 
Holmdel,  N.  J.  The  type  specimens  of  Dr.  Morton  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academj^  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  are  without  locality,  being 
marked  "  Lower  Cretaceous,  N.  Jersey"  onl}^ 

Genus  EADULA  Klein. 

Radula  pelagica. 
Plate  IX,  Figs.  3-5. 

Plagiostoma  pelagica  Mort.     Synop.,  p.  61,  PI.  V,  Fig.  2. 

Gtenoides  pelagica  (Mort.)  Gabb.     Synop.  Oret.  Form.,  p.  114.    Conrad,  J.  A.  N.  S., 

Vol.  IV,  p.  276. 
Lima  pelagica  (Mort.)  Meek.    Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  7. 
Radula  pelagica  (Mort.)  Stoliczka.    Palseont.  ludica.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  416. 
B.         pelagica  (Mort.)  Meek.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

Shell  of  small  size,  seldom  measuring  more  than  one  and  a  half  inches 

in  its  greatest  length  from  beaks  to  base;   very  oblique,  strongly  ovate, 


62  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  N"EW  JERSEY. 

moderately  inflated  and  marked  by  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  strong,  radiat- 
ing plications,  which  are  simple,  rounded  on  the  top,  and  separated  by 
rounded  spaces  of  equal  width,  and  crossed  by  fine  concentric  lines  of 
growth,  which  arch  backwards  in  ci'ossing  them.  Stronger  concentric 
varices  of  growth  also  form  a  common  feature  of  the  shell.  The  hinge- 
hne  is  straight  and  equal  in  length  to  about  one-thii-d  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  beak  to  base.  Auriculations  small  and  subequal;  beak  moderately 
curved  and  central  to  the  hinge-hne;  area  moderately  high,  with  a  very 
large  central  pit  and  the  hinge  destitute  of  teeth  or  other  markings.  Ante- 
rior or  straight  side  not  at  all  gaping. 

As  cited  above,  this  species  was  originally  described  by  Morton  as  a 
Plagiostoma,  but  owing  to  the  great  multiplication  of  genera  has  been 
referred  to  a  different  genus  by  every  writer  who  has  treated  upon  it.  The 
shell  as  seen  in  the  single  valve  figured  on  Plate  IX,  fig.  4,  would  fall 
between  the  genera  Badula  and  Ctenoides,  according  to  the  characteristics 
of  these  genera  as  defined  by  Stoliczka,  with  a  leaning  toward  the  latter  of 
the  two,  as  the  shell  may  be  said  to  be  absolutely  straight  on  the  anterior 
margin;  and,  so  far  as  can  be  proved  by  the  specimen  and  from  several 
casts,  must  have  been  nearly,  if  not  quite,  without  any  gape  of  the  valves. 
The  two  genera,  however,  are,  as  there  defined,  so  nearly  alike  that  they 
would  seem  hardly  to  afford  specific  differences  so  far  as  form,  without  sur- 
face markings  and  color,  are  concerned. 

Formation  and  localitif. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  at 
Holmdel  and  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 

Radula  acutilineata. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Ctenoides  acutilineata  Conrad.    J.  A.  N".  S.,  PLila.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  329,  PL  XXXIV, 

Fig.  2.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  114. 
Lima  acutilineata  (Con.)  Meek.     Check-list,  p.  7. 
Badula  acutilineata  (Conrad)  Meek.     Geol.  Eept.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  724. 

Shell  small,  obliquely  ovate,  and  very  ventricose;  hinge-line  very 
short,  with  small  acute  auriculations,  especially  the  anterior  one,  which  is 
pointed  at  the  extremity.  Anterior  side  of  the  shell  rounded  and  full; 
posterior  side    straightened   above   and   rounded   below.     Surface  of  the 


LAMELLIBRAXCniATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  63 

valves  marked  by  about  twenty  to  twenty-two  narrow,  elevated  radii,  with 
flattened  spaces  between,  leaving  the  radii  widely  separated.  Anterior  and 
posterior  slopes  without  radii. 

This  species  is  very  like  B.  reticulata  L.  &  F.,  but  may  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  flattened  or  occasionally  slightly  concave  spaces  between 
the  radii.     In  other  respects  the  shells  are  very  much  alike. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 
The  specimens  used  are  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia. 

Radula  reticulata. 

Plate  IS,  Figs.  8  and  9. 

Lima  reticulata  Lyell  audForbes.  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  Vol.  I,  p.  62, 1845,  with  figures. 

Meek,  Check-list  S.  Inst.,  p.  7. 
Ctenoides  reticulata  Gabb.    Synop.,  p.  114. 
Radula  reticulata- [li,  and  F.)  Meek.    Geol.  Rept.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725.    Stoliczka,  Palaeont. 

Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  416. 
B.  denticuticosta  (Gabb)  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  99,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  17. 

f  Ctenoides  denticuticosta  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N".  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  327. 

Shell  small,  moderately  oblique,  strongly  ovate,  and  inflated.  Hinge 
short;  beaks  proportionally  strong,  and  projecting  beyond  the  cardinal  line. 
Valves  nearly  equal;  anterior  margin  straight,  and  not  at  all  gaping;  auric- 
ulations  small  but  distinct,  rectangular  or  very  slightly  pointed  at  their  outer 
angles.  Surface  radiately  ribbed,  those  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  slopes 
faintly  marked  or  obsolete,  ribs  (about  thirty)  distinct,  with  five  or  more 
indistinct  on  each  side;  subangular  on  the  middle  of  the  valves  and  rounded 
toward  the  sides,  crenulate  or  subspinose  on  the  larger  specimens  when  well 
preserved,  but  often  appearing  nearly  smooth.  Entire  surface  marked  by 
concentric  lines  which  give  a  roughened  surface  when  perfect,  giving  the 
reticulated  character  indicated  by  the  specific  name. 

The  shells  are  all  small,  seldom  exceeding  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  are  very  fragile.  The  right  valve  appears  to  be  a  little  less  ven- 
tricose  and  the  beak  shorter  than  the  left  in  all  the  specimens  which  I  have 
seen  where  the  two  are  united,  still  this  may  be  only  apparent,  as  they  are  all 
somewhat  displaced,  and  all  those  which  I  have  seen  free  from  the  matrix 
and  separated  have  the  hinge  imperfect,  so  that  I  have  not  examined  the 


64  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

area  or  cartilage  pit;  and  none  of  them  exhibit  the  slightest  evidence  of  a 
byssal  sinus.  The  species  differs  from  JR.  pelagica,  Mort,  in  its  smaller  size, 
more  inflated  valves,  and  greater  number  of  radii. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  part  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at 
Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey.     Collected  by  Dr.  Bruere. 

Suborder  HETEROMYARIA. 

MYTILID^. 

Genus  MYTILUS  Linn. 

Mytilus  oblivius,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XVII,  Fig.  1. 

Shell  small,  erect,  or  but  very  slightly  curved  on  the  buccal  margin ; 
beaks  terminal,  projecting  and  acute.  Hinge  line  sloping  at  an  angle  of 
about  sixty  degrees  to  the  buccal  margin;  posterior  margin  subparallel  to 
the  anterior,  and  the  extremity  rather  shai'ply  rounded.  Anterior  face  ab- 
rupt, and  the  surface  of  the  valve  gradually  sloping  from  the  umbonal  angle 
to  the  posterior  margin.  Surface  apparently  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth 
as  indicated  on  the  cast. 

The  species  is  known  only  from  a  single  cast  of  a  left  valve,  which  so 
nearly  resembles  all  other  species  of  Mytilus  that  but  little  comparison  can 
be  instituted.  It  is  more  nearly  like  M.  condecoratus,  Conrad  (Geol.  Rept. 
N.  Carolina,  Kerr,  Appendix,  p.  5,  PL  I,  Fig.  10),  than  any  other  Cretaceous 
form  I  know,  but  is  decidedly  longer  in  proportion  to  its  width. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clay  under  the  Lower  Green 
Sand  at  the  pits  of  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck,  near  Marlborough,  New  Jersey. 
From  Mr.  Lockwood's  collection. 

Genus  MODIOLA  Lam. 

Modiola  Julia. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  6  and  7  ?. 

Modiola  Julia  Lea.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1861,  p.  149.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 
Perna  Julia  (Lea).     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

Shell  rather  small,  measuring  only  about  nine-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in 
its  greatest  length,  which  is  about  twice  the  height.     Form  elongate-ovate, 


LAMELLlBliANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  05 

the  cardinal  aud  basal  margins  being  nearly  parallel  and  the  ends  nearlj'- 
equally  rounded.  Valves  ventricose,  most  gibbous  at  the  anterior  end ; 
beaks  inflated  but  not  prominent,  nearly  but  not  quite  terminal,  but  placed 
on  a  line  with  the  hinge,  or  nearly  so.  Hinge  extending  about  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  shell  and  rounding  into  the  posterior  end,  which  is  longer 
below  than  above  the  middle.  Surface  of  the  sliell  polished,  but  with  very 
strong  concentric  undulations  parallel  to  the  margin.  Hinge  and  features 
of  the  interior  unknown.     Substance  of  the  shell  extremely  thin. 

I  do  not  think  the  shell  is  a  true  Modiola,  but  the  specimens  examined, 
two  only,  are  not  in  a  condition  to  reveal  any  of  the  generic  features,  both 
being  crushed  and  badly  broken,  and  by  far  too  thin  and  fragile  in  substance 
to  possess  them  in  any  degree  of  strength.  I  have  referred  it  back  to  Modiola 
Lamarck,  not  thinking  it  advisable  to  replace  that  name  by  the  pre-Linnean 
one  adopted  b}-  Mr.  Meek  in  his  list,  or  by  the  later  one  of  Volsella. 

Formation  andlocality  — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls, 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

Modiola  Burlingtonensis,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XVII,  Figs.  8  and  9. 

Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  ver}:-  ventricose,  and  with  subparallel 
dorsal  and  ventral  margins,  large  prominent  umbones  and  incurved  beaks 
situated  near  the  anterior  end  but  not  terminal,  the  anterior  margin  percept- 
ibly extending  beyond  them  and  rounded.  Umbonal  ridge  prominent  and 
subangular,  esjoecially  near  the  beaks,  and  becoming  broader  and  more 
rounded  posteriorly;  surface  of  the  valves  strongly  constricted  and  sinuate 
in  front  of  the  ridge  and  the  anterior  surface  again  inflated;  cardinal  slope 
comparatively  broad  and  slightly  concave  toward  the  postero-cardinal 
border.  Hinge  line  straight  and  three-fifths  as  long  as  tlie  shell,  and  rather 
strongljr  impressed  in  the  internal  cast;  postero-cardinal  margin  roundino- 
rapidly  forward  from  the  more  narrowly  rounded  posterior  extremity.  Sur- 
face of  the  cast,  the  only  condition  under  which  it  is  known,  apparently 
smooth  or  marked  only  by  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth,  some  of 
which  produce  undulations  of  considerable  strength  on  the  casts.  On  one 
4418  MON  9 5 


66  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY. 

individual  there  appears  on  the  postei'ior  cardinal  slope  very  faint  indica- 
tions of  rather  coarse  radiating  lines,  but  too  faint  to  warrant  the  statement 
that  such  markings  really  existed  on  the  shell. 

These  specimens  were  found  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  marked  "M.  ovata  Gabb,"  and  also  marked 
"types,"  but  as  they  are  totally  distinct  from  the  specimen  figured  as  the 
type  by  that  author,  and  which  is  also  now  before  me,  I  can  only  interpret 
the  error  to  some  wrong  identification  at  some  subsequent  time.  The  species 
differs  from  31.  ovata  in  its  much  greater  size,  more  cylindrical  as  well  as 
more  elongated  form,  prominently  subangular  umbones  and  umbonal  ridge, 
strongly  sulcated  surface,  and  much  broader  anterior  end.  There  is  no  Cre- 
taceous species  known  with  which  there  is  danger  of  confounding  it. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  ferruginous  clay  beds  of  the  Creta- 
ceous in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  the  special  locality  not  mentioned, 
but  marked  on  the  label  as  "middle  beds,"  which  I  am  led  to  believe  incor- 
rect from  the  fact  of  the  lithological  features  of  the  specimens  being  exactly 
similar  to  so  many  fossils  from  this  same  neighborhood  which  are  credited 
to  the  Lower  Marls. 

Genus  LITHODOMUS  Cnvier. 

There  is  a  question  among  authors  as  to  which  of  the  two  names 
should  be  used.  Lithodomus  Cuv.  or  Litliophagus  Bolt.  The  fact  that  the 
latter  is  only  a  repetition  of  the  specific  name  of  the  generic  type  is  a  great 
objection,  for  which  reason  I  have  adopted  the  former. 

Lithodomus  affinis. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  2  and  3. 

lAthoplmgits  affinis  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  NT.  Sci.,  Plul.,  1861,  p.  124.     Me^\,  Check-list,  p.  11. 

Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 
L.  Ripleyanus  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil ,  1876,  p.  311. 

Mr.  Gabb  described  this  species  from  the  tubes,  or  as  I  suppose  the 
filling  of  the  tubes,  and  states  that  he  had  not  seen  the  shell.  In  the  col- 
lection of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  there  is  an  inter- 
nal cast  of  a  shell,  somewhat  imperfect  at  the  posterior  end,  which  is  marked 
with  ink  on  the  specimen  "i.  affinis  type,"  which  I  suppose  to  have  been  the 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  67 

one  lie  used  in  his  description.  The  form  is  extremely  ventricose,  especially 
on  the  anterior  half,  and  narrowing  rapidly  posteriorly,  with  the  posterior 
part  strongly  curved  downward  as  far  as  preserved.  The  following  is  Mr. 
Gabb's  description  as  copied  from  the  work  cited  above,  "Tube  robust, 
curved  short,  portion  containing  the  shell  broad,  grooved  at  the  anterior 
half  of  the  back,  rounded  carinate  the  rest  of  the  length.  Opposite  face 
more  narrow  and  deeply  grooved.  Extremity  distinctly  trilobate.  Shell 
unknown.  From  the  sliape  of  the  tube  it  appears  related  to  the  preceding 
species  {L.  Repleyanus),  but  the  beak  is  less  prominent  in  advance,  the  shell 
is  much  more  gibbous,  the  basal  margin  more  emarginate,  and  the  posterior 
cardinal  margin  more  depressed."  The  specimen  above  referred  to,  which 
is  that  figured  on  the  plate,  corresponds  exactly  with  his  description  of  its 
dimensions  and  in  other  particulars,  but  I  should  consider  it  a  representative 
of  the  shell  rather  than  of  the  tube  only. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  was  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls 
of  New  Jersey,  but  the  exact  locality  is  not  known.  Mr.  Gabb  thought  it 
probably  from  Burlington  County,  and  it  is  the  only  specimen  of  the  form 
known. 

Iiithodomus  Ripleyaua. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  4  and  5. 

Litliopliagiis  Ripleyana  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  124.    Meek,  Check-list, 

p.  11.     Geol.  Snr.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 
L.  affinisGaXih.    Proc.  A.  K  S.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  311. 

Shell  small,  length  probably  not  exceeding  three-fourths  of  an  inch, 
very  ventricose  anteriorly  when  viewed  from  the  dorsal  side,  but  with  nearly 
parallel  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  as  seen  in  a  side  view.  Beaks  anterior 
or  nearly  terminal,  incurved  and  somewhat  tumid,  as  seen  in  the  cast, 
posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  compressed.  Dorsal  margin  impressed  and 
the  ligament  extending  nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell.  Shell 
structure  unknown,  the  specimens  all  being  intei'nal  casts. 

This  species  is  much  more  slender  and  less  inflated  anteriorly,  as  seen 
in  the  internal  casts  extracted  from  within  the  burrows,  than  L.  affinis.  llie 
posterior  end  seems  to  have  been  commonly  prolonged  and  curved  down- 
ward very  decidedly  near  the  extremity,  and  also  to  have  been  sharply 


63  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

pointed  in  some  individuals.  There  is  a  considerable  degree  of  variation 
among  the,  individuals,  both  in  the  form  and  in  the  proportional  length  of 
the  tubes,  some  of  the  casts  being  cylindrical  and  others  flattened  laterally 
on  the  posterior  half  They  appear  to  have  burrowed  in  wood  or  in  other 
substances  indiscrimiuatel}^,  many  of  them  showing  unmistakable  evidences 
of  a  woody  structure  on  the  outside  of  the  cast  of  the  tube;  while  one 
colonv  which  I  have  seen  had  burrowed  into  the  shell  of  Gervilliopsis  ensi- 
formis. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  near  New  Egj-pt, 
and  at  Mr.  Ware's  pits  near  Mullica  Hill;  and  at  Hunt's  pits  at  Manal- 
apan,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.  There  are  several  individuals  in 
the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  which 
would  appear  to  have  come  from  several  other  localities,  but  they  are  only 
marked  "N.  J.,"  no  more  definite  locality  being  known. 

PTERIID^  Meek  {—Aviculidce  of  Authors). 

Genus  PTEEIA  Scopoli. 
Fteiia  petrosa. 

Plate  XIV,  Fig.  10. 

Avicula  petrosa  Conrad.    Jour.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  274,  Pi.  XXIV,  Fig. 

15.    Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  102. 
Pterin  petrosa  (Con.),     Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  9. 
Comp.  Avicula  laripes  Morton.     Synop.  Cret.  N.  Am.,  p.  63,  PL  XVII,  Fig.  5. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  obliquely  ovate,  unequivalve,  very  inequilateral, 
and  moderately  ventricose;  hinge-line  straight,  its  entire  length  being  un- 
known, and  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  imperfect  casts  examined 
has  not  been  extended  in  form  of  a  wing  posteriorly.  Anterior  wing  of 
considerable  size  and  separated  from  the  body  of  the  shell  by  a  deep  con- 
striction, most  distinct  on  the  right  valve,  and  protruding  beyond  the  beaks 
of  the  shell  anteriorly.  Surface  of  the  cast  of  the  light  valve  preserving 
indications  of  a  few  distant  radii  along  the  umbonal  slope,  but  none  are 
visible  on  the  left  valve,  probably  owing  to  the  greater  thickness  of  the 
shell  not  transmitting  them  to  the  interior  surface. 


LAMELLIBEAl^CHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  69 

I  strongly  suspect  this  to  be  identical  with  Avicula  laripes  Morton, 
which  was  from  the  Cretaceous  marls  of  Delaware,  but  of  which  I  have 
not  seen  specimens.  The  shell  is  somewhat  more  oblique  than  Morton's 
figure,  and  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  extended  into  the  wing-like 
projection  indicated  by  him.  The  radii  have  about  the  same  distance  and 
direction,  as  far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  poorly-preserved  cast  used, 
but  are  not  distinct  enough  to  count,  so  I  cannot  be  certain  of  its  identity. 
From  Pteria  linguiformis  E.  &  Shum.,  found  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  the 
West  and  in  Texas,  it  differs  in  being  more  oblique  and  more  transverse, 
with  a  less  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  and  the  beaks  do  not  appear  to 
have  been  so  strongly  elevated  above  the  hinge,  and  consequently  the  lig- 
amental  area  is  much  narrower. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  specimen  of  the  species  which  I  have 
yet  seen  is  from  the  ironstone  nodules  found  in  the  lower  clays  of  the  Cre- 
taceous, at  or  near  Key  port,  N.  J.,  and  is  from  the  collection  of  Columbia 
College,  New  York. 

Pteria  laripes. 

Plate  XIV,  Fig.  9. 

Aviciila  laripes  Morton.     Synopsis  p.  63,  PI.  XVir,  Pig.  5.     Gabb. 
Pterin  laripes  (Mort.).    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  9. 

Shell  of  but  moderate  size,  oblique  ovate  and  moderately  convex,  with 
rather  prominent  beaks.  Hinge  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  bodv  of  the 
shell,  forming  on  the  posterior  side  a  proportionally  large  wing,  which  is 
obtusel}^  pointed  at  the  extremity  and  only  shallowly  sinuate  on  the  outer 
margin  between  the  hinge  line  and  body  of  the  shell.  Anterior  wing 
unknown.  Surface  of  the  shell,  on  the  left  valve,  strongly  marked  b}'  distant 
elevated  radii,  which  seem  to  have  been  alternately  coarse  and  fine  on  the 
posterior  half  of  the  valve,  judging  from  the  only  cast  examined,  and  equal 
in  strength  and  moderately  curved  forward  on  the  anterior  half;  while  the 
margin  of  the  valve  seems  to  have  been  marked  by  strongly  projectino- 
points  corresponding  to  the  ribs. 

The  specimen  used  in  the  above  description  is  so  nearly  like  Dr. 
j.Iorton's  figure  that  were  it  not  a  left  instead  of  a  right  valve  I  should  have 
supposed  it  to  be  the  same  individual.     The  specimen  is  a  cast  in  rather  hard 


70  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESET. 

sandstone,  rather  unlike  any  other  fossil  which  I  have  seen  from  New  Jersey, 
but  is  distinctly  marked  "N.  J."  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia,  in  what  I  take  to  be  Mr.  Conrad's  writing;  while  it 
is  also  marked  "type."  I  am  inclined  to  infer  from  the  above  facts,  and 
the  close  resemblance  it  bears  to  Dr.  Morton's  figure,  that  the  specimen  is 
Morton's  type,  and  that  it  came  from  Delaw^are  rather  than  New  Jersey ; 
also  that  the  figure  in  the  "synopsis"  has  been  reversed  by  the  lithographer, 
making  a  right  valve  with  the  characters  pertaining  to  a  left  valve  in  this 
way.  The  shell  is  so  unlike  auy  other  known  New  Jersey  species  that 
there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  it.  I  am  somewhat  inclined  to 
think  the  species  belongs  to  the  group  to  which  Mr.  Meek  applied  the  generic 
name  Oxytoma,  but  in  the  absence,  or  rather  imperfection  of  the  anterior  part 
of  the  hinge  line,  I  am  not  positive. 

Formation  and  locality. — Probably  from  Delaware,  although  distinctly 
marked  on  the  label  "N.  J."  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia.     The  position  in  the  series  not  determined. 

Pteria  navicula,  n.  s. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  8. 

Shell  of  small  size,  the  greatest  length  being  less  than  half  an  inch ; 
very  oblique  and  angularly  ventricose,  the  height  scarcely  more  than  half 
the  length.  Hinge  line  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  shell,  mucronate 
and  slightl}"  prolonged  at  the  posterior  extremity,  which  is  separated  from 
the  body  of  the  shell  by  a  slight  sinuosity.  Anterior  wing,  if  any,  not 
preserved  on  the  specimen;  but  the  shell,  although  somewhat  imperfect, 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  winged  on  the  anterior  side.  Posterior 
extremity  of  the  body  of  the  (left)  valve  obtusely  pointed,  and  the  anterior 
end  narrowly  rounded  from  the  extremity  of  the  cardinal  line.  Basal  line 
broadly  curved,  gradually  descending  from  the  anterior  end  to  about  the 
posterior  third  of  the  length,  where  it  again  rises  to  the  extremity.  Beaks 
small,  rising  a  little  above  the  hinge  line,  and  prominently  ventricose. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  concentric  striee,  so  far  as  can  be 
determined  from  the  partially  exfoliated  individual.     Right  valve  unknown. 

There  is  only  a  single  left  valve  of  the  species  known  so  far,  but  the 
form  is  so  decided  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  confounding  it  with  auy 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  71 

described  species.  The  extremely  ventricose  form  of  the  body  of  the  valve 
and  angular  umbonal  ridge  at  once  distinguishes  it  from  any  known  form. 
Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Mai-ls  at  Haddonfield,  N.  J.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

MELEAGRmELLA,  n.  gen. 

Shell  aviculoid  having  the  general  form  of  Meleageina  Lam. 
{■zziMargaritopliora  Megerl.)  but  differing  principally  in  the  form  of  the  hyssal 
fold  of  the  right  valve,  which  is  either  a  deep  channel  on  the  external 
surface  of  the  shell  extending  from  the  margin  to  near  the  beak  of  the  valve 
or  a  simple  deep  straight  notch  separating  the  wing  into  a  linear  process,  of 
greater  or  less  length,  from  the  body  of  the  shell-.  Shells  biconvex;  hinge 
straight;  ligamental  area  nari'ow,  but  distinct,  strongest  on  the  left  valve, 
which  is  also  the  most  convex,  and  more  or  less  gaping  ojDposite  the  notch 
of  the  right  valve.  A  single  muscular  scar  of  large  size  occurs  subcentrall}' 
behind  the  middle  of  the  valves;  other  muscular  scars  unknown.  Surface 
lamellose  or  lamellose-radiate,  with  a  fine  radiate  fibrous  glistening  texture 
like  that  of  Placumomya.  Types  M.  curta  (zzzAvicula  citrta  Hall)  and  31. 
orhiculata^Pseudomonotis  {JEumicrotis)  orbictdata  Whitf  Black  Hills  Rejjt., 
p.  356,  PI.  m,  Figs.  17-19. 

This  genus  is  more  nearly  related  to  Meleagrina  Lamarck  than  to  any 
other  described  form.  In  the  Palaeont.  of  the  Black  Hills  I  referred  the  two 
typical  species  to  Etimicrotis,  Meek,  which  he  considered  as  a  division  of 
Pseudomonotis,  Brown,  following  Mr.  Meek's  own  reference  in  so  doing,  wdth 
the  remark  that  it  might  take  the  name  JEumicrotis,  providing  the  Permo- 
carboniferous  forms  on  which  that  genus  was  founded,  should  be  found  not 
to  conform  too  nearly  to  Brown's  genus  Pseudomonotis,  but  as  I  suppose  this 
would  not  be  admissible,  I  have  thought  it  more  proper  to  propose  a  new 
genus  for  it.  Dr.  F.  Stoliczka,  in  his  discussions  of  the  Aviculidce  in  vol.  iii, 
Pal.  Indica,  considers  Eumicrotis  and  Pseudomonotis  as  synonymous ;  but 
certainly  our  American  Permo-Carboniferous  forms  referred  to  PJumicrotis 
are  very  distinct  from  the  forms  referred  originally  to  Brown's  genus. 


72  PALAEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESBY. 

The  following  species  which  we  have  referred  to  this  new  genus  is 
less  strongly  marked  in  its  generic  features  than  the  types,  but  is  sufficiently 
strongly  marked  when  seen  in  good  specimens  of  even  small  size  to  be  at 
once  separable  from  either  Avicula  on  the  one  hand  or  Melegrina  on  the 
other,  and  if  we  must  take  the  features  of  the  typical  species  of  Oxytoma  as 
the  standard,  it  certainly  cannot  belong  to  that  genus,  as  Meek  suggests  it 
probably  is,  in  his  Invert.  Pal.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ,  page  35. 

Meleagrinella  abrupta. 

Plate  XIV,  Figs.  11-14. 

AmcuJa  abrupta  Con.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IF,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  274,  PI.  IV,  Figs. 
5  and  6. 

Shell  small,  inequivalve,  rhombo-quadrate  in  outline,  the  hinge-line 
long  and  straight,  reaching  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  shell,  beaks 
small,  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  or  fourth  of  the  length  of  the 
hinge;  that  of  the  left  valve  rising  a  little  above  the  cardinal  line,  and  that 
of  the  right  just  to  its  margin.  Right  valve  with  a  deep  notch-like  slit  on 
the  anterior  side  just  below  the  hinge,  with  a  narrow,  deep  groove  running 
from  it  to  the  apex  of  the  valve  on  the  exterior  surface.  Left  valve  provided 
with  an  internal  fold,  quite  indistinct  except  under  a  glass,  on  the  anterior 
side  of  the  beak,  which  corresponds  to  the  byssal  notch  of  the  right  valve. 
Anterior  margin  of  the  valve  somewhat  regularly  rounded;  basal  margin 
broadly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  obliquely  truncate,  passing  backward 
slightly  from  the  hinge  extremity  to  the  postero-basal  line.  Surface  of  the 
valves  smooth  or  very  finely  lamellose,  and  marked  with  concentric  undulse. 
When  not  at  all  worn  or  macerated  the  surface  of  the  left  valve  shows 
indistinct  thread-like,  interrupted,  radiating  lines  which  remind  one  very 
strongly  of  those  seen  on  species  of  Flacunomya. 

In  Mr.  Conrad's  original  description  of  this  shell  he  refers  it  to  Avicula, 
but  in  general  appearance  it  resembles  more  nearly  the  common  pearl 
oysters  Meleagrina.  On  more  critical  examination  it  is  seen  to  possess  the 
features  of  the  Jurassic  shells  Uumicrotis  curta,  and  E.  orMcuIata,  which  I 
have  made  the  types  of  a  new  genus,  Meleagrinella,  on  account  of  the  peculiar 
features  of  the  byssal  notch,  in  which  they  differ  from  Meleagrina,  although 
more  nearly  related  to  that  than  to  those  of  any  other  established  genus. 


LAMELLIBEAls^CHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  73 

Mr.  Meek  has  referred  to  this  shell  on  page  3r),  in  his  Invert.  Pal.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Tevrit.,  where  he  speaks  of  it  as  being  evidently  an  Oxytoma, 
a  genus  founded  on  a  Jurassic  shell  of  very  different  characters  from  this 
one.  (See  Oxytoma  mucronata,  PaL  Black  Hills,  p.  357,  pi.  iv,  figs.  1  and?, 
which  is  the  species  on  which  the  genus  Oxytoma  was  founded.) 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  at 
Freehold,  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  were  collected  and  kindly  loaned 
for  use  by  Miss  F.  M.  Hitchcock,  of  New  York  City. 

GERVILLIOPSIS,  u.  g. 

Shell  bivalve,  resembling  Gervillia  in  form,  but  with  the  anterior  end 
squarely  truncate  and  the  beaks  terminal.  Hinge  with  abroad  ligamental 
area,  crossed  on  the  posterior  side  by  vertical  cartilage  pits  and  fine,  oblique 
corrugations  instead  of  teeth.  Area  continued  down  the  anterior  truncation 
as  in  Myalina,  but  deeply  and  abruptly  excavated,  forming  a  gaping  anterior 
end.  A  large  ovate  muscular  scar  occurs,  subcentrally  situated,  just  within 
the  exti-emity  of  the  hinge,  and  a  smaller  double  one  obliquely  placed 
between  it  and  the  anterior  end.  Small  scars  also  occur  beneath  the  hinore 
Shell  pearly  and  iridescent. 

This  genus  of  shells  differs  from  Gervillia,  under  which  it  has  hereto- 
fore been  classed,  in  the  absence  of  the  teeth  on  the  posterior  portion  of 
the  hinge,  and  the  oblique  tooth-like  ridges  below  the  ligamental  area  on 
the  posterior  end.  It  also  differs  in  the  truncation  of  the  anterior  end  or 
Aving;  in  the  continuation  of  the  ligamental  or  striated  area-like  surface 
along  the  anterior  truncation,  and  in  the  gaping  of  the  valves  anteriorly. 
In  the  last  two  features  it  appears  to  combine  features  of  the  genus  Myalina 
while  in  general  form  and  in  the  ligamental  area  and  cartilage  pits  of  the 
posterior  hinge  it  resembles   Gervillia.     Type  Gervillia  ensiformis  Conrad. 

Geological  position. — As  yet  known  only  by  two  species,  from  the  lower 
bed  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey. 

Gervilliopis  ensiformis. 
Plate  XV,  Fins.  8-11,  and  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  5. 
Gervillia  ensiformis  Courad.     Jour.  A.  jST.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  328,  PI.  XXXIX,  Fig.  10. 

Shell  of  moderately  large  size  and  thickened,  falciform,  very  oblique; 
the  body  of  the  shell  finally  becoming  parallel  to  the  hinge  or  even  slightly 


74  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

recurved,  uarrowiug  posteriorly  and  flattened  on  the  surface.  Hinge-line 
straight,  short,  not  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  in  grown 
individuals;  posterior  wing  only  moderately'  elevated,  and  the  posterior 
margin  rapidly  sloping  backward  from  its  extremity  to  the  body  of  the 
shell,  anterior  wing  very  slight,  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell  being  squarely 
truncate  at  right  angles  to  the  hinge.  Beak  of  the  shell  small  and  terminal, 
elevated  above  the  wing  and  continuing  in  a  ridge  to  the  surface  of  the 
valve.  Greatest  width  of  the  shell  opposite  the  posterior  extremit}^  of  the 
hinge.  Surface  of  the  shell  lamellose,  and  marked  by  numerous  concentric 
varices  of  growth,  and  on  the  basal  portion  of  the  right  valve  indications 
of  fine  radiating  lines  occur.  Hinge  area  moderately  wide,  marked  by 
several  transverse  ligamental  pits,  arranged  at  a  little  more  than  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  apart,  and  also  by  numerous  oblique  corrugations.  Muscular 
imprints  lai'ge  and  obliquely  situated.  Substance  of  the  shell  hig-hl}' 
nacreous  throughout  and  iridescent. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  Tippah  County,  Mississippi, 
but  has  been  recognized  by  its  author  and  others  as  occurring  in  the  Cre- 
taceous strata  of  New  Jersey. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  examples  of  the  species  which  I 
have  seen  are  from  the  marls  of  the  lower  beds  at  Woodbury,  Gloucester 
County,  New  Jersey,  and  appear  to  be  qviite  abundant,  but  usually  in  a 
very  fragmentary  condition.  Mr.  Corn-ad's  specimens  were  from  Tippah 
County,  Mississippi. 

G-ervilliopsis  minima,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XV,  Fig.  7. 

Shell  small,  the  only  specimen  observed,  a  cast,  measuring  only  a  trifle 
over  one  inch  in  length,  and  less  than  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest 
width.  Shell  elongate-elliptical,  extremely  obhque,  slightly  curved,  and 
the  valves  very  ventricose.  The  beaks,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  have  been 
pointed,  the  area  wide,  and  the  anterior  hiatus  has  been  proportionally 
large  and  distinct.     The  muscular  scars  are  very  distinct  and  well  marked. 

The  cast  is  a  miniture  of  G.  ensiformis,  except  in  its  greater  ventri- 
cosity,  and  were  it  not  for  that  feature  w^ovxld  very  naturally  be  taken  for 
a  young  individual  of  that  species.     All  the  small  shells  which  I  have  seen 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  ,75 

of  that  one,  however,  have  been  remai'kably  flat,  and  present  an  extremely 
shallow  cavity,  as  in  fact  do  the  largest  shells,  while  this  one,  althougli  so 
very  small,  is  almost  half  as  thick  as  high,  which  is  a  remarkable  difference 
for  shells  of  this  character.  Besides,  the  entire  featm'es  as  presented  by 
this  cast,  are  those  of  a  perfectly  formed  adult  individual. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Freehold,  New 
Jersey. 

Geuus  INOCERAMUS  Sowerby. 

luoceramus  Barabini. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  S-n. 

Inoceramus  Barabini  Morton  ?.     Synopsis,  p.  62. 

I.  Cripsii,  var.  Barabini  (Mort.).     Meek,  Invert.  Pal.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  p. 

— ,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  3. 
I.  BaraUni  (Mort.).     WJiitf.,  Pal.  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  p.  398,  PI.  VII,  Fig. 

7,  and  PI.  IX,  Fig.  8. 
Xot  Inoceramus  barabini  of  authors  generally. 

Shell  of  only  moderate  size,  transversely  ovate  or  elHptical,  with  mod- 
erately to  prominently  convex  valves.  Beaks  large,  only  slightly  project- 
ing beyond  the  line  of  the  hinge,  and  situated  near  the  anterior  end.  Hinge- 
line  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  shell,  and  rapidly  rounding  at  the  posterior 
extremity  into  the  posterior  margin,  which  is  more  broadly  rounded  than 
the  antei'ior  extremity.  Basal  line  gently  and  somewhat  gradually  arcuate, 
but  more  rapidl}^  curving  upward  near  the  anterior  part.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  b)^  regular  concentric,  rounded  undulations  parallel  to  the 
margin  of  the  valve,  and  separated  by  concave  interspaces.  Near  the 
outer  limits  of  the  valve  the  undulations  become  more  irregular,  as  if 
taking  on  old-age  characters. 

The  specimen  used  in  the  above  description  is  an  imperfect  cast  of  a 
riofht  valve.  The  undulations  are  somewhat  narrower  than  are  those  on 
specimens  recognized  as  of  this  species  from  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Black 
Hills  regions,  but  the  general  form  of  the  shell  is  nearly  the  same,  except, 
perhaps,  in  being  a  little  less  gibbous  and  a  little  higher,  perhaps  the  result 
of  flattening.  In  the  narrower  undulations  it  resembles  Dr.  Tourney's 
specimens  of  /.  proximus,  but  the  valves  are  too  ventricose  for  that  species 
and  the  outline  not  nearly  as  circular.     There  may  be  some  doubt  as  to 


76  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSBT. 

the  propriety  of  recognizing  this  shell  as  identical  with  Dr.  Morton's  I.  Bara- 
hini,  principally  on  account  of  the  gibbosity  of  the  valves,  as  Dr.  M.  says 
in  his  description  "  not  ventricose."  It  is  generally  considered  that  his 
shell  was  of  this  form,  but  Mr.  Meek  has  shown  that  his  figures  may  be 
ver}^  erroneous ;  and,  as  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  Dr.  M.'s  type  speci- 
mens, I  am  unable  to  judge  how  accurate  Mr.  Meek's  restoration  may  be. 
Another  individual,  more  lately  obtained,  more  perfect  than  the  first,  shows 
the  undulations  narrower  than  any  southern  species  which  I  have  seen,  but 
the  resemblance  to  I.  Barabini  is  too  near  to  allow  it  to  be  considered 
as  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  N.  J. 
From  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Another 
specimen,  more  lately  obtained  from  Marlborough,  by  Mr.  D'Morgan,  of 
New  York,  has  been  presented  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Inoceramus  Sagensis. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  15,  and  Plate  XV,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Inoceramus  Sagensis  Oweu.     Geol.  Kept.  Iowa,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  p.  683,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  3. 

Gabb,  Synop.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  129. 
I.  Sagensis,  var.  Nebrascensis  (Owen)  Meek.     Invert.  Pal.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ., 

Vol.  IX,  p.  53. 
1.  Nebrascensis  Oweu.  Geol.  Eept.  Iowa,  Wis.,  anclMinn.,  p. 582,  Pl.VIII,  Fig.  1. 

I.  Sagensis  (Owen)  Whitf.     Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  393,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  12. 

Comp.  Inoceraimis  convexus  H.  &  M.    Mem.  Am.  A.  A.  and  Sci.,  new  series,  Vol.  V,  p. 

386,  PI.  IL 
Comp.  Inoceraimis  convexus  Meek.     Invert.  Pal.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  5. 
Inoceramus  Balchi  M.  &  H.    Proc.  A.  N .  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  XII,  p.  180.    Also  Meek,  Invert. 

Pal.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ.,  PL  XV,  Fig.  1. 
Comp.  also  I.  Vanitxemi  and  I.proximiis  Meek,  I.  proximiis,  var.  circu'aris  Meek,  and 

1.  confertimannulatvs  Roemer. 

Several  imperfect  casts  of  Inocerami  from  different  New  Jersey  locali- 
ties are  before  me,  all  of  which,  with  one  exception,  are  much  more  nearly 
allied  to  I.  Sagensis  Owen  than  to  I  Barabini  of  Morton.  The  original 
form  of  them  has  been  more  or  less  circular  in  outline,  with  a  compara- 
tively long  and  straight  hinge-line  and  moderately  convex  valves.  The 
beak  is  only  moderately  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  and  in  some  cases, 
especially  of  the  right  valve,  can  scarcely  be  said  to  project  beyond  it 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  77 

The  anterior  end  is  obliquely  prolonged  beyond  the  line  of  tbe  beak,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  general  outline,  according  to  the  concentric  undula- 
tions of  the  surface,  has  been  nearly  circular  or  obliquely  ovate,  the  greatest 
prolongation  being  in  the  line  of  the  apex  and  of  the  postero-basal  angle. 
The  surface  of  one  specimen  from  Holmdel  (figured)  is  marked  by  strong, 
distant,  rounded  undulations  parallel  to  the  apparent  lines  of  growth.  The 
surface  of  this  cast  is  marked  by  radiating  lines  of  pustules,  much  elon- 
gated, forming  interrupted  lines  or  radii,  exactly  as  is  common  to  internal 
casts  of  /.  Sagensis  and  other  forms  of  Inocerami  from  the  impure  lime- 
stones of  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota.  (No.  4  of  the  Missouri  Section,  M.  and 
H  )  Another  individual,  much  imperfect  but  retaining  parts  of  both  valves, 
from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  indicates  a  circular  form,  with  less  convex  valves,  the 
left  side  being  the  most  convex  and  having  the  beak  much  larger  than  on 
the  right  valve,  as  well  as  projecting  much  farther  above  the  hinge-line. 
Tliis  specimen  has  the  surface  undulations  much  smaller  and  also  much 
more  numerous  than  the  Holmdel  specimen  above  referred  to,  there  being 
three  at  least  in  the  same  space  occupied  by  two  on  that  one.  In  an  iron 
nodule  from  Keyport,  N.  J.,  obtained  from  the  brick  clays  of  that  place, 
there  are  the  remains  of  several  large  individuals,  imperfect  and  variously 
distorted,  but  still  perfect  enough  to  give  their  true  form  and  characters 
These  have  also  been  circular  in  general  outline,  with  moderately  convex 
valves,  but  the  undulations  are  remarkably  large  and  prominent,  round  on 
the  surface  and  in  the  depressions  (some  of  them  half  an  inch  in  width), 
and  their  surfaces  have  been  marked  bv  moderately  strong  concentric  lines 
of  growth  All  these  variations  are  precisely  like  those  observed  in  col- 
lections of  the  species  from  the  typical  western  locality  of  I.  Sagensis  Owen, 
and  may  be  seen  in  any  collection  of  twenty  individuals  made  at  random 
from  that  region.  The  form  from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  with  close  undulations 
and  compressed  valves,  is  most  nearly  allied  to  the  form  usually  referi-ed 
to  /.  Vanuxemi  Toumey,  and  might  well  represent  that  species,  while  all  the 
others  would  be  properly  classed  as  /.  Sagensis. 

The  New  Jersey  forms  of  the  genus  have,  I  think,  been  pretty  uni- 
formly referred  to  I.  Barahini  Morton,  and  genei'ally  without  the  least 
question  as  to  tlie  accuracy  of  the  reference.     None  of  Morton's  specimens, 


78  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY, 

however,  were  from  New  Jersey,  but  from  Alabama.  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek  has 
clearly  shown  in  his  Invert.  Pal.  Geol.  SItvv.  Territ.,  p.  50,  that  Morton's  fig- 
lires,  given  in  the  Synopsis  (PL  XIII,  p.  11,  and  PI.  XVII,  Fig.  3\  cannot  be 
depended  on  as  conveying  any  idea  of  the  true  form  of  the  specimens  used, 
and  if  one  will  examine  Mr.  Meek's  figures  there  given  they  will  easily  be 
convinced  that  even  there  a  very  different  outline  may,  with  equal  propriety, 
be  drawn  to  his  fig.  1 ,  so  as  to  make  the  figure  much  more  circular  in  out- 
line. For  some  reason  it  seems  to  have  been  considered  that  I.  Barabini 
was  a  transversely  elongated  shell,  having  considerable  convexity;  and 
that  the  circular,  discoid  forms  belonged  to  different  species.  This  may  be 
the  fact,  but  I  have  never  seen  such  a  shell  from  Alabama,  though  they  do 
occur  in  Texas  and  in  New  Jersey,  and  possibly  may  in  Alabama.  These 
circular  and  moderately  convex  forms,  with  broad,  strong  undulations, 
certainly  cannot  be  considered  as  distinct  from  /.  Sagensis,  and  the  flattened 
form  with  more  numerous  concentric  undulations  are  certainly  allied  to  /. 
Vanuxemi,  while  the  flattened  form  with  strong  undulations  would  appear  to 
unite  the  two.  In  the  Pal.  Black  Hills,  I  have  considered  the  two  forms 
as  probably  distinct,  though  I  had  considerable  doubt  in  my  own  mind; 
and  I  am  still  more  in  doubt  at  the  present  time  after  examining  speci- 
mens from  New  Jersey,  from  South  Carolina,  from  Eufaula,  Ala.,  and  from 
Texas.  Among  those  from  the  first  three  localities,  I  find  the  flattened  forms 
with  numeroiis  undulations  most  common,  and  the  more  convex  form  re- 
sembling I.  Sagensis  quite  rare,  while  at  the  West  the  reverse  is  usually  the 
case.     Probably  local  influences  have  been  at  work. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  convex  form  refen-ed  to  above  is  from 
the  white  limestone  layer  at  Holmdel,  N.  J.,  Lower  Marl  Beds.  I  have  also 
seen  a  small  individual  of  similar  character  marked  as  coming  from  near 
New  Egypt,  probably  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  near  that  town.  The 
form  resembling  I.  Vanuxemi  is  from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  and  the  coarsely  undu- 
lated flattened  form  and  the  more  convex  one  are  together  in  an  iron 
nodule  from  Keyport,  N.  J.,  in  the  lower  clays  of  the  Cretaceous  at  that 
place.  The  latter  specimen  is  in  the  cabinet  of  the  School  of  Mines,  New 
York;  the  others  from  the  college  collection  at  New  Brunswick,  New 
Jersey. 


LAMBLLIBRAKCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  79 

Inoceramus  Sagensis,  var.  quadraus. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  16. 

Among  the  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadel- 
phia, from  near  Burlington,  N.  J.,  there  is  a  large  cast  of  an  Inoceramus  pos- 
sessing many  of  the  features  of  I.  Sagensis  Owen,  but  differing  in  the  form, 
being  quadrangular  instead  of  circular,  or  very  broadly  ovate  like  that  one. 
This  quadrangular  feature  is  so  marked,  and  so  distinctly  one  pertaining  to 
the  habit  of  the  shell,  that  it  seems  like  doing  violence  to  one's  ideas  of 
specific  distinction  to  class  it  under  the  head  of  any  described  form.  In 
size  and  in  the  strength  and  distance  of  the  undulations  of  the  surface,  as 
well  as  in  its  general  convexity,  it  corresponds  very  well  to  most  specimens  of 
I.  Sagensis,  but  the  direction  of  the  undulations  indicate  that  the  cardinal 
and  basal  margins  have  been  subparallel,  or  gently  diverging  backward  or 
to  the  umbonal  ridge.  The  anterior  end  is  almost  squarely  truncate,  a 
little  longer  at  the  hinge  than  below,  and  the  whole  anterior  slope  from  the 
beak  to  the  margin  of  the  valve  is  very  abrupt  and  strongly  ridged;  the 
posterior  end  is  prolonged  and  rounded  below  the  middle  of  the  shell,  and 
obliquely  truncate  above  to  the  extremity  of  the  hinge,  giving  to  the  whole 
outline  a  somewhat  rhombic  character.  The  beak  is  very  large  and  prom- 
inent, somewhat  more  so  than  is  common  in  I.  Sagensis,  and  very  ventri- 
cose,  while  the  whole  valve  is  marked  by  strong,  distant,  although  irregular, 
undulations,  which  become  less  marked  and  often  duplicate  on  the  posterior 
cardinal  slope.  The  middle  of  the  cast  for  about  two-thirds  the  width 
is  marked  by  strong,  rather  deep  pits,  connected  by  shallow  furrows, 
showing  that  the  interior  of  the  shell  was  covered  by  strong  pearl-like  pro- 
tuberances, which  progressed  with  the  growth  of  the  shell  as  does  a  muscu- 
lar scar,  and  I  presume  they  were  connected  in  some  way  with  the  vascular 
system  as  were  the  lines  of  dots  or  interrupted  striae  on  other  species  of  the 
genus  This  is  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  from  either  New  Jersey 
or  elsewhere  possessing  the  peculiar  quadrangular  outline,  but  I  presume 
if  the  locality  were  more  thoroughly  examined  or  carefully  watched  others 
would  be  obtained.  • 


80  PAL^OiJTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

luoceramus  perovalis. 

Plate  XV,  Fig.  6. 

I)ioccra)mtsiH'rovalis  Courad.  J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  299,  PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  7. 
Proc.  Acad.  S'at.  Sci.,  1852,  p.  200.  Gabb.  Sjnop.,  p.  129.  Meek,  Check-list, 
p.  10.     Geol  Surv.  N".  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

Shell  small,  almost  regularh'  oval,  the  width  and  lieig'ht  being  nearly 
as  six  and  seven.  Valves  nearl}'  equally  convex,  the  right  side  perhaps  a 
very  trifle  more  convex  than  the  left.  Hinge-line  comparatively  long 
when  the  oval  form  is  considered,  being  about  three-fifths  as  long  as  the 
greatest  width  of  the  shell  and  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  valve.  Beak  of 
the  right  valve  sharp,  projecting  much  beyond  the  line  of  the  hinge,  giving 
a  proportionally  broad  or  high  hinge  area,  and  on  the  cast,  which  is  the 
condition  of  the  type  specimen,  shows  the  single  strong  ligamental  depres- 
sion opposite  the  apex  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  cast, 
marked  by  proportionally  distinct  concentric  lines  parallel  to  the  margin 
of  the  valves. 

In  form  this  species  is  very  distinct  from,  any  other  described,  and 
cannot  well  be  confounded  with  them;  the  obliquely  oval  form,  only  a 
little  deflected  from  an  erect  position,  is  also  quite  distinctive.  The  only 
individual  known  is  the  tj^pe  specimen  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad,  as  above 
cited,  and  is  entirely  a  cast  with  the  left  valve  imperfect.  In  size,  it  is  less 
than  one  inch  and  three-eighths  in  height,  measuring  along  the  axis  of  the 
valve,  by  a  little  more  than  one  inch  and  one-eighth  in  width.  The 
remarkable  height  of  the  hinge  area  and  the  impression  of  a  single  lig- 
amental pit  is  somewhat  peculiar,  and  gives  one  some  doubt  as  to  its  true 
affinities  with  the  ordinary  forms  of  Inoceramus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad  states  in  his  description  that  the 
species  is  from  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  crediting  it  to  Mr. 
Yanuxem.  The  specimen  is  bori-owed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  for  this  work,  and  is  labeled,  apparentl)' 
in  Mr.  Conrad's  own  handwriting,  "New  Jersey." 

Inoceramus  pro-obliquus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIV,  Pig.  17. 

Shell  somewhat  below  the  medium  size  for  the  genus;  subovate  in  out- 
line, the  axis  of  the  shell  being  directed  forward  of  a  right  angle  to  the 


LAMELLIBKANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEli  MAULS.  81 

hinge-line,  instead  of  backvvai'd  as  is  usual  with  nearly  all  shells.  Hinge- 
line  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell  and  forming  an  angle 
of  about  1 1U°  to  the  axis  of  the  valve.  Left  valve,  the  only  one  known,  ex- 
tremely ventricose,  with  a  rather  small  beak,  which  is  but  little  elevated 
above  the  line  of  the  hinge,  and  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  valve.  Height  of  the  valve  a  little  greater  than  its  extreme  width 
or  length.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  numerous,  regularly  increasing 
concentric  undulations,  which  are  moderately  sharp  on  the  crests  and  the 
interspaces  broadly  concave.  There  are  also  indications  of  radiating  lines 
along  the  middle  of  the  valve,  as  in  many  species  of  the  genus. 

The  species  differs  from  any  hitherto  described  American  species  of 
the  genus,  in  having  the  axis  of  the  shell  directed  forward  of  a  right 
angle  to  the  hinge  instead  of  backward.  In  the  general  outline  it  some- 
what resembles  I.  perplexus  (Whitf.,  Pal.  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  p.  3b 2,  PL 
X,  Figs.  4  and  5),  but  differs  in  the  great  convexity  of  the  valve,  greater 
forward  obliquity  of  the  axis,  and  stronger  as  well  as  more  regularly  un- 
dulated surface.  It  resembles  in  convexity  and  in  the  direction  and  posi- 
tion of  the  beak  I.  alius  Meek  and  Hayden  (Invert.  Pal.  Territories,  jdI.  xiv, 
fig.  1),  but  differs  entirely  in  the  direction  of  the  obliquity  or  of  the  axis  of 
the  valves. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  very  dark  friable,  but  coarse  marl  of  the 
Lower  Beds,  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey,  from  a  collection  by  the  Eev.  Dr. 
Riley. 

PINNID^. 

Genus  PINNA  Linu. 

Pinna  laqueata. 

Plate  XVI,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

P.  laqueata  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  2tl  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  328.    Gabb,  Syu.,  p.  166.    Meek, 
Check-list,  p.  9.     Geol.  Snrv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  of  moderate   size,  very  rapidly  expanding  from   the   apex  and 

ventricose,  giving  a  subquadrangular  section.     Surface  marked   by  from 

nine  to  eleven  strong,  simple,  radiating  ribs  on  the  dorsal  portion,  whicli 

are  broad  and  rounded  on  the  top  and  separated  by  very  broad  concave 
4418  MON  9 6 


82  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

interspaces.  The  lower  or  basal  portion  is  marked  by  very  strong  concen- 
tric striiB  parallel  to  the  margin,  so  very  irregular  as  to  often  form  strong 
undulations  of  the  surface.  Line  of  division  between  the  upper  and  lower 
sections  of  the  valves  very  strongly  marked  on  the  cast,  often  presenting 
the  appearance  of  a  distinct  suture.  Pcstei'ior  margin  of  the  shell  appar- 
ently double,  being  deeply  emarginate  or  lobed  at  the  line  of  division 
between  the  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the  valve.  The  margin  of  the 
upper  division  is  obliquely  truncate,  receding  from  below  to  the  hinge-line, 
and  stronglv  curved  inward  at  the  central  emargination.  Lower  section, 
also  stronfflv  lobed  and  somewhat  rounded. 

All  the  specimens  seen  are  quite  imperfect,  and  are  more  or  less  casts 
of  the  interior.  The  strong  line  of  division  between  the  upper  and  lower 
sections  of  the  valve  gives  one  the  impi-ession  of  a  double  shell,  or  of  two 
distinct  shells  united  along  the  margins;  and  were  it  not  for  the  surface 
markings  they  would  greatly  resemble  in  form  that  of  a  large  Conularia. 
This  species  is  very  closely  allied  in  form  and  surface  markings  to  P. 
quadrcmr/idaris  Goldf  (Petref,  p.  157,  vol.  ii,  pi.  127,  fig.  7),  from  the  Cre- 
taceous sandstones  of  Westphalia  and  Saxon}^,  and  in  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences  collection  is  so  marked  by  I.  Lea,  Esq.,  on  the  label;  but  it 
differs  very  materially  in  its  much  greater  degree  of  expansion  toward  the 
front  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality — One  large  individual  cast  is  from  the  coarse 
marls  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  and  there  are  several  imperfect  specimens,  par- 
tially retaining  the  shell,  from  the  fine  micaceous  clay  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

Suborder  DIMYAEIA. 

ARCID^. 

Genus  ARCA  Linn. 

Area  altirostris. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  22  and  23. 

Area  altirostris  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  325.     Synopsis,  p.  — .    Meek,. 
Check-list,  p.  — .     Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  small,  transverse  in  the  cast,  with  very  much  elevated  and  dis- 
tant beaks,  which  are  situated  a  little  nearset  to  the  anterior  end.     Valves. 


LAMELLTBEANCHIATA  Oi'^  TEE  LOWER  MAELrf.  83 

extremely  ventricose  and  about  oiifc-fourth  loog-er  than  high.  Area  very- 
wide  and  apparently  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  shell.  Ante- 
rior end  abruptly  rounded  backward  from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge,  and 
the  posterior  end  obliquely  truncated,  being  longest  at  the  postero-basal 
angle,  which  is  somewhat  rounded.  Basal  line  very  gently  arcuate,  but  not 
at  all  sinuate  or  with  the  margins  gaping.  Muscular  scars  rather  small,  and 
not  very  distinctly  marked.  Surface  features  and  hinge  of  the  shell 
unknown. 

A  single  internal  cast  of  this  species  only  is  known.  It  presents  very 
strong  affinities  with  Area  qidnquedecemradiata  Gabb  in  nearly  every  par- 
ticular, except  in  being  very  much  smaller  than  the  majority  of  that  species; 
and  were  it  not  for  the  locality  assigned  to  it  (Crosswicks,  N.  J.),  which 
would  bring  it  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous  strata  instead  of  at  the  very  summit 
of  that  formation,  as  is  the  case  with  A.  qumquedecemradiata,  I  should  be 
very  strongly  inclined  to  consider  it  as  only  an  immature  or  perhaps  a 
dwarfed  specimen  of  that  species;  but  if  the  geological  horizon  is  correctly 
assumed  it  might,  on  the  examination  of  the  exterior,  whenever  found, 
prove  to  be  a  distinct  species.  Therefore  I  have  preferred  to  leave  it  as 
such  until  further  information  is  obtained. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  and  is  labeled  "Crosswicks,  N.  J.,"  on  what  authority 
I  cannot  say,  as  the  original  label  belonging  to  it  does  not  bear  any  locality 
mark  other  than  the  letters  "N.  J." 

Genus  NEMODON  Conrad. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  97.) 

Nemodon  Eufaulensis. 
Plate  XII,  Figs.  3-5. 

Area  (Macrodon)  Eufalensis  Gabb.    J.  A.  IJT.  S.  Phil.  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  398,  PJ.  LXVIII, 

fig.  38;  Synop.  p.  96.    Meek,  Geol.  Rept.  N.  Jersey,  1868,  p.  725. 
Trigonoarca  Eufalensis  (Gabb)  Conrad.    Ain.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  9. 
Nemodon  Eufalensis  (Gabb)  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  97,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  16. 

Shell  small,  seldom  reaching  a  length  of  one  inch  in  the  extreme. 
Form  trapezoidal,  the  cardinal  and  basal  margins  subparallel,  and  the 
length  about  twice  and  a  half  as  great  as  the  height.     Antei'ior  end  ob- 


84  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  :>^EW  JEESET. 

liquely  and  i-apidly  receding  from  the  exti-emity  of  the  hhige  and  most 
rapidly  on  the  loM'er  half;  posterioi*  end  obliquely'  truncate,  prolonged 
backward  below  to  the  itmbonal  angle.  Valves  moderatel)^  ventricose, 
with  a  decidedly  angular  umbonal  ridge  behind,  and  a  shallow  mesial  de- 
pression extending  from  the  beaks  to  the  basal  border,  slightly  affecting 
the  basal  line  near  the  middle  of  its  length.  Beaks  large  and  rather  prom- 
inent, situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  Area  modei-ate. 
Surface  marked  by  numerous  fine  radiating  strife  showing  upon  the  cast, 
which  are  a  little  coarser  near  the  posterior  angle  and  on  the  cardinal 
slope,  possibly  somewhat  alternating  in  size  on  the  anterior  end,  but  in- 
distinctly showing  this  feature  on  the  internal  cast.  Hinge-line  marked 
by  two  distinct  linear  teeth  on  the  anterior  end  parallel  to  the  hinge. 
Those  of  the  rest  of  the  hinge  have  not  been  observed. 

This  species  diifers  from  A.  (Cibota)  midtiradiata  Gabb,  in  being  much 
longer  in  proportion  to  its  height,  as  well  as  in  its  generic  features,  which 
are  not  always  easily  recognized  in  the  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  N.  J., 
Mr.  Conrad's  specimen,  which  appears  to  have  been  the  foundation  of  the 
genus  Nemodon,  was  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

ITemodon  angulatum. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Leda  angulata  Gabb.    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1860,  p.  94,  PL  n,  Fig.  12.    (Not 

D'Orb.) 
L.       subangulata  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  133. 
Nueulana  subangulata  (Gabb).     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8. 
m.  angulata  (Gabb).    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Nemodon  angulatum  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876.  p.  316. 
Comijare  Trigonarca  passa  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  43,  PI.  I,  Fig.  17. 

The  only  specimen  of  this  species  which  I  have  seen  from  New  Jersey 
is  an  internal  cast,  which  I  take  to  be  that  figiired  by  Mr.  Gabb,  as  above 
cited,  a  copy  of  which  figure  is  given  on  our  plate.  It  is  about  twice  as 
long  as  high,  with  rather  prominent  beaks  situated  at  considerable  distance 
from  the  anterior  end,  and  with  a  prominent  and  angular  umbonal  ridge. 
The  disk  of  the  valve  is  broadly  sinuate,  giving  a  rather  emarginate  or  con- 


LAMELLIBEAiSrOHTATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  85 

cave  basal  line.  The  posterior  end  is  somewhat  narrowed  and  obliquely  trun- 
cate, the  basal  angle  being  prolonged.  Anterior  end  rather  more  broadly 
rounded.     The  surface  cliaracters  and  hinge  structure  are  yet  unknown. 

In  its  general  appearance  the  cast  somewhat  resembles  N.  Hiifaulensis, 
but  the  beaks  would  appear  to  be  very  much  more  prominent  and  more 
nearly  centrally  situated.  I  strongly  suspect  this  to  be  the  same  species 
more  recently  described  as  Trigonarca  passa  by  Mr.  Conrad,  from  a  still 
smaller  specimen,  from  Crosswick's  Creek,  though  I  have  been  unable  to 
find  any  representative  of  that  species  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  or  elsewhere;  and  I  may  be  mistaken  in 
my  inference. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  in  Burlington 
County,  New  Jersey. 

Netaodon  brevifrons. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Nemodon  hrevifrons  Conrad.    Kerr's  Geol.  Surv.  N.  Oar.,  Appendix,  p.  4,  PI.  1,  Fig.  15. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  subovate  or  subrhomboidal  in 
outline,  moderately  convex,  considerably  less  than  twice  as  long  as  hio'h, 
with  moderate-sized  beaks  for  an  Area,  which  are  rather  within  the  anterior 
third  of  the  length,  are  but  little  projecting  above  the  line  of  the  hinge, 
and  are  closely  approximate.  Umbonal  ridge  prominent,  sti-ong,  and  rather 
inflated,  leaving  a  rather  narrow  and  somewhat  abrupt  posterior  slope. 
Hinge-line  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  and  the  cardinal 
area  narrow  and  slightly  sinuous.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell  somewhat 
broadly  rounded,  nearly  evenly  so  above  and  below;  basal  margin  broadly 
curved  and  the  posterior  end  narrow,  almost  cuneate  below  and  rapidly 
sloping  above  to  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  fine  subobsolete,  radiating  strige,  which  form  lines  of  small 
punctures  where  they  cross  the  nearly  equally  fine  concentric  markings; 
these  are  strongest  on  the  anterior  and  middle  parts  of  the  valves  and  be- 
come almost  obsolete  on  the  posterior  slope  and  on  the  umbonal  ridge. 
Substance  of  the  shell,  very  thin.     The  teeth  are  three  short  laterals  on  the 


gn  PALiEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

posterior  end  parallel  to  the  margin,  and  three  slightly  curved  ones  on  the 
anterior  end  also  nearly  parallel  to  the  margin.     Area,  longitudinally  striate. 

This  shell  differs  from  Area  (Nemodon)  Etifaiilensis  Gabb  in  being  more 
inequilateral,  more  pointed  and  prolonged  behind,  more  ventricose,  less 
sinuate  in  the  middle,  and  in  the  character  of  the  radiating  lines  of  the 
surface. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clay  below  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  There  may  be  some  question  as  to  the 
locality  of  this  shell,  as  the  locality-  is  not  marked  on  the  label  It  was 
found  among  Haddonfield  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  is  supposed  to  have  come  from 
that  place.     Still  it  is  somewhat  questionable. 

Genus  NEMOAKOA  Oonrad,  1870. 

(Am.  Jour.  Goncli.,  vol.  v,  p.  97  (name  only). 

Nemoaroa  cretacea. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  8-10. 

Nemoarca  cretacea  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Couch.,  Vol.  Y,  p.  97,  PI.  IX,  Pig.  21,  1870. 

Shell  small,  seldom  attaining  more  than  half  an  inch  in  extreme  length, 
trapezoidal  in  form,  the  transverse  diameter  being  nearly  once  and  a  half 
the  height.  Valves  very  ventricose,  with  large,  strongljr  inflated,  prominent 
beaks,  situated  nearly  opposite  the  middle  of  the  length.  Hinge-line  straight 
and  low;  area  narrow,  the  length  a  little  less  than  the  greatest  length  of  the 
bodv  of  the  shell.  '  Hinge-plate  narrow,  marked  by  about  twelve  short, 
oblique  teeth  which  diverge  from  the  center  on  each  side,  and  two  or 
three  transverse  teeth  nearly  parallel  to  the  hinge  line  at  the  posterior  end. 
Muscular  imprints  too  faint  to  be  observed  on  well-preserved  casts  of  the 
interioi-.  No  internal  rib  bordering  the  posterior  scar.  Surface  marked  by 
from  four  to  six  fine  radiating  ribs  on  the  posterior  slope,  and  twenty -four  to 
twenty-six  on  the  body  of  the  shell  and  anterior  end.  Strongest  on  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  shell  and  gradually  decreasing  in  size 
anteriorly.  On  some  individuals  one  or  more  of  the  ribs  on  the  posterior 
slope  appear  to  be  divided,  while  all  are  strongly  elevated  and  rather  sharp 
with  narrow  interspaces.  On  the  matrix  there  are  remains  of  distinct  elevated 
concentric  lines  at  regular  distances  crossing  the  radiating  ribs. 


LAMELLIBEANGHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  87 

The  description  thus  far  is  taken  from  internal  casts  and  their  matrices, 
-and  accord  well  with  the  description  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  of  N.  cretacea. 
But  since  writing  the  above  I  have  obtained  from  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  the  type  specimens  of  that 
species,  which  preserve  the  shell  entire.  The  general  form  and  features 
are  the  same,  but  the  surface  of  the  ribs  are  slightl}^  flattened  and  the  inter- 
spaces deep  and  narrow,  and  the  ribs,  about  thirty  of  which  may  be  counted 
on  the  bod}^  and  anterior  end  of  the  shell,  are  beautifully  cancellated  by 
the  concentric  lines.  The  hinge  area  is  moderately  high,  and  is  vertically 
..striated  except  a  narrow  border  arouiud  its  outer  margin.  The  teeth  are  ten 
on  the  posterior  side,  and  six  or  seven  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak. 

The  casts,  except  for  the  strength  of  the  ribs,  present  much  the  features 
in  size  and  proportions  of  Cibota  multiradiata  Gabb,  but  the  beaks  were  not 
-so  distant,  and  the  basal  line  is  not  emarginate  at  the  point  occupied  by  the 
byssal  opening  of  that  species.  These  features  will  serve  to  distinguish 
them  quite  readily. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  specimen  was  from  Haddonfield, 
-iind  the  cast  figured  on  the  plate  is  from  an  iron-stone  nodule  found  near 
J&eyport,  New  Jersey.  Both  are  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  Cretaceous 
ibrmation. 

Genus  BREVIAECA  Conrad. 

(Appendix  Kerr's  Geol.  If.  Car.,  p.  3,  1872.) 

Breviarca  SaSbrdi. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  11  and  12. 

-jlrca  Safordi  Gabb.  J.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  lY,  p.  397,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  37.  Synop- 
sis, p.  97.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  9. 

Trigonarca  Saffordi  (Gabb).    Meek,  Geol.  Sui-v.  If.  J.,  1S68,  p.  725. 

Breviarca  Saffordi  (Gabb).  Conrad,  Proc.  Acad.  jST.  Sci.  Phil.,  1872,  p.  55,  PL  IE, 
Fig.  3. 

Shell  rather  small,  ovately  trapezoidal  in  outline,  with  strongly  ventri- 
-cose  valves  and  large,  tumid,  subcentral  beaks,  which  stand  jorominently 
above  the  hinge  line,  are  incurved  and  approximate.  Hinge  line  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  entire  length  of  the  valves,  with  a  moderately  high, 
-vertically  striated  area,  the  striated  portion  being  bounded  by  a  plain  border 


38  PAL^O^'TOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

over  Avhicli  the  striations  do  not  extend.  Anterior  end  sharply  rounded 
and  the  basal  line  round  and  full.  Posterior  extremity  oblique,  extended 
somewhat  below  and  rounding  into  the  basal  line.  Posterior  umbonal  ridge 
rounded  but  quite  distinct.  Surface  covered  entirely  with  fine,  slightly  raised 
thread-like  strise,  which  are  somewhtit  alternating  in  size  on  the  postero- 
cardinal  slope.  Hinge  plate  moderately  wide  and  distinct!}^  arched  on  the 
inner  margin,  the  line  of  teeth  more  distinctly  arcuate.  Teeth  numerous, 
narrow,  and  diverging  outward  from  beneath  the  beak,  and  gradually 
increasing  in  length  to  near  the  outer  ones.  Muscular  impressions  propor- 
tionally large  and  distinct,  the  posterior  one  having  a  slightly  raised  line  on 
its  anterior  margin,  but  only  seen  in  the  larger  specimens. 

The  species  closely  resembles,  in  its  general  form,  Idonearca  Shumardi 
of  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Black  Hills  Cretaceous,  but  differs  in  being 
radiately  striated,  and  in  the  form  of  the  teeth.  Among  the  Cretaceous 
forms  of  New  Jersey  it  resembles  in  form  Nemoarca  cretacea  Con.  most 
nearly,  but  differs  entirely  in  the  form  of  the  surface  markings.  These 
close  resemblances  show  how  entirely  unsatisfactory  are  these  close  generic 
di\isions.  The  specimen  which  I  have  figured  on  Plate  xii,  figs.  11  and  12, 
appears  to  be  the  same  with  that  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  for  generic  figures  in 
1872,  and  I  have  made  the  figures  as  accurately  as  it  is  possible  to  measure 
the  specimen. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  beneath  the  Lower 
Green  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Genus  TEIGONAEOA  Conrad.    1862, 

(Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  1862,  p.  289,  and  Am.  Jour.  Concb.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  9.) 

Trigonarca  cuneiforniis. 

Plate  Xn,  Figs.  17  and  18. 

Trigonarca  euneiformis  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  98,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  1. 

Shell  quite  small,  not  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  extreme  length  in  any 
of  the  examples  yet  observed.  Trapezoidal  in  outline  and  quite  ventricose. 
Hinge  but  little  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell,  and  the  area 
very  narrow.     Beaks  small,  slightly  incurved.     Anterior  end  of  the  shell 


LAMELLTBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  89 

regularly  rounded;  posterior  end  elongate,  produced  below,  the  posterior 
margin  very  oblique,  so  as  to  make  the  postero-basal  angle  quite  acute. 
Hinge-plate  very  narrow,  marked  by  oblique  transverse  teeth,  the  anterior 
end  having  ten  or  twelve  directed  inward  below,  and  the  posterior  a  some- 
what larger  number  pointed  in  the  opposite  direction.  Muscular  impression 
large,  the  posterior  one  bordered  by  a  slightly  elevated  lamella  on  the  an- 
terior margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  radiating  lines,  strongest  on 
the  anterior  end  and  faintest  on  the  middle  of  the  valve  ;  also  by  concentric 
lines  which  cross  them  and  form  slight  pustules  at  the  junctions. 

The  specimens  used  are  Mr.  Conrad's  types,  a  right  and  a  left  valve, 
and  an  internal  cast  of  a  right  valve.  They  have  much  the  look  of  young 
shells,  and  may  prove  to  be  such  when  the  locality  is  further  examined 
The  ligamental  area  is  very  narrow,  and  on  the  small  specimens  scarcely 
perceptible  with  an  ordinary  lens.  The  hinge-plate  is  reduced  to  almost  a 
line  in  the  middle,  and  the  teeth  and  sockets  are  reduced  to  a  minimum  size, 
while  a  little  posterior  to  the  central  part  there  is  a'short  space  destitute  of 
either  teeth  or  sockets.  The  ridge  bordering  the  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression is  very  slight  and  not  at  all  thickened,  so  that  in  the  cast  the  gash 
marking  its  place  is  scarcely  perceptible. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Mai'l  Beds 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Trigonarca  transversa. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  13-16. 

Cueullcea  transversa  Gabb.    P.  A.  K".  Sci.,  1861,  p.  326. 
G.  transversalis  (Gabb).    Meek,  Check-list.  p.  8. 

Idonearca  transversa  (Gabb).     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  IST.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  ovate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  high, 
exclusive  of  the  large,  prominent,  sHghtly  incurved  and  distant  beaks,  which 
are  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  valve.  Valves 
very  ventricose,  with  a  long  hinge-line  reaching  to  near  the  anterior  end 
and  nearly  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell  Anterior 
end  not  extending  beyond  the  hinge-line,  but  curving  with  a  broad  sweep 
into  the  basal  line  below,  which  is  almost  regularly  but  broadly  curved ; 


•90  PAL^.OXTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

posterior  extremity  pointed  and  the  posterior  margin  very  obliquely  trun- 
cate, straight  on  the  margin  or  slightly  concave,  but  on  many  of  the  casts 
Appearing  rounded  from  the  wearing  away  of  parts,  or  perhaps  from  the 
thickening  of  the  shell  on  the  inside.  Surface  of  the  casts  showing  indica- 
tions of  plications  or  ribs  which  when  well-preserved  appear  to  have  been 
strongest  near  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  and  gradually 
decreasing  in  size  until  they  become  fine  strias  on  the  anterior  end.  Their 
form,  posterior  to  the  umbonal  ridge,  cannot  be  determined  from  any  of  the 
examples  examined.  Muscular  imprints  large,  but  faintly  marked;  the  ridge 
bordering  the  posterior  one  not  strong  and  scarcely  indicated,  but  some- 
times represented  by  a  broad,  shallow  farrow  in  the  cast. 

The  specimens  which  I  have  identified  as  belonging  to  this  species  do 
not  agree  in  all  particulars  with  the  description  as  given  by  Mr.  Gabb;  but 
it  is  the  only  one  known  in  the  New  Jei'sey  beds  which  will  at  all  approach 
it  that  has  not  been  figured  hy  the  authors  of  the  species.  The  principal 
difference  consists  in  the  surface  striae,  which  he  says  are  "numerous."  This, 
one  would  naturally  interpret  as  fine,  but  on  the  best  preserved  examples 
whicb  I  have  examined  they  are  broad  toward  the  umbonal  slope,  measur- 
ing nearly  a  line  in  width.  It  is  possible  they  may  have  been  double,  but 
ihere  are  no  indications  of  it,  and  on  shells  of  this  class,  where  the  substance 
has  been  very  thick,  the  casts  are  often  marked  by  a  series  of  vascular  lines, 
which  appear  as  radiating  striae,  but  which  have  no  immediate  connection 
with  the  external  striae,  and  it  may  have  been  these  which  he  refers  to.  The 
internal  muscular  plate  he  says  is  "low  and  broad.''  On  the  example  bor- 
rowed from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, this  is  the  case,  and  I  suppose  it  to  be  the  example  used  by  Mr.  Gabb, 
.although  found  in  the  collection  without  name.  From  A.  quindecimradiata 
he  says  it  differs  in  having  "probably  twice  the  number  of  ribs  and  by  being 
more  convex."  I  have  seen  quite  a  number  of  examples  of  the  form  he 
figures  under  that  specific  name,  but  they  do  not  retain  the  markings  of  the 
surface,  but  are  marked  with  several  strong,  distant  vascular  ridges;  but 
these  are  not  representatives  of  the  surface  sti'ise,  and  so  far  I-have  no  evi- 
dence of  what  its  surface  may  have  been.  Besides,  they  are  usually  more 
convex;  that  is,  the  valves  are  deeper  according  to  the  size  of  the  shell  than 


LAMELLIBEANGHIATA  OF  TEE  LOWER  MARLS.  tU 

any  of  the-  examples  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species.  I  do  not  think, 
however,  that  there  can  be  any  doubt  that  the  form  here  identified  is  that 
V(?hich  the  author  had  before  him  when  the  description  was  written.  There 
is  so  much  diversity  also  in  the  general  form  and  expression  of  examples  of 
this  type,  when  represented  only  by  internal  casts,  owing  to  the  greater  or 
less  thickening  of  the  valves  with  age  and  other  peculiarities,  that  it  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  draw  the  line  of  specific  distinction  between  them;  and 
it  becomes  a  serious  question  if  many  of  the  species  founded  on  these  casts 
may  not  be  the  same  with  forms  described  under  other  names  from  other 
localities  where  the  shell  itself  is  preserved.  This  question,  however,  can 
only  be  settled  by  obtaining  impressions  of  the  exterior  from  the  beds  where 
the  casts  are  found,  by  carefully  made  collections.  Until  this  is  done  these 
specific  determinations  will  have  to  be  accepted. 

The  casts  of  this  species  have  the  general  form  and  make-up  of  Con- 
rad's genus  Trigonarca,  and  if  these  divisions  are  to  be  accepted  will  neces- 
sarily fall  into  that  place. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Burlington,  Mullica  Hill, 
and,  perhaps,  Arneytown,  New  Jersey;  the  latter  being  the  locality  men- 
tioned with  doubt  by  Mr.  Gabb. 

Genus  OIBOTA  Browne. 

Cibota  rostellata. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  34-36. 

Area  rostellata  Morton.     Synop.,  p.  64,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  11. 
A.      rostellata  (Mort.).    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Cil)Ota  rostellata  (Mort.).     Gabb,  Synop.,  109.    Meek,  Smiths.  Check-list,  p.  9.     Sto- 
liczka.  Pal.  Indica,  p.  346. 

Shell  trapezoidal  and  very  oblique,  the  length  being  about  twice  and 
a  half  the  height,  with  subparallel  cardinal  and  basal  margins,  posterior  end 
very  obliquely  prolonged  beloAV,  and  the  anterior  end  rather  rapidly  round- 
ing backward  from  near  the  hinge-line  to  its  junction  with  the  base.  Basal 
margin  very  percejitibly  sinuate  nearlj^  opposite  the  beaks  and  apparently 
very  slightly  gaping.  Valves  moderately  inflated,  most  ventricose  on  the 
unibones  just  anterior  to  the  sulcus,  which  crosses  them  from  the  beak  to 
the  sinus  of  the  base,  and  then  rapidl}^  declining  to  the  anterior  extremity, 


92  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY. 

hut  sloping  quite  gradually  on  the  posterior  side.  Beaks  moderately  large, 
somewhat  projecting  above  the  hinge  and  shghtly  incurved ;  situated  at 
about  the  anterior  third  of  the  entire  length  of  the  valves.  Cardinal  area 
moderate  in  size  and  extending  about  two-thirds  of  the  length.  Teeth  un- 
known. Surface  as  indicated  on  internal  casts  marked  by  radiating  ribs, 
pretty  fine  and  numerous  on  the  anterior  end  and  in  the  mesial  sulcus,  be- 
coming much  coarser  posteriorly,  and  showing  a  slight  tendency  to  alter- 
nation in  size  between  the  sulcus  and  posterior  umbonal  angle,  and  on  the 
cardinal  slope  a  tendency  to  bifurcation  in  some  cases. 

The  species  is  not  a  very  abundant  one,  but  is  sufficiently  distinct  to 
be  readily  detected  when  found.  It  differs  from  C.  uniopsis  Conrad,  found  in 
the  same  beds,  in  being  more  prolonged  behind,  in  the  smaller  mesial  sulcus 
coarser  and  more  direct  ribs  and  less  quadrangular  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  examples  which  I  have  observed 
from  the  State  are  from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  and  are  from  the  Lower  Green 
Marls ;  Dr.  Morton's  types  having  been  found  in  Alabama,  being  not  often 
found  at  Prairie  Bluff  and  vicinity.  Mr.  Gabb  and  Mr.  Meek  both  cite  it  as 
from  New  Jersey,  but  do  riot  credit  it  to  any  other  locality. 

Cibota  uniopsis. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  32  and  3:i. 

Area  uniojpsis  Conrad.     J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  n.  ser..  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  PI.  XXIV,  Pig.  17. 

Gabb  Synop.,  p.  98.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  9. 
A.?     iiniojysis  (Con.).    Mi  ek,  Geol.  Snrv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size,,  transversely  elongate,  and  trapezoidal 
or  subrhomboidal  in  outline,  with  moderately  convex  valves,  which  are 
broadly  sulcated  in  the  middle,  particularly  on  the  right  valve,  and  only 
moderately  elevated  beaks,  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length, 
and  which  in  the  casts  appear  to  have  been  scarcely  enrolled  and  moderately 
distant  from  each  other.  Hinge-line  not  quite  as  long  as  the  body  of  the 
shell,  in  the  cast  showing  characters  of  a  rather  low  area;  anterior  end 
obliquely  rounded,  receeding  below;  basal  line  broadly  sinuate  and  the 
posterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  longest  below  the  center.  The  surface 
appears  to  have  been  marked  only  by  slender  radii,  as  none  are  preserved 
on  the  casts.     Muscular  scars  only  faintly  impressed. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  TUE  LOWEE  MAKLS.  93 

Casts  of  this  shell  are  usually  found  in  collections  marked  C.  rostellata, 
and  somewhat  closely  resemble  those  of  that  species,  but  they  are  propor- 
tionally broader,  with  the  beaks  more  nearly  central;  the  valves  are  more 
ventricose  behind,  and  fuller  along  the  basal  line,  with  a  decided  sulcation 
near  the  middle,  on  the  right  valve  more  marked  than  on  the  left,  while  on 
the  exterior  the  markings  have  been  decidedly  finer.  It  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  distinguish  among  the  casts  of  this  group  of  shells,  as  the  characters 
often  change  much  according  to  the  thickness  of  the  substance,  causing 
them  to  lose  or  retain  the  form  or  surface-markings  to  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree. But  the  differences  noted  between  this  and  its  nearest  allies  will,  I 
think,  serve  to  distinguish  these  readily. 

Formation  and  locality. — Conrad's  type  came  from  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  near  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  and  I  should  conclude  from  the  lith- 
ological  characters  of  the  others  which  I  have  seen  that  they  are  all  from  that 
region,  and  probably  all  from  the  same  bed. 

Cibota  obesa,  d.  sp. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  30  and  31. 

Shell  small,  with  full  and  very  ventricose  valves,  large  tumid  beaks 
situated  opposite  the  anterior  third  of  the  length,  slightly  enrolled,  and 
distant  from  each  other  as  shown  on  the  internal  cast.  Form  of  the  outline 
trapezoidal,  the  length  of  the  cast  nearly  twice  the  height,  exclusive  of  the 
projection  of  the  beaks;  anterior  end  vertically  i-ounded;  posterior  obliquely 
truncate;  extremity  obtusely  pointed;  basal  line  full,  but  constricted  just 
anterior  to  the  middle  by  the  very  marked  but  short  and  broad  byssal 
opening;  area  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  valve  and  moderately  wide.  On 
the  casts  the  muscular  imprints  are  very  distinctly  marked  and  of  fair  size, 
no  muscular  ridge;  the  outer  margin  indicating-  a  strong  and  abrupt  thicken- 
ing of  the  valves  with  a  crenulated  border;  radiating  lines  indicating  mod- 
erately fine  striae  show  on  nearly  all  parts  of  the  cast,  but  strongest  on  the 
postero-basal  section. 

The  general  form  of  this  species  is  like  a  dwarfed  and  extremely  ven- 
tricose specimen  of  C.  uniopsis  Conrad,  but  is  so  perfectly  neat  and  sym- 
metrical in  its  shape  as  to  preclude  the  idea  of  a  stunted  individual.  The 
valves  are,  however,  equally  ventricose,  while  those  of  that  species  usually 


94  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY, 

are  slightl}-  unequal  and  sometimes  very  decidedly  so.  The  form  of  the 
bj'ssal  opening  is  also  peculiar,  being  broadly  oval  and  regular  instead  oi 
a  long  narrow  slit,  as  is  usual. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  is  an 
internal  cast  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  and  is  marked  "Cibota,  n.  sp.,  Burlington  Co.,  N.  J." 

Cibota  miiltiradiata. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  21  and  22. 

Area  ?  multiradiata  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1860,  p.  95,  PI.  II,  Fig.  1.    Synopsis,. 

p.  — .     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  — .     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  PI.  LXYIII,  p.  725, 
Cibota  nmltiradiaia  Gabb. 
Conip.  C.  cretacea  Conrad,  Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  97,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  21. 

Shell  small,  the  type  specimen  measuring  only  about  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  length.  Valves  transverse,  very  ventricose,  with  a  wide  curved 
cardinal  area,  and  moderately  prominent,  distant  beaks  situated  at  about 
one-third  of  the  length  from  the  anterior  end  Posterior  end  obliquely 
truncate,  longest  below  ;  anterior  end  narrowly  rounded,  very  gradually 
receding  from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge ;  basal  line  gently  convex  through- 
out, the  margins  of  the  valves  slightly  gaping  just  anterior  to  the  middle  of 
their  length.  Hinge-line  nearly  as  long  as  the  shell  below,  and  on  the  cast 
very  slightly  curved.  Muscular  scars  small  and  faint,  the  posterior  one 
bounded  by  a  constriction  on  the  cast  which  leaves  a  furrow  extending  from 
the  margin  of  the  valve  to  near  the  beak.  On  the  margin  of  the  cast  there- 
occurs  minute  crenulse  which  indicate  the  existence  of  strong  but  closely 
arranged  radiating  plications  on  the  surface  of  the  shell. 

The  general  form  of  this  cast  is  like  that  of  Nemoarca  cretacea  Conrad,, 
but  the  specimen  is  somewhat  larger  than  any  of  those  which  I  have  referred 
to  that  species,  and  the  beaks  are  more  distant,  while  that  species  is  not 
emarginate  on  the  base,  being  without  the  byssal  opening  so  distinct  ii: 
this  one. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  individual  known  is  in  the  coUection- 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  and  is  labeled  as  coming 
from  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  which  would  place  it  in  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds. 


LAMELLIEEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  95 

Genus  IDONEARCA  Conrad. 
(P.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  Vol.  XIV,  p.  28^5  ib.,  p.  54,  1872.) 
Idonearca  Tippana. 
Plate  XII,  Figs.  19-21. 

Jucullcea  Tippana,  Conrad.     Jour.  A.  jST.  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  329,  PI.  XXXV,. 

Fig.  1.    Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  118.    Meek,  Checklist,  p.  8. 
Idonearca  capax,  Conrad.     Proc.  A.  K.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1872,  j).  54,  PI.  II,  Fig.  2. 
Not  Idonearca  capax,  Conrad.     Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  series,  Vol.  HI,  p.  328,  PI.. 

XXXV,  Fig.  2. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  inequilateral  and  obliquely  triangular,  with  deep 
valves  and  a  very  angular  umbonal  ridge  and  abrupt  posterior  slope  of 
but  little  width;  beak  only  moderately  prominent;  incurved  and  approxi- 
mate. Cardinal  area  only  moderate,  compared  with  those  of  the  other  species 
associated  with  it.  Hinge-line  about  half  as  long  as  the  shell  or  a  little 
more.  Anterior  end  broadly  rounding  into  the  basal  margin  which  is  nearly 
straight  in  its  posterior  part,  and  the  postero-basal  angle  strongly  marked- 
Surface,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  cast,  marked  only  by  concentric- 
lines.  Muscular  ridge,  as  indicated  by  the  gash  left  in  the  cast,  large  and 
strong,  reaching  nearly  to  the  margin  of  the  valve,  and  situated  nearly 
midway  between  the  umbonal  ridge  and  the  cardinal  border.  Anterior 
muscular  scar  not  distinctly  traceable.  Hinge  teeth  and  features  not  plainly 
seen.     Edge  of  the  valves  on  the  interior  surface  crenulate. 

The  New  Jersey  casts  agree  very  closely  indeed  with  the  figure  of 
I.  Tippana  given  by  Mr.  Conrad,  in  form,  size,  and  general  character,, 
although  the  strong  language  used  in  his  description  would  somewhat  mis- 
lead in  the  absence  of  specimens.  With  examples  of  the  shell  also  from  Ala- 
bama they  correspond  very  closely.  It  is  the  most  distinctly  triangular- 
form  occurring  in  the  New  Jersey  formations,  which  form,  together  with  the 
sharply  angular  umbonal  ridge  and  abrupt  postero-cardinal  slope,  will 
serve  to  distinguish  it  from  any  other  form  exteriorly.  Casts  of  the  interior, 
however,  made  from  one  of  the  Alabama  specimens,  is  so  very  similar  to 
the  smaller  casts  of  I.  vulgaris,  that  it  would  require  a  critical  eye  indeed 
to  detect  the  differences.  The  hinge  of  the  Alabama  specimen  above  re- 
ferred to  is  very  broad  and  the  shell  very  thick;  the  teeth  are  strong  and 
few  in  number,  and  do  not  differ  very  materially  from  those  of  I.  vulgaris' 


96  '        PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

so  far  as  those  have  been  observed.  A  figure  of  the  Alabama  specimen  is 
added  on  the  plate  by  the  side  of  the  New  Jersey  specimei.:  for  coi^parison  with 
the  other  forms.  Mr.  Conrad  would  appear  to  refer  the  New  -Tersey  shells  t(i 
his  I.  capax,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  ScienutS  PhiUvdp^ 
phia,  1872,  p.  54,  as  he  figures  one  which  he  states  is  from  New  Jersey,  on  pi. 
ii,  fig.  2  of  that  volume,  but  on  comparison  with  the  original  figure  of  that 
species  in  the  Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  series,  vol.  iii,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  2,  one  will 
readily  see  that  this  identification  must  be  very  erroneous,  as  that  shell,  which 
is  from  Mississippi,  is  of  very  different  shape  and  has  a  very  much  shorter 
hinge-line  than  the  New  Jersey  specimens,  while  a  comparison  with  fig.  1 
of  the  same  plate  will  show  to  which  the  New  Jersey  examples  belonjj. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  indurated  green  earth  beneath  the  Middlt 
Marl  Bsd,  at  the  deep  cut  of  the  Holmdel  and  Keyport  turnpike,  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey. 

Idouearca  antroBa. 
Plate  XIII,  Fig.  6-11. 

Cucullwa  antrosa,  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  65,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  6.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  116. 

Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8. 
Idonearea  antrosa  (Morton).    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 
J.  antrosa  (IMortou).     Gabb.     Proc.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  315. 

I.  neglecia  Gabb.      Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,   Phil.,   1876,  p.  314,  =  Gucullcea  neglecta 

Gabb.     lb.,  1861,  p.  326. 

Shell  subcircular  in  outline,  or  very  slightly  ovate  from  being  a  little 
prolonged  at  the  postero-basal  angle,  very  slightly  oblique  with  a  straight 
hinge  line,  which  is  about  half  as  long  as  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell. 
Beaks  large,  erect,  and  slightly  incurved,  but  not  projecting  beyond  tiie 
edge  of  the  proportionally  small  ligamental  area  which  is  marked  by 
oblique  grooves,  as  in  all  species  of  the  group.  Surface  of  the  shell  slightly 
angulated  along  the  postero-umbonal  slope  and  very  convex;  marked  by 
numerous  strong  concentric  lines  of  growth  at  irregular  distances;  no  radi- 
ating strise.  Hinge-plate  narrow  in  small  and  medium  sized  specimens  and 
the  teeth  small,  but  barely  bend  down  at  their  inner  extremity  and  few  in 
number;  the  denticulations  along  the  middle  of  the  hinge  vertical  and 
small.  On  large  individuals  the  outer  teeth  are  strong,  from  four  to  five 
in  nu.mber  on  each  side,  according  to  the  size  of  the  individual;  slightly 
declining  outwardly,  and  the  bent  portion  usuall}^  nearly  half  as  long  as 


LAMELLIBKANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  97 

the  horizontal  portion,  the  bending  being  at  an  angle  within  ninety  de- 
grees, the  denticles  on  the  middle  part  of  the  hinge  being  small  and 
numerous.  Muscular  scars,  as  seen  on  the  casts,  strongly  marked;  the  im- 
pression of  the  ridge  deep,  strongly  arched,  and  situated  pretty  well  up  on 
the  posterior  slope;  surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  rather  strong  vascular 
lines.  The  outer  margin  of  the  cast  is  bordered  by  a  strong  keel,  indicating 
the  great  thickening  of  the  valves  along  the  pallial  line. 

The  internal  casts  of  the  species,  the  condition  in  which  it  is  usually 
recognized,  are  quite  globose,  with  distant  and  highly  projecting  beaks;  the 
hinge-line  being  strongly  curved  in  large  specimens,  and  the  strong  projecting 
keel  extends  around  three  sides,  being  broadest  on  the  anterior.  In  these 
casts  there  is  seldom  any  evidence  of  the  hinge  structure  preserved,  and  it 
is  rarely  that  we  find  specimens  which  give  any  clue  to  these  parts  of  the 
shell.  A  single  large  individual  from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  preserving  the  shell  in 
part,  I  was  enabled  to  manipulate  so  as  to  get  the  impi-ession  of  the  teeth 
on  each  end  of  the  hinge,  and  to  some  extent  the  line  of  small  teeth  between 
them.  These  show  very  decidedly  the  features  of  Idonearca  as  established 
by  Mr.  Conrad. 

Among  the  specimens  which  I  have  referred  to  this  species,  there  are 
several  from  a  white  sandy  layer  from  Holmdel,  N.  J.,  in  the  cabinet  at 
Rutgers  College,  which  are  labeled  C.  negleda  Gabb.  There  are  others  of 
the  same  kind  also  from  white  sandy  nodules  occurring  at  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Marl  Bed  at  Marlborough,  N.  J.,  in  Mr.  Schanck's  collection,  bor- 
rowed for  this  work.  These  specimens  preserve  the  shell  in  most  instances, 
and  furnish  the  features  of  the  shell  as  given  above.  Mr.  Gabb  described 
these  as  a  distinct  form  under  the  name  C.  negleda^  but  I  can  see  no  reason 
for  considering  them  as  distinct  from  /.  antrosa  Morton.  Of  course  their  ap- 
pearance is  very  different  when  the  shell  is  retained  from  that  presented  by 
the  internal  casts  alone,  and  the  hinge  features  are  quite  inconspicuous  in 
these  small  shells  as  compared  with  that  shown  to  exist  in  the  large  specimen 
figured.  Still  all  the  features  are  there,  and  it  only  needs  the  strengthening 
of  these  by  increase  of  growth  to  make  them  the  same. 

Formation  and  locality. — Those  preserving  the  shell,  including  those 
marked  Ououllcea  negleda  by  Mr.  Gabb,  are  from  nodules  of  white  sandy 
4418  MON  9 7 


98  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

marl  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Marlborough,  Monmouth 
County,  and  from  the  same  horizon  near  Holmdel;  the  former  from  Mr. 
Schanck's  collection  and  the  latter  from  the  Rev.  M.  Riley.  Casts  of  the 
I.  antrosa  have  been  recognized  at  very  many  localities  of  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds,  among  which  Holmdel,  Freehold,  and  Monmouth  are  the  most  prom- 
inent. One  specimen  of  a  cast  from  Freehold  is  very  large,  and  must  have 
measured  quite  three  and  a  half  inches  transverse  diameter  when  entire. 
The  largest  specimen  from  the  nodules  of  white  sand,  which  retains  the 
shell  in  part,  would  measure,  if  restored,  fully  two  and  three-fourths  inches. 

Idonearca  vulgaris. 
Plate  XIII,  Figs.  1-5. 

Cucidlcea  vulgaris  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  64,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  8,  and  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  5.    Gabb, 

Synop.,  p.  lis.    Meek,  Checklist,  p.  S. 
Idonearca  vulgaris  (Conrad).     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725.     Gabb,  P.  A.  N. 

Sci.,  Pbil.,  1876,  p.  313. 
Cucidlcea  te'rminalis  Conrad.    Mex.  Boundary  Surv.,  p.  148,  PI.  IV,  Fig.  2. 

The  casts  of  this  species  are  often  large  and  indicate  a  rather  ponder- 
•ous  shell,  which  often  attained  a  considerable  size,  was  trapezoidal  in  form, 
very  ventricose,  and  very  oblique.  The  beaks,  as  shown  on  the  casts,  are 
large,  elevated,  and  distant,  with  a  strongly  angular  umbonal  ridge  extend- 
ing from  them  backward  to  the  postero-basal  angle.  The  postero-cardinal 
slope  is  short  and  quite  abrupt,  and  the  junction  of  the  valves  strongly 
keeled  when  perfect,  though  this  part  is  often  broken  away.  The  portion 
representing  the  line  of  the  cardinal  area  is  curved,  and  the  gash  on  the 
postero-cardinal  slope  formed  by  the  muscular  ridge  is  deep,  often  wide  in 
old  individuals,  is  situated  above  the  middle  of  the  slope,  and  extends  from 
the  edge  of  the  keel,  at  this  point,  to  fully  two-thirds  the  distance  between 
the  margin  and  the  beaks.  Anterior  muscular  scar  often  distinctly  marked, 
but  faint  in  many  cases.     Body  of  the  cast  radially  striated. 

A  cast  of  a  single  right  valve,  which  I  have  referred  to  this  species, 
preserves  the  impression  of  the  hinge  to  some  extent,  but  not  sufficiently 
perfect  to  show  the  character  of  the  hinge-line  along  its  middle  portion. 
The  valve  is  less  ventricose  than  many  of  those  where  the  two  are  in  con- 
tact.    The  hinge-line  is  just  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  shell. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  99 

and  the  plate  has  been  wide  at  the  extremities,  the  teeth  have  been  nearly- 
parallel  to  the  outer  line,  not  bent  or  inclined  downward  as  in  I.  antrosa. 
There  are  four  indentations  and  four  ridges  on  the  posterior  end,  and  ap- 
parently two  on  the  anterior  end;  but  their  inner  ends  are  not  visible,  con- 
sequently I  cannot  see  if  they  were  recurved  at  this  point. 

There  is  great  variability  in  the  general  form,  in  the  degree  of  obliquity, 
in  the  ventricosity  of  the  valves,  in  the  distance  between  the  beaks,  and  in 
the  abruptness  of  the  posterior-cardinal  slope,  among  the  specimens  which 
it  seems  necessary  to  refer  to  this  species.  Much  of  this  is  apparently 
dependent  on  the  age  of  the  shells  and  on  the  thickening  of  the  valves, 
especially  along  the  pallial  line.  I  have  not  seen  any  specimens  which  give 
the  slightest  evidence  of  the  surface  features  of  the  shell,  so  that  of  this  feat- 
ure I  can  say  nothing.  The  species  is  distinguished  from  the  associated 
forms  principally  by  its  extreme  ventricosity  and  the  obliquity  of  the  valves 
as  seen  in  the  casts ;  and  in  most  specimens  the  gash  representing  the  mus- 
cular ridge  is  deeper  than  in  the  other  forms.  In  the  younger  individuals 
the  form  is  propoi'tionally  less  ventricose,  and  consequently  the  beaks  are 
nearer  each  other  and  the  posterior  slope  less  abrupt. 

Formation  and  locality. — Casts  of  this  species  are  found  at  very  many 
of  the  localities  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  throughout  the  extent  of  the 
formation  in  the  State.  There  ai'e  specimens  before  me  from  Holmdel, 
Freehold,  Woodbury,  Burlington,  Mullica  Hill,  and  Marshall ville.  New  Jer- 
sey. The  species  is  also  recognized  from  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala.,  and  it  is  cited 
by  Mr.  Gabb  and  Mr.  Meek  from  the  State  of  Delaware. 

Genus  AXINEA  Poll. 
Axinea  Mortoni. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  23-25. 

Axinea  Mortoni,  Con.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Y,  p.  44,  PI.  I,  fig.  14. 

A.         hamula  and  A.  australis  (Mort.)  Gabb.     Synop.,  p.  103,  Proc.  A.  K  S.,  1876,  Vol. 

11,  p.  317,  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8. 
A.         rotunda  and  ^i.  subaustralis  Meek.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1S68,  p.  725. 
A.  stibanstralis  D'Orb.     Prod,  de  Pal.,  p.  243,  ifo.  667. 

Among  the  shells  of  Axinea  obtained  from  the  cretaceous  beds  of  New 
Jersey  are  two  distinct  species,  one  of  which  is  nearly  circular  in  outline, 


100  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

being  only  very  slightly  oblique,  and  with  very  ventricose  valves.  The  other 
is  more  elevated,  less  rotund,  and  very  equilateral.  There  appears  to  have 
been  much  uncertainty  in  the  minds  of  most  authors  who  have  studied 
these  shells  as  to  their  specific  identity  and  also  as  to  their  relations  with 
those  from  other  localities.  Dr  Morton  describes  two  species  in  his  synop- 
sis, from  Prairie  Blufi",  Ala.,  and  mentions  a  third  species  which  he  says 
occurs  in  the  "marls  of  New  Jersey."  In  Vol.  V,  p.  44,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 
Mr.  Conrad  gives  this  last  the  name  Axinea  Mortoni,  giving  a  figure  but  no 
description.  While  Messrs.  Gabb  and  Meek  have  considered  the  New  Jer- 
sey specimens  as  the  same  with  those  from  Prairie  Bluff",  Ala.,  D'Orbigny 
takes  the  name  of  one  of  Morton's  Prairie  Bluff  species,  P.  australis,  and  sub- 
stitutes a  new  name,  P.  suhaustraUs,  for  it,  and  cites  New  Jersey  as  the  locality 
(Prod,  de  Pal,  Vol.  II,  p.  24.!,  No.  667).  The  Alabama  specimens,  of  which  I 
have  seen  casts,  are  all  small,  but  are  broader  in  proportion  to  their  height  than 
are  those  from  New  Jersey,  while  the  beaks  are  sharper  and  have  a  decided 
anterior  inclination.  Considering  all  the  above  facts,  I  am  inclined  to  con- 
sider the  New  Jersey  forms  as  distinct  from  either  of  the  Alabama  species, 
and  to  adopt  Mr.  Conrad's  name  Axinea  Mortoni  for  the  smaller  and  more 
rotund  of  the  two  species,  that  one  corresponding  most  nearly  with  the 
figure  which  he  gave  with  the  name.  The  shells  are  found  of  various  sizes 
up  to  an  inch  and  an  eighth  in  height,  with  a  transverse  diameter  somewhat 
greater,  while  the  thickness  of  the  united  valves  slightly  exceeds  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch.  The  form  is  nearly  circular,  slightly  oblique,  the  valves 
most  ventricose  on  the  umbonal  region.  Area  very  small,  short,  and  nar- 
row. Surface  marked  by  concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  rather  even  sub- 
obsolete  radiating  striae.  The  internal  casts,  which  I  have  identified  as  the 
same,  show  the  hinge  plate  to  have  been  fairly  wide  on  the  sides,  and  to 
have  been  marked  by  eight  or  nine  teeth  on  each  side,  as  far  as  can  be 
seen  outside  of  the  breadth  of  the  filling  of  the  beak,  which  are  directed 
very  nearly  or  quite  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  the  inner  border  of  the 
plate.     Inner  margin  of  the  cast  strongly  crenulate. 

The  shell  in  its  general  form  closely  resembles  A.  rotundata  Grabb, 
described  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  at  Eufaula,  Ala.,  but  is  more  ventri- 
cose, more  distinct!}^  striate,  has  a  rather  smaller  area,  and  possesses  a  little 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  101 

obliquity,  which  that  species  does  not  show.  Mr.  Gabb,  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1876,  p.  317,  con- 
siders all  the  New  Jersey  forms  and  the  Georgian  shells  as  of  one  and  the 
same  species,  and  refers  with  but  little  doubt  A.  hellasculpta  Con.  to  the 
same,  but  says  nothing  about  his  previously-described  A.  rotundata.  He 
also  speaks  of  seeing  and  using  the  types  of  Dr.  Morton's  species,  which  I 
have  not  been  able  to  find,  and,  strange  to  say,  I  have  not  found  a  single 
individual  of  Axinea  from  New  Jersey  in  the  Academy  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  at  Holm- 
del;  Walnford,  Manalapan,  at  George  Hunt's  pits,  N.  J. ;  Mr.  Conrad  cites 
Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 

Axinea  alta,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  26-29. 

The  casts  of  this  species  are  usually  somewhat  larger  than  those  of  A. 
Mortoni,  and  are  more  elevated  at  the  beak;  the  fillings  of  the  rostral  portions 
being  very  long  and  curved  inward  toward  each  other,  showing  that  the 
hinge-plate  has  been  very  wide,  and  the  beaks  probably  considerably 
projecting  beyond  its  margin.  In  these  casts  the  portion  which  extends 
above  the  line  of  junction  of  the  plates  of  the  two  valves  measures  about 
two-fifths  of  the  entire  height  of  the  cast.  Muscular  scars  rather  large  and 
distinct,  the  line  of  advance  being  marked  on  both  by  a  distinct  ridge  on 
the  cast.  Margin  of  the  cast  below  the  pallial  line,  broad,  and  the  border 
strongly  crenulate.  Teeth  strong  and  but  few  in  number,  and  distinctly 
bent  downward  at  their  inner  ends,  while  theii-  direction  is  more  lateral 
than  in  A.  Mortoni.  Central  parts  of  the  hinge,  cardinal  area,  and  exterior  of 
the  shell  unknown. 

Among  the  New  Jersey  specimens  the  elevated  beaks,  less  rotundity 
of  the  valves,  and  stronger  and  more  outwardly  directed  teeth  will  serve  to 
distinguish  this  from  A.  Mortoni.  From  the  Alabama  and  other  southern 
species  there  is  almost  no  means  of  comparison,  as  no  part  of  the  shell  of 
this  one  has  been  seen. 

FormQtion  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  of  the  Cretaceous  at 
C.  Bruere's  pits,  Walnford;  also  at  Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 


102  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

NUCULIDJi:. 

Genus  NUCULA  Lam. 

Nucula  percrassa. 

Plate  XT,  Fiss.  4-6. 

Nucula  percrassa  Conrad.    Joiir.  A.  N.  S.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  327,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  4. 
Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  149.   Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 
N.  percrassa  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Pbil.,  1876,  p.  318. 

A  single  cast  of  tliis  species  occurs  in  the  collections  of  the  A.  N.  S., 
Phil.,  sent  to  me  in  a  tray  with  two  specimens  of  Cihota  uniopsis  Con.,  from 
New  Jersey,  and  probably  from  near  Burlington,  but  without  distinctive 
mark,  either  as  to  species  or  locality.  The  lithological  features  of  it  are 
quite  different  from  those  of  the  Cibota  in  the  tray,  and  I  presume  it  to  be 
from  Haddonfield  or  in  that  vicinity.  The  sj)ecies  has  been  recognized  by 
several  authors  as  coming  from  New  Jersey,  and  consequently  I  have 
figured  this  specimen  as  presumably  from  within  the  State. 

The  cast  is  more  elongate  than  any  of  those  of  N.  Slackiana  Gabb,  the 
nearest  allied  form,  and  the  shell  has  been  more  thickened.  The  cast  is 
about  as  long  again  as  high,  with  very  large  projecting  beaks,  which  are 
situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  The  muscular  scars  are 
very  strong,  and  the  pallial  line  very  well  marked.  The  teeth,  as  indicated 
on  the  cast,  have  been  quite  numerous,  and  extend  on  the  posterior  side  to 
the  muscular  scars,  but  are  obliterated  on  the  anterior  side.  The  ligament 
pit  is  well  marked,  but  not  prominent.  No  markings  of  the  exterior  are 
preserved,  the  shell  having  been  too  thick  to  transmit  them. 

The  shell  has  been  proportionally  more  elongate  than  N.  Slackiana, 
while  nearl3'of  the  same  height,  and  the  beaks,  I  should  judge,  were  farther 
removed  from  the  anterior  end.  I  think  the  species  quite  distinct  from  tliat 
one,  and  well  worthy  of  being  retained  as  valid. 

Nucula  Monmouthensis,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XI,  Fig.  1. 

Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  triangularly  ovate,  with  convex 
valves  and  sharp,  pointed  beaks,  which  are  even  with  the   anterior  end  of 


LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  103 

the  shell.  Posterior  hinge-line  long  and  straight;  anterior  end  truncate 
and  at  right  angles  to  the  postero-cardinal  line;  basal  line  ventricosely 
convex,  more  sharply  rounded  near  the  anterior  truncation;  posterior 
extremity  of  the  valves  narrowly  rounded.  Anterior  slope  vertical,  or  nearly 
so,  forming  an  angulation  which  extends  from  the  beak  to  the  antero-basal 
margin;  postero-cardinal  slope  abruptly  rounded.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  fine  concentric  lines,  and  a  few  distant  varices  of  growth;  no 
radiating  striae  can  be  distinguished  on  the  surface.  Posterior  hinge  with 
about  twenty  sharp,  somewhat  recurved  teeth;  anterior  side  not  observed; 
ligamental  pit  moderate  in  size. 

This  species  differs  in  shape  from  any  American  Cretaceous  species  yet 
described.  It  approaches  most  nearly  N.  distorta  Gabb  (Jour.  A.  N.  Sci., 
Phil.,  new  series, Vol.  IV,  p.  396,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  34),  from  the  Ripley  group 
of  Tennessee,  but  is  much  less  distinctly  triangular,  and  does  not  possess 
the  radiating  lines  of  the  surface  as  in  that  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  white  limestone  nodules  of  the  lower 
Cretaceous  marls  at  Marlborough,  N.  J.  A  second  specimen,  rather  more 
curved  on  the  postero-cardinal  margin,  occurs  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  from  Haddonfield,  New 
Jersey,  in  soft  micaceous  sand. 

Nucula  Slackiana. 
Plate  XI,  Pigs.  2  and  3. 

Leda  SlacMana  Gabb.    A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2cl  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  397,  PI.  LXVni,  Fig.  37. 

Synopsis,  p.  133. 
Nuculana  SlacMana  (Gabb).    Meek,  Cliecli-list,  p.  8.    Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868, 

p.  725. 
Nucula  SlacMana  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Pliil.,  1876,  p.  318,  but  doubtfully  referred  to 

If.  percrassa  Gabb. 
?  N.        percrassa  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  K".  S.,  1876,  p.  318. 
Not  N.  percrassa  Conrad.    J.  A.  N,  S.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  327,  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  4. 

Shell  of  rather  large  size  for  the  genus.  General  form  ovate,  elon- 
gate-triangular, or  subelliptical ;  about  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  high, 
with  the  anterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  but  rather  long;  cardinal  line 
slightly  arcuate;  base  gently  curving  and  the  posterior  end  rather  sharply 
rounded,  and  almost  obtusely  pointed  near  the  line  of  the  hinge.     Muscular 


104  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

scar  as  seen  on  the  internal  cast  large  and  distinct  on  the  anterior  end,  less 
strong!)^  so  on  the  posterior.  Teeth  strong  on  the  posterior  side  and  grad- 
ually decreasing  toward  the  beak;  twenty  roay  be  counted  on  the  cast 
figured.  Those  of  the  anterior  side  not  seen.  Margin  strongly  and  deeply 
crenulate.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  fine  radiating  striae,  which  are 
but  faintly  marked  on  the  body  of  the  valve,  but  are  much  more  strongly 
developed  near  the  margin,  meeting  the  crenulations  of  the  edge  of  the 
shell  so  as  to  deeply  indent  the  border.  Also  by  strong  concentric  lines  of 
growth.     Internal  structure  of  the  shell  strongly  fibrous. 

Mr.  Gabb  remarks,  on  page  318,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1876,  that  he 
has  "  little  doubt  this  will  prove  to  be  identical  with  N.  percrassus,"  a 
species,  previously  described,  from  Patula  Creek,  Greorgia ;  a  form  much 
larger  and  of  a  slightly  different  shape.  I  think  it  extremely  doubtful  if 
this  opinion  be  correct,  however,  for  according  to  the  figure  of  that  species, 
it  is  much  more  triangular  in  form  than  this  one.  On  account  of  which 
difference,  in  the  absence  of  authentic  specimens  of  that  species  with  which 
to  compai-e,  I  should  prefer  to  consider  them  as  distinct.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  about  the  generic  relations  of  this  shell,  as  the  form  is  entirely  unlike 
that  of  Leda  and  Nuculana. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays,  under  the  Lower  Marl 
Bed,  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  near  Marlborough,  New  Jersey.  Mr. 
Gabb's  specimens  were  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 

Nucula  perequalis. 

N^ucula perequaKs  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  281.    Meek,  Geol. 
Eept.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Mr.  Conrad  describes  this  species  as  follows:  "Triangular,  rather  elon- 
gated, equilateral,  ventricose;  dorsal  margins  equally  declining;  end  mar- 
gins acutely  and  equally  rounded;  basal  margins  regularly  rounded."  The 
locality  given  is  Eufaula,  Barbour  County,  Alabama. 

Mr.  Meek  cites  this  as  a  New  Jersey  species  in  his  list  given  in  the 
Geological  Report  for  1868,  p.  725.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  Mr.  Con- 
rad's type  specimen,  and  as  he  did  not  figure  it,  it  is  nearly  impossible  to 
identify  a  form  of  this  character  from  so  imperfect  a  description.  More- 
over, as  the  species  was  oi'iginally  described  from  a  Southern  locality,  I 


LAMELLIBEAXCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  105 

feel  some  doubt  in  regard  to  its  correct  identification  from  New  Jersey 
without  personal  inspection.  Some  of  the  shorter  specimens  of  N.  Slackiana 
Gabb  agree  nearly  with  the  above  description,  but  I  have  preferred  to 
adopt  the  name  which  is  accompanied  with  a  figure  rather  than  one  without, 
where  there  is  so  much  uncertainty  as  in  this  case. 

Genns  NTJCULAIstA  Link. 
Nuculana  protexta. 
Plate  XI,  Fig.  10. 

Leila  protexia  Gabb.    J.  A.  I^T.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  303,  PI.  XLVHI,  Fig. 

23  on  Plate  XXIII  in  text. 
Nuculana  protexta  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  X.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  318.    Meek,  Geol.  Eept.  X.  J., 

1868,  p.  725. 
Xot  Leda protexta  Gabb.    J.  A.  X.  Sci.,  Phil.,  VoL  IV,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  36,  p.  397. 
Xot  Yoldia  protexta  Conrad=F.  alharia.    Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  213,  PL 

XXI,  Fig.  2,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  8. 

Shell  very  elongate  and  narrow,  the  narrow  end  about  once  and  a 
half  as  long  as  the  wider  and  strongly  recurved.  Valves  moderately  ven- 
tricose  and  the  beaks  only  moderately  elevated;  anteiior  end  narrowl}^ 
rounded  and  the  posterior  extremity  extended  and  naiTOW ;  basal  line 
gibbous  in  the  middle.  On  the  cast  the  hinge  is  seen  to  be  marked  by  a 
very  large  number  of  small  teeth,  but  the  number  cannot  be  made  out  on 
any  of  the  several  specimens  examined.  The  cartilage  pit  beneath  the 
beak  has  been  of  moderate  size.     Surface  features  of  the  shell  unknown. 

This  species  very  closely  resembles  Perrisonota  protexta  Conrad,  sp., 
and  would  probably  also  fall  under  that  genus  if  retained.  It  difi'ers  in 
being  a  little  less  elongated  posteriorly,  while  the  anterior  or  larger  end  is 
proportionally  very  much  more  elongated,  throwing  the  beaks  more  nearly 
in  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  The  posterior  cardinal  slope  is 
not  flattened  and  distinctly  separated  from  the  body  of  the  shell  by  an  in- 
distinct ridge  as  in  that  species.  There  has  been  considerable  confusion  in 
regard  to  the  use  of  the  specific  name  protexta  in  this  group  of  shells,  as  it 
has  been  applied  to  three  distinct  species  at  different  times.  Two  of  them 
given  by  Mr.  Gabb  and  one  by  Mr.  Conrad.  I  have  retained  it  foi-  this 
species  as  it  is  the  earliest  application  of  the  name.     Mr.  Conrad  changed 


106  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

his  species  to  Yoldia  albaria  (=Nuculana  albaria  as  herein  used),  and  I  have 
changed  Mr.  Gabb's  second  one  to  Nuculana  Gabbana;  so  that  at  present 
only  one  species  bears  the  name. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  and  at 
Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey.  Thei'e  are  several  specimens  of  the  casts  in  the 
collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia  from  each  of 
the  above  mentioned  localities,  and  one  of  those  which  I  have  figured  I 
suppose  to  be  that  originally  figured  by  Mr.  Gabb  as  above  cited,  but  it  is 
labelled  as  from  Crosswicks,  N.  J.,  while  under  the  description  Mr.  Gabb 
cites  only  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey. 

Nuculana  Gabbana,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  H-13. 

Leda protexta  Gabb.  J.  A,  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Yol.  IV,  p.  397,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  36. 
Not  Leda  {Nuculana)  protexta  Gabb.     lUd.,  p.  303,  PI.  XLVIII,  Fig.  23  (24  in  text),  or 

Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 
Not  Nuculana  protexta  Conrad.    Am.  J.  Ooncli.,  Vol.  I,  p.  147,  PI.  II,  Fig.  6  (Eocene) 

=  N.  albaria  Con. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  extremely  elongated,  the  length  being  nearly 
twice  and  a  half  the  extreme  height.  Valves  convex,  regularly  and  evenly 
rounded.  Beaks  small,  appressed  and  incurved,  and  distinctly  inclined 
toward  the  narrower  end  of  the  shell,  scarcely  rising  above  the  hinge-line 
on  the  wider  part,  and  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  from  the 
larger  end.  Cardinal  margin  on  the  wider  end  gently  arcuate  and  a  little 
more  strongly  concave  on  the  narrower  side  of  the  beak;  large  extremity  of 
the  shell  sharply  rounded;  basal  margin  gently  rounded  throughout  and 
the  posterior  end  narrow  and  rounded.  As  the  specimen  is  an  internal  cast, 
it  preserves  no  evidences  of  the  surface  characters.  The  muscular  scars 
are  extremely  faint  and  the  pallial  line  undistinguishable,  although  the  cast 
is  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation  and  somewhat  polished  on  the  surface 
from  the  perfect  condition.  The  hinge-line  has  been  marked  by  a  large 
number  of  very  fine  teeth,  gradually  increasing  in  size  from  the  center  out- 
ward. On  the  wider  end  of  the  shell  there  are  about  twenty-five  visible 
under  a  glass  and  about  twenty  somewhat  stronger  ones  on  the  narrower 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OP  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  107 

side  of  the  beak.  The  ligamental  pit  has  been  of  moderate  size,  but  well 
marked  and  deep.  A  single  cast  of  this  species  was  found  in  the  collection 
of  Princeton  College,  labeled  L.  protexta  Gabb  in  a  handwriting  which  I 
sujaposed  to  be  Mr.  Conrad's.  The  cast  diflPers  materially  from  that  of  L. 
protexta  Gabb,  as  given  on  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  23  (24),  Jour.  A.  N.  Sci., 
Vol.  IV,  in  the  proportional  length  of  the  shell  and  the  narrow  posterior 
extremity,  but  corresponds  very  well  with  that  figured  afterwards  on  Plate 
LXVIII,  Fig.  36,  from  Tennessee;  consequently  I  have  deemed  it  proper 
to  separate  it  under  a  distinct  name. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  "Freehold,  New 
Jersey. 

Nuculana  longifrons. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  16  and  17. 

Leda  longifrons  Conrad.    J.  A.  IT.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  281,  PL  XL VI,  Fig.  18. 

Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  133. 
Nuadana  longifrons  (Con.).    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  subelliptical  or  subovate  in  form, 
a  little  narrower  behind  than  in  front  of  the  beaks.  Beaks  very  small  and 
inconspicuous,  situated  rather  more  than  one-third  of  the  entire  length  from 
the  anterior  end  of  the  valve.  Cardinal  margin  very  gently  declining  on 
each  side  of  the  beaks;  anterior  end  rounded,  longest  above  the  middle  of 
tlie  height;  posterior  end  more  narrowly  rounded,  longest  just  below  the 
extremity  of  the  hinge;  basal  line  very  gently  curved  in  the  middle  and 
more  abruptly  so  toward  the  extremities.  Surface  of  the  shell  polished, 
but  marked  by  extremely  fine  concentric  stria?  of  growth.  In  the  interior 
the  hinge-line  is  marked  by  proportionally  long  curved  teeth ;  those  on  the 
anterior  side  being  largest  and  numbering  fifteen  or  twenty,  those  of  the 
posterior  side  very  small  and  numerous. 

The  largest  individual  of  the  species  which  I  have  seen  measures  about 
one  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length.  It  is  very  imperfect,  however,  and  too 
poor  for  illustration.  The  species  may  be  recognized  by  the  great  height 
of  the  shell  across  the  posterior  extremity,  and  by,  the  almost  regularly 
elliptical  form  of  the  valve  and  absence  of  the  recurving  of  the  posterior 
side,  as  in  most  species  of  the  genus.     None  of  the  five  individuals  before 


108  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBT. 

me  show  the  ligamental  pit  beneath  the  beak  on  the  hinge-area,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  I  am  not  able  to  fully  determine  if  it  is  a  true  Nuculana, 
or  if  it  may  more  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Yoldia. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  fine  micaceous  clay  at  the  base  of  Creta.- 
ceous  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Conrad's  type  specimens  were  from 
a  similar  deposit  at  Eufaula,  Barbour  County,  Alabama. 

Nuculana  pinnaformis. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  7  and  8. 

Leda  pinnaforma  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  303,  PL  XLVIII,  Fig.  22 

(by  error,  23  in  text). 
L.  pimueformis  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  133. 
Xuculana  pinn(eformis  (Gabb).    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  8,  and  N.  pinnaformis  (Gabb), 

Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

SheU  minute,  the  only  example  seen  being  only  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  length.  Form  elliptically  cuneate,  very  ventricose,  and  comparatively 
broad  across  the  beaks,  with  the  posterior  extremity  pointed.  Beaks  large 
and  rather  prominent,  dii'ected  backwards,  and  situated  about  two-fifths  of 
the  length  from  the  anterior  end.  Anterior  end  broadly  rounded,  a  little 
pointed  at  the  longest  part;  basal  line  extremely  gibbous.  Postero-cardinal 
margin  depressed,  foi'ming  a  narrow,  almost  linear,  depressed  area  along  the 
margin  from  the  beaks  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  comparatively  strong  concentric  lirations,  which  die  out  at  the 
edge  of  the  depressed  area  bordering  the  cardinal  line.  Interior  and  hinge 
features  not  observed. 

This  species  is  nearly  of  the  size  of  N.  compressifrons  Conrad,  but  is 
broader  in  comparison  to  its  length,  more  pointed  at  the  extremity,  has  the 
beaks  situated  farther  from  the  anterior  end,  and  has  the  surface  strongly 
lirated,  while  that  one  is  smooth.  The  single  individual  used  in  the  descrip- 
tion was  observed  among  the  specimens  of  N.  compressifrons  from  the  col- 
lection of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  but  without  any 
distinctive  mark,  and  is  evidently  from  the  same  locality.  It  is  somewhat 
longer  proportionally  than  the  figure  given  by  Mr.  Gabb  loc.  cite.,  bu.t  is 
doubtless  the  same  species. 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  109 

Formation  and  locality. — From  the  micaceous  clay  of  the  Lower  Marls  at 
Haddonfield,  N.  J.  Mr.  Grabb  cites  his  specimen  from  Burlington  County, 
New  Jersey,  an  extremely  large  locality  for  so  small  an  object. 

ITuculana  compressifrous. 

Plate  XI,  Fig.  9. 

Toldia  compressifrons  Conrad. 

Leda  protexta  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  N.  S.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  397,  PI.  XLVIII,  Fig.  36.    Kot 
L.protexta  Gabb,  Ibid.,  p.  303,  PI.  XLVIII,  Fig.  23. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  barely  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  length  in  the 
largest  individuals  observed.  Outline  elliptically  cuneate  and  moderately 
ventricose.  Posterior  end  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  anterior,  and  narrow 
but  not  exactly  pointed,  the  extremity  being  slightly  rounded.  Anterior 
end  broad.  Beaks  prominent  and  comparatively  large  ;  basal  line  gibbous 
opposite  the  beaks  and  imperceptibly  sinuous  just  forward  of  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  shell.  Escutcheon  narrow,  forming  a  depressed  line  along 
the  postero-cardinal  border.  Surface  of  the  shell  smooth  and  usually  pol- 
ished, although  occasionally  showing  regular  concentric  lines.  Hinge  show- 
ing eight  to  ten  teeth  on  the  anterior  end  and  about  fifteen  on  the  posterior 
side.     Teeth  short.     Ligamental  pit  very  small,  if  observable  at  all. 

It  is  extremely  difficult  to  draw  comparisons  between  this  and  othei 
forms  of  the  genus.  Among  New  Jersey  species  it  may  be  distinguished  by 
its  broad  form  and  smooth  surface.  The  larger  individuals  of  the  species 
wei'e  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  labeled  Nu- 
culana  protexta  Gabb,  Ripley  group,  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  apparently  in  Mr. 
Gabb's  own  handwriting.  They  certainly  are  not  identical  with  the  cast 
of  that  species  originally  used  by  Mr.  Gabb  and  figured  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Vol.  IV,  PI  XLVIII,  Fig.  23.  The  smaller 
specimens  were  separated  in  a  tray  by  themselves  and  labeled  Yolclia  com- 
pressifrons  Conrad,  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  but  they  only  diifer  in  size,  and  it 
is  possible  they  may  only  be  the  young  of  the  same  shell  with  the  Prince- 
ton specimen  figured  as  N.  protexta  Gabb. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  micaceous  clay  of  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  at 
Haddonfield,  New  Jersey  (collection  of  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia. 


110  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Genus  PERRISONOTA  Courad. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  98.) 
Ferrisonota  protexta. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  14  and  15. 
Ferrisonota  protexta  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  98. 

Shell  small,  ensiform,  extremely  elongated  posteriorly,  and  gradually 
narrowed  from  the  beaks.  Valves  depressed  convex  with  very  small  incon- 
spicvious  beaks,  which  curved  backward,  and  with  an  obsolete  carination 
extending  from  them  backward  to  the  postero-basal  angle.  Anterior  end 
broadest,  sharply  rounded;  posterior  end  narrowly  rounded,  longest  above 
the  middle.  Hinge-hne  arched  tipward  in  front  of  the  beaks,  and  gently 
concave  posteriorly  throughout  the  entire  lengtli  of  the  shell.  Basal  line 
moderately  curved,  more  prominent  just  in  advance  of  the  beaks.  Surface 
of  the  shell  polished  or  marked  by  very  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
except  on  the  posterior  cardinal  slope,  where  they  unite  and  form  a  few 
inconspicuous  folds.  The  interior  of  the  shell  shows  the  hinge-hne  to  be 
marked  by  several  small  transverse  teeth  on  the  anterior  side,  and  on  the 
posterior  side  they  extend  almost  to  the  hinge  extremity. 

This  species  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Ferrisonota,  but  the  characters 
are  so  nearly  those  of  Nuculana  that  there  seems  to  be  nothing  but  the  gen- 
eral form  of  the  shell  for  it  to  rest  upon.  Dr.  Stoliczka  remarks  this  lack 
of  distinction  in  his  Pal.  Indica,  but  seems  in  doubt  as  to  the  teeth  on  the 
anterior  side  of  the  hinge-plate.  These  are  certainly  present  in  the  type 
specimens,  although  Mr.  Conrad  does  not  mention  them,  and  they  bear  the 
same  proportion  to  those  on  the  posterior  side  that  they  do  in  Nuculana. 
The  onlv  character  in  which  it  can  be  said  to  differ  from  Nuculana  is  in 
the  greater  proportional  width  of  the  cardinal  slope,  the  more  distinct  um- 
bonal  angulation,  and  in  having  the  posterior  hinge-teeth  continued  nearly 
to  the  extremity  of  the  shell,  characters  which  do  not  seem  to  be  of  generic 
importance. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  fine  micaceous  claj^s  of  dark  color  at  Had- 
donfield,  New  Jersey,  near  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous.  The  specimens  used 
are  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 


LAMELLIBEAlSrCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  Ill 

Genus  NUCULAEIA  Conrad. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  pp.  44  and  98  (name  mentioned  only).) 

Nucularia  papyria. 
Plate  XI,  Figs.  18-20. 

Nucularia  papyria  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Y,  p.  44,  PI.  I,  Fig.  7,  p.  98,  PL 
IX,  Fig.  26. 

The  shells  of  this  species  are  quite  small  and  very  ventricose,  especially 
in  the  anterior  half,  and  becoming  rapidly  depressed  posteriorly.  The 
largest  individual  present  in  the  collection  barely  exceeds  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  length.  The  form  is  irregularly  subovate,  a  very  little  wider 
across  the  shell  opposite  the  beaks  than  elsewhere.  Beaks  very  small  and 
obscure,  located  at  about  the  anterior  third -of  the  length  and  incurved. 
Hinge-line  nearly  straight  behind  the  beaks,  but  rather  rapidly  declining 
in  front  and  rounding  into  the  curvature  of  the  anterior  end.  Basal  margin 
subparallel  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  hinge-line,  and  the  posterior  end 
rounded  above  and  obliquely  truncate  or  rounding  forward  beloAV,  so  as  to 
materially  shorten  the  basal  line.  Surface  of  the  shell  polished,  but  marked 
by  exceedingly  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Hinge-plate  very  obscure, 
and  its  characters  mostly  unknown  or  extremely  doubtful.  A  fragment  of 
a  shell  in  the  collection,  labeled  by  Mr.  Conrad  as  of  this  species,  shows 
five  small  teeth,  which  appear  to  represent  the  anterior  section  of  the  hinge- 
plate,  and  a  cast  of  a  right  valve  shows  that  the  posterior  part  has  had  a 
single  long  lamelliform  tooth  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  shell.  No  evi- 
dence of  transverse  teeth  on  this  part  appears.  Muscular  impressions  and 
pallial  line  entirely  invisible.  Substance  of  the  shell  dense,  but  not 
nacreous. 

There  are  eight  individual  valves  or  casts  of  valves  of  this  species 
befoi'e  me,  besides  the  fragment  showing  hinge-teeth,  but  none  of  them  are 
in  a  condition  to  remove  the  doubt  concerning  the  hinge  structure.  It 
appears  to  me  quite  doubtful  if  the  specimen  showing-  teeth  really  belongs 
to  the  same  species.  The  fragment  is  not  nearly  so  much  curved  as  would 
be  a  fragment  of  equal  size  from  any  one  of  the  specimens  here  present,  and 
moreover,  the  piece  is  attached  to  a  second  fragment  by  a  bit  of  paper 


112  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

pasted  on  the  inside,  so  that  I  cannot  actually  examine  the  entire  surface. 
This  species  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Nucularia,  of  which  I  have  been 
unable  to  find  a  generic  description.  It  is  placed  by  its  author  under  the 
family  Niwulanidce,  but  so  far  as  the  shells  themselves  afford  evidence  of 
their  structure,  I  feel  quite  doubtful  if  it  belongs  here  at  all.  If  so,  it  must 
be  quite  near  Mellitia. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

TRIGONID^. 

Geuus  TEIGONIA  Brug. 

Trigonia  Mortoni,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIV,  Figs.  5  aud  6. 

Trigonia  thoracica  Mort.    Pars.,  Synopsis,  p.  65.     Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  177.    Meek, 
Check-list,  p.  9.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  18C8,  p.  725. 

Species  known  principally  as  casts  of  the  interior,  which  are  subtrian- 
gular  in  outline,  prolonged  posteriorly  and  narrowed;  the  body  standing 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  beaks  and  umbonal  portions.  Anterior  end  in- 
flated, compressed,  and  almost  attenuate  posteriorly;  filling  of  the  beaks 
erect,  scarcely  incurved,  and  quite  distant.  Anterior  muscular  fillings  large, 
prominent,  and  giving  evidence  of  extremely  deep  impressions  in  the  shell. 
Posterior  scars  moderately  prominent,  circular,  or  nearly  so,  submarginal 
and  accompanied  by  a  small  secondary  or  pedal  scar  on  the  upper  side 
nearer  the  hinge.  Surface  of  the  cast  usually  marked  near  the  margin  with 
strong,  rather  distant  undulations,  indicating  strong  curved  costee,  of  which 
there  can  be  counted  on  some  specimens  ten  or  twelve,  usually  indicated 
only  on  the  basal  half  of  the  valve,  but  rarely  seen  crossing  the  rostral  por- 
tions of  the  cast  and  strong^  arching  upwards  as  they  approach  the  margin. 
The  postero-cardinal  area  has  been  comparatively  narrow,  and  the  casts 
usually  show  a  single  strong  undulation  on  the  upper  side  of  the  umbonal 
ridge,  near  the  posterior  extremity. 

A  single  fragment  of  green  marl  retaining  the  impression  of  a  part  of 
llie  exterior  of  a  shell  has  been  obtained,  which  shows  that  the  original  form 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  JIAELS.  113 

of  the  shell  as  it  occurred  in  New  Jersey  was  considerably  different  from 
those  found  in  the  more  southern  localities  (Prairie  BlufP,  Alabama,  and 
Texas),  and  usually  referred  to  the  same  species  with  the  casts  from  New 
Jersey.  This  specimen  shows  that  the  shell  was  considerably  extended 
posteriorly,  and  also  that  there  was  a  proportionately  wide  postero-cardinal 
area  over  which  the  radiating  ribs  did  not  extend,  and  which  was  separated 
from  the  body  of  the  shell  by  a  slight  furrow,  forming  an  area  or  corslet, 
as  in  most  species  of  the  genus.  The  radiating  ribs  on  the  posterior  third 
of  the  shell  are  very  oblique  and  very  much  smaller  than  the  others,  with 
shallow  interspaces.  Area  marked  by  concentric  lines  only,  which  are 
much  stronger  here  than  on  the  body  of  the  shell;  crests  of  the  ribs  ob- 
scurely tuberculated  on  the  anterior  and  median  parts  of  the  shell. 

The  species  differs  from  T.  thomcica  Morton,  as  figured  in  his  Synopsis, 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  13,  from  a  specimen  retaining  the  shell  foimd  at  Prairie  Bluff, 
Ala.,  in  the  existence  of  the  area  or  corslet  bordering  the  posterior  hinge- 
line  as  well  as  in  the  extended  posterior  extremity,  and,  notwithstanding  the 
great  similarity  of  the  internal  casts,  has  been  very  distinct  externally  when 
entire.  In  consequence  of  this  difference  it  becomes  necessar_y  to  separate 
the  New  Jei-sey  species  under  a  new  name.  As  the  name  thoracica  was 
applied  to  and  illustrated  by  specimens  from  Alabama,  it  will  have  to  be 
retained  for  that  shell. 

Formation  and  localities. — It  has  been  observed  in  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Freehold,  Burlington,  Monmouth,  Holmdel,  and  other  localities  in 
New  Jersey  as  internal  casts.  The  external  impression  from  which  Fig.  6, 
PI.  XIV,  is  taken  is  from  near  Holmdel,  and  was  collected  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Riley. 

Trigonia  Eufaulensis. 

Plato  XIV,  Figs.  1-4. 

Trigonia  Eufalensis  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  N.  S.,  p.  396,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig. 
32.  Synopsis,  p.  177.   Meek,  Clieck-list,  p.  9.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Mr.  Gabb's  description  of  this  species  is  as  follows:   "  Subtriangular, 

resembling  T.  alcrformis  Sow.,  in  outline,  not  quite  so  elongated  anterioi-ly; 

beaks  posterior;  lunule  distinct;  surface  marked  by  about  fourteen  ribs,  tlie 

more  anterior  of  which  proceed  from  the  lunule  anteriorl}-  and  then  cross 

4418  MON  9 8 


114  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NE\Y  JERSEY. 

the  shell  at  right  angles  with  the  lunule,  exhibiting  a  tendency  to  being  no- 
dose, especially  near  the  lunule;  lunule  marked  by  ten  or  twelve  transverse- 
ribs;  cardinal  margin  somewhat  incurved,  anterior  end  subtriangular,  basal 
sinuous  and  deej^ly  serrate,  posterior  regularly  rounded ;  internally,  hinge 
teeth  small;  muscular  impressions  deep;  pallial  line  entire;  a  small  tooth- 
like ridge  or  process  extends  along  the  middle  of  the  alation,  as  in  T.  alce- 
formis.^' 

The  above  description  is  in  some  particulars  rather  incomprehensible,^, 
from  the  reversal  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  of  the  shell,  as  usually  given 
by  other  authors.  If  these  are  considered  it  is  much  more  lucid;  and  in 
the  same  way  that  which  is  termed  the  lunule  would  be  the  area  bordering- 
the  cardinal  line.  The  species  very  closely  resembles  what  young  individ- 
uals of  T.  thoracica  must  have  been,  but  appears  to  possess  more  ribs  pro- 
portionately for  the  size  of  the  specimens.  At  the  typical  locality  (Eufaula,. 
Ala.)  the  specimens  are  always  quite  small,  and  considerably  prolonged 
behind,  with  the  basal  margin  strongly  denticulated  by  the  projection  of 
the  ribs  The  small  cast  figured  has  a  larger  number  of  ribs  proportionally 
than  have  those  from  near  Red  Bank,  one  of  which  is  also  figured,  and  is- 
more  distinctly  removed  specifically  from  T.  thoracica  Morton. 

Formation  and  localitij. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds,  at  the  "crossing  of  the  West  Jersey  Railroad  at  a  creek  between  Red 
Bank  and  Gloucester,  N.  J.,"  and  in  the  green  marls  in  Monmouth  County. 
The  former  are  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natui-al  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  and  the  latter  from  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Trigonia  cerulia,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  7. 

Shell  small  or  below  a  medium  size,  moderately  convex  on  the  valves . 
and  of  a  triangularly-ovate  outline.  Beak  small,  appressed,  obtusel}-  pointed, 
and  erect ;  posterior  hinge-line  long  and  slightly  concave ;  posterior  end 
narrow  and  rounded ;  anterior  end  broadly  rounded ;  basal  line  a  little  gib- 
bous in  the  middle,  but  otherwise  forming  a  continuous  line  with  the  ante- 
rior and  posterior  margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  covered  by  coarse  elevated 
ribs,  which  are  flattened  on  their  surfaces  over  a  large  part  of  the  shell,  but 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  115 

near  the  posterior  cardinal  margin  are  sharp  and  very  slightly  crenulated. 
The  ribs  are  coarse  and  distant  on  the  anterior  and  middle  parts  of  the  shell, 
but  gradually  become  finer  and  more  closely  arranged  toward  the  posterior 
part.  Interspaces  concave.  No  postero-cardinal  area  is  visible  on  the 
specimen  used,  the  ribs  apparently  passing,  without  interruption,  across  the 
entire  disk  of  the  shell  and  terminating  on  the  cardinal  margin.  The  ribs 
of  the  anterior  end  curve  strongly  forward  in  passing  to  the  basal  and  ante- 
rior margins,  while  those  of  the  hinder  parts  of  the  valve  pass  more  directly 
across  to  the  postero-basal  margin. 

This  species  differs  from  any  of  the  others  described  from  these  beds 
in  its  form,  but  more  particularly  in  the  style  and  number  of  the  surface 
ribs.  They  are  more  numerous  than  on  any  of  the  other  forms,  there  hav- 
ing been  about  twenty-three  on  the  specimen  figured,  which  is  onl}-  one 
inch  and  an  eighth  in  length.  Their  flattened  surface  and  the  gradual  in- 
crease backward  is  also  the  opposite  from  that  which  is  seen  to  occur  on 
those.  In  form  it  would  correspond  to  the  group  Pectinata,  and  in  the  style 
of  the  ribs  resembles  T.  pectinata  Lam.,  except  that  the  increase  in  number 
and  size  of  ribs  is  directly  opposite  from  what  it  is  in  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  coarse  olive  green  indurated  marl  at  the 
deep  cut  on  the  Holmdel  and  Keyport  turnpike,  Monmouth  County,  New 
Jersey,  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marls.  The  substance  of  the  shell  is  en- 
tirely changed  to  Vivianite,  which  is  soft  and  of  a  bright  blue  color,  very 
easily  destroyed  by  handling  or  rubbing. 

Order  SIPHONIDA. 

Suborder  INTBGRIPALLIATA. 

CRASSATELLID^. 

Genus  CRASSATELLA  Lam. 

In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
1872,  p.  50,  Mr.  Conrad  refers  back  to  the  American  Journal  of  Conchology,. 
Vol.  V,  p.  47,  where  he  describes  a  new  genus  Pacliytlicerus  for  the  recep- 
tion of  all  the  Cretaceous,  Eocene,  and  Oligocene  Crassatellas  which  he  con- 
siders as  generically,  or  at  least  subgenerically,  distinct  from  the  Miocene 


316  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

and  later  forms  of  the  genus,  founding  this  opinion  of  an  apparent  differ- 
ence in  the  size  of  the  pit  behind  the  cardinal  tooth  of  the  right  valve,  and 
the  existence  of  a  small  pit  behind  the  posterior,  cardinal  tooth  of  the  left 
valve  of  these  older  forms,  which  does  not  exist  in  the  more  recent  ones ; 
and  also  on  the  fact  that  the  inner  margins  of  these  older  ones  are  always 
crenulate,  while  most  of  the  Miocene  and  recent  forms  are  smooth.  I  do  not, 
however,  think  these  differences  are  of  generic  importance,  and  have  not, 
therefore,  adopted  the  division  either  in  a  generic  or  subgeneric  sense.  In 
the  Appendix,  pp.  5  and  6  of  Kerr's  Geological  Report  of  Nortli  Car- 
olina, Mr.  Conrad  describes  the  genus  Etea,  also  a  division  of  CrassafeUa, 
and  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  1«76,  p.  215, 
refers  to  it  the  following  species :  Crassatella  Monmouthensis,  C.  transversa, 
C.  Delawarensis  Gabb,  and  C.  ])rora  Conrad.  I  have  not  thought  it  worth 
while  to  retain  this  division  any  more  than  the  above. 

Crassatella  vadosa. 
Plate  XVII,  Figs.  12-15. 

Crassatella  vadosa  Morton?  Synopsis,  p.  66,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  12.  Gabb,  Syu.  Gret.  Form., 
p.  113.  P.  A.  K.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  310.  Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst,  p.  11. 
Geol.  Kept.  K  J.,  1863,  p.  726.     Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica,  p.  295. 

a  lintea  and  P.  Repleyana  (Con.)  Gabb.     P.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  310. 

Comp.  Crassatella  lintea  Con.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  279,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  5. 

Comp.  Crassatella  Carolinensis  Conrad.     Kerr's  X.  Car.  Eept.,  p.  6,  Appendix. 

This  shell  as  usually  identified  in  New  Jersey  is  seen  under  two  con- 
ditions of  preservation,  one  as  single  valves  preserved  on  the  soft  marl, 
the  other  as  internal  casts  of  both  valves.  The  former  is  transversely 
broad-ovate,  or  very  obscurely  subtriangular,  the  valves  rather  moderately 
convex  with  a  somewhat  obscure  umbonal  ridge  extending  from  the  beak 
to  the  postero-basal  angle.  The  shell  is  very  high  opposite  the  beaks,  and 
rapidly  narrows  toward  the  posterior  extremity  to  less  than  half  the  height 
at  the  former  place.  The  anterior  end  is  nearly  one- third  or  more  than 
one-third  of  the  length  of  the  entire  shell,  and  is  rounded,  with  the  longest 
point  below  the  middle  of  the  height.  Above  this  point  the  margin  slopes 
rather  rapidly  and  with  but  little  curvature  to  the  beaks.  Beaks  prominent 
and  pointed.  Posterior  margin  obliquely  truncated,  and  the  basal  margin 
fullest  and  most  sharply  curved  nearly  opposite  the  beaks.     The  surface  of 


LAMELLIBKAKOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  117 

all  the  specimens  which  I  have  observed  from  within  the  limits  of  the  Slate 
have  been  more  or  less  decayed.  In  fact,  they  are  usually  but  little  more 
than  casts ;  but  all  preserve  a  very  decided  and  well  marked  feature  of  the 
exterior  shell,  presenting  strong,  distant,  and  rather  evenly  distributed 
concentric  ridges,  which  vary  on  different  individuals  from  a  sixteenth  to  a 
twelfth  of  an  inch  in  width.  The  hinge-plate,  as  indicated  on  specimens 
where  a  single  valve  only  is  preserved,  seems  to  have  been  tolerably  wide, 
but  the  hinge  features  are  never  sufficiently  preserved  to  give  their  char- 
acters.    The  muscular  imprints  are  large  and  but  faintly  marked. 

The  second  condition  under  which  we  see  this  form  is  as  internal  casts. 
In  these  the  form  is  much  the  same  as  in  the  other,  with,  perhaps,  a  greater 
degree  of  variation,  the  beaks  being  sometimes  nearly  subcentral.  The 
shell  seems  to  have  been  very  thick,  the  muscular  scars  very  deep,  and  the 
pallial  line  remarkably  thickened,  the  beaks  prominent,  with  an  extended 
rostral  cavity  beneath  the  surface,  never  showing  any  signs  of  the  strong 
concentric  undulations. 

It  is  difficult  to  reconcile  these  two  forms,  which  often  occur  together 
at  the  same  locality  and  present  such  different  aspects,  with  one's  ideas  of 
specific  variation;  but  there  have  doubtless  some  conditions  existed  in  the 
circvimstances  of  their  preservation  which  has  caused  the  shell  to  be 
entirely  destroyed  in  the  one  case  while  it  has  been  partially  preserved  in 
the  other,  and  which  have  at  the  same  time  prevented  the  surface  markings 
from  affecting  the  internal  cast.  Mr.  Conrad's  species,  C.  lintea,  described 
from  a  small  specimen  from  Alabama,  appears  to  be  the  same  species  as 
the  New  Jersey  shell,  and  neither  of  them  would  appear  to  differ  materially 
from  the  Prairie  Bluff  specimens  usually  found  in  collections,  and  undoubt- 
edly representing  the  same  as  that  used  by  Dr.  Morton.  Mr.  Grabb 
considers  Conrad's  C.  Bepleyana  as  a  synonym  of  tliis  species  also,  (see  P. 
A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  310),  and  expresses  a  doubt  if>  C.  Carolinensis  is 
not  also  the  same. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  form  referred  to,  C.  vadosa,  occurs  in  the 
Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  Freehold,  and  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 
The  C.  Mortoni  has  been  noticed  in  the  same  beds  at  Holmdel  and  Free- 
hold, but  may  occur  at  many  other  places. 


118  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

Crassatella  cuneata. 
Plate  XVII,  Figs.  18-20. 

Crassatella  pteropsis  G-abb.    Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  2d  ser.,  p.  395,  PI. 

XLVIII,  Fig.  28. 
G.  pteropsis  (Gabb).     Conrad,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  47. 

Not  C.  pteropsis  Conrad.    Ibid.,  p.  279,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  9. 

Crassatella  cuneata  Gabb.     Synopsis,  pp.  112  and  113.     See  also  A.  Jour.  Conch,,  Vol. 
V,  p.  47. 

Shell  quite  small,  less  than  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  subtri- 
angular  or  subovate  in  outline  and  ventricose.  Beaks  prominent^  elevated, 
and  situated  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  length.  Greatest  width  of  the 
valves  opposite  the  beaks.  Anterior  end  broadh-  rounded  and  longest  just 
below  the  middle  of  the  height ;  posterior  end  much  more  sharply  pointed 
and  slightly  prolonged;  basal-margin  gibbous  opposite  the  beaks  and 
slightly  sinuate  between  the  middle  and  the  posterior  end  of  the  shell. 
Muscular  imprints  on  the  cast  very  strong  and  of  large  size.  The  above 
characters  are  taken  from  a  cast.  The  figure  given  hj  Mr.  Galjb,  cited 
above,  is  of  the  shell  itself,  and  is  more  distinctly  triangular,  with  a  very 
narrow  posterior  cardinal  slope,  and  as  a  matter  of  course  with  more  pointed 
and  projecting  beaks. 

I  have  no  doubt  but  that  the  cast  from  New  Jersey  is  specifically  iden- 
tical with  Mr.  Gabb's  specimen,  and  I  find  no  other  form  which  agrees  with 
it  among  those  described  from  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  The  cast 
described  above  was  found  with  the  type  specimen  of  C.  Monmouthensis 
without  separate  label,  but  is  clearly  a  distinct  species.  It  is  less  oblique 
and  more  erect;  the  beaks  more  prominent  and  situated  more  centrally; 
the  basal  line  is  more  gibbous  in  the  middle  and  roore  sinuate  just  anterior 
to  the  posterior  end,  while  this  end  is  pointed  and  destitute  of  the  oblique 
truncation  characteristic  of  that  species,  given  to  it  by  the  broad  cardinal 
slope.  The  ventricose  form  and  strongly  marked  muscular  scars  show  it  to 
be  an  adult  specimen,  notwithstanding  its  small  size.  It  differs  from  C. 
pteropsis  Conrad,  described  and  figured  in  the  same  volume,  from  Tippah 
County,  Mississippi,  by  its  shorter  triangular  form,  and  very  much  less 
extended  posterior  part,  which  is  also  not  recurved  as  in  that  one.  In  the 
Amei-ican  Journal,  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  47,  Mr.  Conrad  expresses  a  belief  that 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  119 

ftliis  is  the  young  of  his  G.  pteropsis,  but  I  do  not  think  it  can  be.  He  also' 
remarks  that  he  has  seen  it  at  Haddonfiekl  of  a  smaller  size  than  the  Mis- 
sissippi specimens  and  "a  great  deal  shorter  proportionally,"  which  seems 
like  straining  a  point  to  cover  another  species.  The  iigure  given  by  Mr. 
Conrad  (PI.  I,  Fig.  1)  in  the  article  above  mentioned  is  also  of  a  very  dif- 
ferent form  from  that  originally  figured  as  the  type  of  the  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  at 
-Monmouth,  New  Jersey.  IMr.  Gabb's  specimen  was  from  Hardeman  County, 
Tennessee,  and  is  also  cited  by  him  from  Eufaula,  Alabama.  Mr.  Conrad's 
specimen  described  tinder  the  same  name  was  from  Tippah  County,  Missis- 
sippi. 

Crassatella  Dela-warensis,  Gabb. 

For  references  and  descriiition  see  page  210. 

Mr.  Gabb  cites  his  type  specimen  as  coming  from  the  deep  cut  on  the 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal,  which  would  be  the  Lower  Marl  Bed,  but 
none  of  those  which  I  have  seen  are  from  that  horizon. 

Crassatella  Monmouthensis. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  21  and  22. 

Crassatella  Monmouthensis,  Gabb.     Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  302,  PI. 

XLVIII,  Fig.  19.     Meek,  Geo!.  Eept.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 
-Etea  Monmoutliensis  (Gabb)  Courad.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  275. 

Shell  of  small  size  and  moderately  oblique ;  in  the  condition  of  a  cast, 
one-fourth  longer  than  high,  with  moderately  elevated  beaks,  which  are 
strong,  broad,  slightly  incurved,  and  situated  at  about  one-third  of  the  length 
from  the  anterior  end.  The  hinge-plate  has  been  strongly  arched  and  of 
■considerable  width,  especially  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  beaks,  with  strong 
and  proportionally  large  teeth  and  a  rather  moderate  ligamental  pit.  An- 
terior end  of  the  shell  widest,  round,  and  full;  basal  margin  strongly  arched 
and  imperceptibly  sinuate  between  the  middle  and  the  posterior  umbonal 
angle.  Posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate  and  but  little  more  than  half 
as  high  as  across  the  beaks.  Umbonal  angle  sharp  and  very  distinctly 
marked.     Muscular  scars  strongly  marked  and  of  considerable  size. 


120  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

The  specimen  from  which  the  above  description  is  taken  is  an  internal 
cast  of  both  valves,  which  appears  to  be  the  original  specimen  figured  by 
Mr.  Gabb,  as  above  cited.  I  found  it  in  the  collection  of  Princeton  College 
labeled  in  Mr.  Gabb's  handwriting  but  without  locality,  but  as  Mr.  Gabb 
gives  Monmouth  and  Freehold  as  the  two  locahties  from  which  he  had  ob- 
tained it,  it  may  safely  be  considered  as  from  the  Lower  Marls. 

There  appears  to  be  but  very  little  difference  between  this  species,  as 
represented  in  the  individual  used  in  obtaining  the  above  characters,  and 
which  I  suppose  to  be  the  specimen  used  in  the  original  description  and  for 
the  figure  given  by  Mr.  Gabb,  and  that  figured  on  the  same  plate  (Fig.  20) 
as  C.  Belawarensis.  Tliis  specimen  is  only  an  internal  cast,  while  the  other 
specimen  retains  the  shell,  but  it  is  proportionally  longer  and  differs  in 
having  a  second  ridge  above  the  umbonal  ridge. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous 
at  Monmouth,  New  Jersey. 

Crassatella  prora. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  10  and  11. 

Grasmtella  prora  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  43,  PI.  I,  Fig.  8. 
Etea  prora  Conrad.     P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  275. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  transversely  subelliptical  when  considered 
exclusive  of  the  projection  of  the  beaks,  but  transversely  broad  triangular 
if  they  are  considered.  Valves  rather  ventricose  for  the  genus;  beaks 
very  large,  nearly  central  or  a  little  nearest  the  anterior  end,  strongly  pro- 
jecting, and  in  the  cast,  the  only  condition  in  which  it  is  known,  nearly  erect 
and  moderately  distant.  Posterior  cardinal  margin  regularly  sloping  from 
the  beaks  to  the  narrowly  rounded  posterior  extremity;  anterior  side  of  the 
beaks  excavated  and  the  anterior  end  more  broadly  rounded  than  the  op- 
posite end;  basal  line  broadly  curved.  Umbonal  ridge  scarcely  angular. 
Surface,  as  shown  on  the  casts,  marked  by  comparatively  strong,  regular, 
concentric  ridges,  and  marked  just  anterior  to  the  umbonal  angle  by  a  pro- 
portionally broad  sulcation  passing  from  near  the  beaks  to  the  base.  Mus- 
cular scars  distinct. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  121 

The  species  differs  from  any  described  form  from  the  American  Cre- 
taceous in  the  ventricose  valves,  coupled  with  the  large,  nearly  central,  erect 
beaks  and  the  evenly  balanced  transverse  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Cross  wicks,  New  Jersey. 
The  specimen  figured  is  the  type  used  by  Mr.  Conrad,  and  is  from  the  col- 
lection of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  where  it  is 
accompanied  by  a  much  smaller  individual  of  much  the  same  form. 

CrassateUa  subplana. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  14-16. 

CrassateUa  subplana  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  new  ser.,  p.  247,  PL  XXIV,  Fig.  9. 
Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  113.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size,  somewhat  subtriangular  in  outline;  nearly 
as  high  as  long,  with  compressed  valves,  subangular  along  the  umbonal 
ridge,  and  with  small,  appressed,  pointed,  and  erect  beaks,  which  are  situ- 
ated a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  length.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell 
rounded,  the  greatest  length  at  or  just  below  the  middle  of  the  height;  pos- 
terior end  subtrvincate  below  and  obliquely  sloping  to  the  beak  above;  basal 
line  fullest  anterior  to  the  middle  and  just  perceptibly  sinuate  between  that 
point  and  the  posterior  umbonal  extremity.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  more  or  less  irregular  elevated  concentric  ridges,  which  are  flattened  on 
the  tops  and  separated  by  equally  wide,  concave,  or  flattened  interspaces. 
Substance  of  the  shell  thick.  The  interior  of  the  valves  is  marked  with 
comparatively  deep  but  not  large  muscular  scars,  a  wide  hinge-plate,  and 
strong,  well-marked  teeth;  margin  crenulate.  The  internal  casts  are  dis- 
tinguished by  their  proportional  height  and  compi'essed  valves. 

This  species  is  the  most  elevated  form  of  CrassateUa  found  in  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous,  and  may  be  distinguished  by  this  feature  from  any  of  the 
others.  In  the  younger  stages  of  growth  the  shells  are  much  more  nearly 
quadrangular  in  outline  and  sometimes  more  ventricose  than  the  specimens 
figured.  In  this  condition  they  veiy  closely  resemble  C.  curta  Conrad 
from  the  Miocene  of  Virginia. 


522  PALJEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEliSEY. 

Formation  and  locaUtij. — In  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  at  Bruere's  pits,  on 
■Crosswicks  Creek,  near  Walnford,  and  near  Cream  Ridge,  New  Jersey. 
Mr.  Conrad's  types  which  are  here  figured  were  obtained  from  Arneytown, 
New  Jersey,  and  borrowed  from  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

CrassateUa  transversa. 
Plate  XVII,  Figs.  1(3  aud  17. 

CrassateUa  transversa  G-abb.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  364.     Synopsis,  p.  — .     Meek, 

Glieck-list,  p.  — .     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  186S,  p.  726. 
Etea  transversa  (Gabb)  Conrad.     P.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  275. 

Known  from  a  single  internal  cast,  representing  a  shell  of  moderate 
size,  with  proportionally  ventricose  valves,  which  have  a  transversely 
elongated  form  and  rather  prominent  erect  beaks,  situated  at  about  the 
anterior  third  of  the  length,  and  are  rather  distant  from  each  other  in  the 
cast.  The  anterior  end  is  rather  broadly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  part 
prolonged  and  narrow,  with  the  extremity  pointed  below  and  curved  down- 
ward, leaving  the  basal  line  somewhat  broadly  sinuate  in  the  posterior  third, 
:and  very  strongly  convex  opposite  the  beaks.  The  muscular  scars  have 
been  large  and  deep,  being  very  strongly  marked  and  prominent  on  the  casts, 
and  the  pallial  line  strong,  with  the  border  of  the  valve  outside  of  the  line 
very  much  thickened  and  the  margin  strongly  crenulate. 

The  cast  representing  this  species,  that  used  by  the  author  in  the 
original  description,  is  very  much  more  transverse  than  any  other  described 
from  New  Jersey,  except  C.  Delawarensis  of  the  same  author.  It  is  a  larger 
species,  however,  than  that  one,  and  of  an  entirely  different  form,  being 
destitute  of  the  angularity  of  the  umbonal  region,  and  more  narrowed  and 
curved  posteriorly  with  a  rounded  anterior  end.  In  form  it  presents  many 
features  in  common  with  C.  protexta  Conrad,  from  the  Eocene  sands  at 
Claiborne,  Ala.,  but  has  been  a  much  more  ventricose  and  thicker  shell, 
with  larger  and  more  distant  beaks,  and  more  strong-ly  marked  muscular 
■scars.  It  would  appear  to  have  been  a  very  i-are  species,  as  I  have  observed 
X)nl5^  the  one  cast  among  all  the  collections  which  I  have  examined. 


LAMELLIBRANGHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  123 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  on  the  labels  accompanying  it 
is  simply  marked  "Cret,  N.  J.,"  without  more  definite  locality. 

Genus  SCAMBULA  Conrad,  1869. 

(Am.  Jonr.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  48.) 

Scambula  perplana. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  8-10. 

Scambula  perplana  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Concb.,  Vol.  V,  p.  48,  PI.  IX,  Figs.  7  and  8. 

Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1872,  p.  51,  PI.  I,  Fig.  2. 
€rassatella  perplana  (Con.  sp.)  Stoliczka.     Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  294  and  295. 

Shell  small,  triangularly  ovate,  very  transverse,  with  very  sharp,  pointed, 
and  recurved  beaks,  situated  just  within  the  middle  third  of  the  length  of 
the  shell  and  nearest  to  the  anterior  end.  Valves  flat,  marked  by  fine 
concentric  lines  of  growth  and  a  few  (three  or  four)  broad,  oblique"  undu- 
lations of  the  surface  which  pass  from  the  posterior  hinge-line  backward  to 
the  basal  margin.  There  are  also  a  few  obliquely  concentric  wrinkles  on 
the  antero-cardinal  margin  which  extend  only  a  short  distance  over  the  disk 
of  the  valve.  Along  the  position  of  the  posterior  umbonal  ridge,  the  surface 
strife  are  abruptly  deflected  upward,  marking  the  position  of  the  ridge  and 
defining  the  posterior  slope  of  the  valve.  Posterior  end  of  the  valve  narrow 
and  truncate;  anterior  end  obtusely  angular;  basal  margin  regularly  and 
broadly  arcuate.  Inner  margin  of  the  valves  crenulate;  muscular  scars 
small  and  faintly  marked. 

This  shell  presents  all  the  appearances  of  a  species  of  Pandora,  or 
perhaps  Tellidora,  except  in  the  hinge,  where  there  are  some  slight  differ- 
ences. The  left  valve  appears  to  have  two  cardinal  teeth  which  are  slightly 
curved,  and  are  strongly  crenulate  on  their  inner  or  contiguous  faces,  also 
a  long  anterior  and  posterior  tooth  parallel  to  the  margins.  The  opposite 
valve  has  a  single  cardinal  tooth  or  ridge  (cartilage  bearing?),  which  would 
fit  between  those  of  the  other  valve,  and  a  double  ridge  on  the  anterior 
side,  forming  a  socket  for  the  ridge  of  the  left  valve,  and  a  single  sharp 
ridge  on  the  margin  of  the  valve  behind,  which  would  fit  between  the  ridge 


124  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

of  the  left  valve  and  the  cariuated  margin  of  the  shell.  This  would  allow 
the  right  valve  to  be  smallest  and  to  fit  into  the  left.  This  arrangement  of 
teeth  differs  from  that  of  any  species  of  TeUidora  or  Pandora  which  I  have 
been  enabled  to  examine,  and  would  give  pretty  good  grounds  for  separa- 
tion from  either  of  those  genera  The  pallial  line,  so  far  as  I  can  determine, 
has  been  simple.  Dr.  Stoliczka,  in  the  Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  '294  and  295, 
in  speaking  of  this  shell,  refers  it  to  Crassatella,  in  which  I  think  he  is  in 
error,  and  likens  it  to  C.  radiata,  a  species  which  I  have  not  been  able  to 
examine  While  Mr.  Gabb  (Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1  876,  p.  311),  considers 
it  o-enerically  identical  with  his  genus  Antlionya,  described  in  the  Pal.  Calif, 
1864,  p.  181,  and  states  that  the  hinges  are  identical  in  the  two,  but  that 
the  California  shell  is  twisted,  while  this  species  is  not,  but  thinks  this  of 
minor  importance. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
lu'al  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

ASTARTIDJE. 

Genus  GOULDIA  Ad. 

Gouldia  decemnaria. 

Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  4. 
Gouldia  decemnaria  Conrad.     Am.  Joar.  Couch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  48,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  4. 

Shell  minute,  subquadrangular  in  outline  and  but  slightly  convex. 
Anterior  and  cardinal  margins  nearly  at  right  angles  with  each  other,  the 
posterior  and  cardinal  margins  being  rounded.  Surface  marked  by  very 
prominent,  thickened,  concenti'ic  ribs,  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  valve, 
and  separated  by  smooth,  flattened  interspaces.  Hinge-structure  and  other 
internal  characters  unknown. 

This  small  shell  is  scarcely  more  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  the  species  is  represented,  so  far  as  I  know,  by  only  a  single  left  valve, 
imbedded  in  the  clay  in  which  it  was  found.  The  entire  aspect  of  the 
specimen  is  that  of  a  young  Crassatella,  and  I  am  much  inclined  to  think 
it  is  one,  though  I  cannot  demonstrate  this  opinion  without    risking  the 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  125 

loss  of  the  only  example,  and  that  a  borrowed  one.  The  specimen  is  marked 
on  the  card  in  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting,  Oouldia  se]}tenaria,  but  as  I  can  find 
no  such  name  in  use,  and  as  the  specimen  corresponds  somewhat  with  the 
figure  and  description  of  G.  decemnaria,  I  presume  it  to  be  a  mistake  in 
writing  the  label.  The  figure  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  is  much  too  pointed  and 
more  triangular  than  the  shell  would  warrant,  but  in  making  figures  so 
small  as  that  which  he  gives,  these  differences  can  hardly  be  avoided. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marls  at 
Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Gouldia  Conradi,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  1-3. 

Shell  small,  the  largest  specimen  observed  not  exceeding  three-six- 
teenths of  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter.  Valves  subtriangular,  approach- 
ing a  quadrangular  outline  by  the  truncation  of  the  posterior  extremity, 
which  gives  the  valves  when  seen  from  the  exterior  much  the  form  and 
character  of  a  young  CrassateUa,  which  is  also  added  to  by  their  moderate 
convexity.  Beaks  small  and  pointed.  Anterior  and  posterior  sides  of  the 
cardinal  margin  straight,  forming  a  Uttle  more  than  a  right  angle  with  each 
other,  the  posterior  side  being  nearly  one-half  longer  than  the  anterior, 
and  the  basal  line  somewhat  regularly  rounded.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  concentric  undulations,  which  are  abruptly  bent  in  crossing  the 
umbonal  ridge.  Posterior  umbonal  slope  flattened.  Lunule  rather  long 
and  narrow.  Substance  of  the  shell  thin.  Ligamental  pit  of  the  hinge 
small  in  the  left  valve,  and  the  posterior  cardinal  tooth-cavity  lineai-  and 
extending  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  cardinal  border.  In  the  right 
valve  the  pit  is  larger  and  the  anterior  lateral  tooth-cavity  more  strongly 
marked.  Muscular  scars  and  pallial  line  distinctly  marked  in  the  right 
valve  (figured),  but  much  less  strongly  so  in  the  left  one,  which  is  thinner 
in  substance,  although  a  slightly  larger  valve. 

I  find  no  description  or  figure  answering  to  this  shell,  and  suppose  it 
to  have  been  hitherto  undescribed,  although  it  has  existed  among  some 
miscellaneous  material  from  Haddonfield;  N.  J.,  in  the  collection  of  the 


126  I'AL^OifTOLOGY  OF  JSEW  JEESEY. 

Acudemy  of  Natural  Sciences  for  some  time.  Its  general  appearance 
externally  is  very  much  that  of  a  young  Crassatella,  but  the  interior  shows 
distinctl}"  that  it  is  not. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
Philadelphia. 

Gouldia  declivis. 
Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  11. 
Goulclia  declivis  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Goncli.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  5. 

j\Ir.  Conrad's  description  of  this  species  is  as  follows :  "  Minute,  trian- 
gular, compressed,  equilateral,  summit  acute ;  posterior  extremity  angular ;, 
disk  with  numerous  very  regular,  close  concentric  lines  Locality .-  Had- 
donfield, N.  J." 

I  have  sought,  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadel|)hia,  among  the  specimens  from  this  locality,  for  Mr.  Conrad's  type- 
of  this  species,  but  was  not  able  to  find  it.  Being  so  small,  it  has  prob- 
ably been  lost.  No  other  specimen  corresponding  to  the  figure  and  descrip- 
tion has  been  observed  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  but  it  will  probably  be  found 
and  recognized  if  at  any  time  the  locality  at  Haddonfield  should  be  opened 
and  carefully  examined.  At  present  the  pits  are  not  in  a  condition  to  fur- 
nish any  material  whatever.  I  have  copied  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  as  care- 
fullj'  as  possible,  further  enlarged,  so  that  an  idea  of  the  character  of  the 
shell  can  be  obtained  from  it.  The  original  specimen  was  only  about  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide. 

Grouldia  parilis. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  12  and  13. 

Astarte  paralis  Con.     J.  A.  :N".  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  II,  p.  276,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  16. 

Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  100.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 
Gouldia  paralis  (Con.)  Meek.     Geol.  Snrv.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  specimen  from  the  Cretaceous  strata 
of  New  Jersey  corresponding  exactly  to  this  species,  nor  have  I  been  able 
to  find  Mr.  Conrad's  type  specimen.     I  have,  therefore,  copied  his  figure  as- 


LAMELLIBIIANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  127 

near  as  it  is  practicable  to  do  so,  but  it  is  highly  unsatisfactory.  The  fol- 
lowing is  Mr.  Conrad's  description :  "  Small,  triangular,  equilateral,  com- 
pressed ;  basal  margin  regularly  rounded ;  angles  of  the  end  margins  situ- 
ated at  about  equal  distances  from  the  apex  and  base  ;  disk  concentrically 
undiilated."  I  have  seen  only  a  single  very  imperfect  impression  of  a  small 
shell  from  the  dark-colored  micaceous  clays  at  Mr.  Schank's  pits  near  Marl- 
borough, N.  J.,  which  bears  any  relations  to  Mr.  Conrad's  figure.  Of  this- 
1  have  given  a  figure  taken  from  a  gutta-percha  cast  in  the  natural  mold. 
It  is  a  very  small  species,  not  more,  than  thi'ee-eighths  of  an  inch  in  its- 
extreme  height,  and  the  surface  bears  six  or  seven  very  strong  undulations, 
much  stronger  than  would  be  indic^.ted  by  Mr.  Conrad's  figure.  I  had 
supposed  this  might  possibly  be  an  imprint  of  Vetocardia  {Astarte)  octoUrata 
Gabb  (Jour.  A.  N.  S.,  4,  394,  C8,  27),  but  it  diff'ers  somewhat  in  being  more 
triangular  in  form,  that  one  being  quadrangular  and  looking  in  the  figure' 
given  very  like  a  young  Crassatella. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  specimen  was  from  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey,  which  is  not  a  very  definite  locality,  while  that  above' 
referred  to  is  from  Marlborough,  New  Jersey,  from  Mr.  Lockwood's  col- 
lection. 

Genus  VETERICAEDIA  Conrad. 

(Proc.  A.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1872,  p.  52  =  Vetocardia  Conrad.    Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  IV,- 

p.  246,  and  Vol.  V,  p.  48.) 

Vetericardia  octolirata. 

Astarte  octolirata  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  series,  Vol.  IV,  p.  394,  PI.  LXVIII,  f.  27. 

Synopsis,  p.  100.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 
Vetocardia  octolirata  (Gabb)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

This  species  was  originally  described  by  Mr.  Gabb  from  specimens- 
found  at  Eufaula,  Ala.,  and  subsequently  catalogued  as  from  New  Jersey  in 
his  synopsis.  Mr  Meek  probably  followed  him  in  his  identification  of  it 
as  a  New  Jersey  species  in  his  list  in  the  Geological  Report  of  1868.  I 
have  not  seen  specimens  of  it  from  within  the  State,  nor  do  I  know  of  it 
occurring  there  from  any  reliable  soui-ce.  The  figure  given  by  Mr.  Gabb 
(loc.  cit.)  would  lead  one  to  suppose  it  might  be  a  young  individual  of  a 
si^ecies  of  Crassatella,  and  there  is  no  feature  mentioned  in  his  description 
of  it  ^vhich  might  not  equally  apply  to  such  an  Individual,  but  he  does  not 


128  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

mention  anything  of  the  interior.  The  figure  given  by  Mr.  Gabb  is  so 
poor  that,  being  of  a  specimen  occurring  outside  of  the  State  Hmits,  I  have 
not  deemed  it  worth  while  copying,  and  think  it  highly  improbable  that  it 
will  be  satisfactorily  recognized  as  a  New  Jersey  species. 

Vetericardia  crenulirata. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  5-7. 

Astarte  crenulirata  Lea.  Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1861,  p.  150.  Conrad,  J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new- 
series,  Vol.  lY,  p.  282,  PI.  XLVI,  Pig.  25.  Gabb,  Syuops.,  p.  100.  Meek, 
Check-list,  p.  11. 

Gouldia?  crenulirata  (Con.)  Meek.    Geol.  Surv.  N".  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

Astarte  eorbicula  Conrad.     Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  12. 

Fetocardia  crenulirata  Con.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  ]).  43,  PI.  I,  Fig.  23,  p.  48. 

Vetericardia  cremilirata  Conrad.     Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1872,  p.  52,  PI.  I,  Fig.  4. 

Shell  small,  not  exceeding  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  in  adult  in- 
dividuals, subtriangular  or  broadly  subelliptical  in  outline,  with  very  ven- 
tricose  valves  and  proportionally  large,  suberect  beaks,  which  are  situated  a 
little  in  advance  of  the  middle.  Surface  marked  by  from  thirteen  to  eight- 
een concentric  varices,  according  to  the  size  of  the  shell,  wliich  gradually 
increase  in  strength  with  increased  growth  of  the  shell.  These  become  obso- 
lete at  the  margin  of  the  proportionally  large  and  deeply  impressed  lunule. 
Interspaces  flattened  at  the  bottom,  and  about  as  wide  as  the  sharply  ele- 
vated varices.  There  are  also  fine,  but  distinct  elevated  radiating  lines  cross- 
ing the  ridges  and  interspaces,  becoming  much  stronger  on  the  spaces  than 
on  the  ridges.  In  the  interior  the  muscular  imprints  are  faintly  marked  and 
of  moderate  size,  and  the  margin  of  the  valves  is  strongly  and  deeply  cren- 
ulated  by  the  radiating  ridges.  Hinge-plate  moderately  strong  and  the 
teeth  well  marked. 

This  is  a  very  pretty  and  well-marked  species.  The  hinge  structure 
would  seem  to  warrant  its  removal  from  the  genus  Astarte,  but  it  does  not 
correspond  with  Gouldia  any  better,  as  was  thought  by  Mr.  Meek,  and  Mr. 
Conrad  subsequently  proposed  the  genus  Vetocardia  for  its  reception,  whicli 
lie  afterwards  changed  to  Vetericardia.  Mr.  Lea  seems  to  have  first  described 
it,  aS'  is  indicated  by  Mr.  Conrad's  reference  in  the  American  Journal  of 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  129 

Concliolog}^,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  12,  although  he  did  not  figure  it.  As  Mr.  Conrad 
was  doubtless  familiar  with  Mr.  Lea's  types,  which  I  have  not  seen  to  know 
them  as  such,  he  was  undoubtedly  correct  in  the  identification. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

LUCINID^. 

Genus  LUCHsTA  Burg. 

Lucina  cretacea. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  23-25. 

Gyclas  cretacea  Oonrad.  ITame  fouud  on  label  in  collection.  Species  figured  by  Con- 
rad, without  name  or  description,  in  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  IX,  Fig. 
14,  and  hinge  on  opposite  side  of  plate. 

Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  subcircular  in  outline,  with  the  an- 
terior and  posterior  cardinal  margins  forming  a  very  bi'oad  angle  (140°  to 
160°)  with  each  other;  giving  in  some  instances  a  nearly  straight  hinge- 
line,  with  the  rather  small,  pointed  beaks  slightly,  projecting  beyond  the 
line,  and  a  slight  excavation  in  front,  formed  by  the  depression  of  the  very 
narrow  lumile  ;  while  behind  the  beaks  the  ligament  is  deeply  sunken  be- 
tween the  projecting  shell  margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  strong 
lamellose  concentric  lines,  which  are  rather  distant,  and  where  there  has  been 
no  wearing  or  abrasion  they  sometimes  roll  backward,  and  form  a  hollow 
rounded  concentric  ridge.  On  the  posterior  side  the  shell  is  marked  by  a 
rather  deep  constriction  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  margin  just 
behind  the  umbonal  ridge,  or  sometimes  giving  a  sunken  postero-cardinal 
area.  In  the  interior  the  muscular  markings  are  very  deep  and  strong,  and 
the  hinge-plate  narrow,  the  right  valve  being  characterized  by  a  single 
cardinal  tooth,  which  is  grooved  on  the  surface,  and  by  an  anterior  pit. 

The  shell  was  found  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences of  Philadelphia  with  a  label  marked  "Cyclas  (Klein)  Cretacea, 
Conrad,"  apparently  in  Mr.  Conrad's  own  handwriting,  with  the  locality, 
"Haddonfield,"  and  on  the  plate  cited  above  are  two  figures  of  the  shell; 
4418  MON  9 9 


130  PALiEONTOLOGT  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

but  I  can  find  no  description  of  the  species  or  reference  to  the  figures,  and 
I  presume  none  were  ever  written.  I  have,  however,  retained  Mr.  Conrad's 
specific  name,  although  it  cannot  belong  to  the  genus  Cyclas  of  Klein  if  we 
are  to  accept  Lucina  divaricata  as  the  type  of  the  group  as  given  by  many 
authors.  With  regard  to  the  true  generic  relations  of  the  shell  I  am  not 
certain,  but  it  seems  to  possess  the  characters  of  Lucina  dentifera  Jonas,  as 
given  in  Chenu's  Manual,  so  far  as  they  can  be  ascertained  from  the  very 
imperfect  material,  not  having  the  lateral  teeth  developed  to  any  perceptible 
extent. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

Lucina  Smockana,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  21  and  22. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size,  nearly  circular  in  outline,  as  shown  on 
internal  casts,  with  comparatively  ventricose  valves  and  evidences  of  a 
somewhat  thickened  shell.  Fillings  of  the  rostral  cavities  distant,  directed 
gently  forward  and  almost  centrally  situated  in  reference  to  the  outline  of 
the  shell ;  also  with  appearances  of  a  deep,  rather  wide,  lunular  area  and  a 
moderate  inflection  of  the  valves  along  the  ligamental  groove.  Muscular 
scars  of  moderate  size,  the  anterior  ones  reniform,  as  long  again  as  wide ; 
the  posterior  one  longer  and  proportionally  naiTower ;  pallial  line  entire, 
well  marked,  and  situated  near  the  margin  of  the  valves,  and  from  its  indent- 
ation on  the  cast  would  indicate  a  considerable  thickening  of  the  shell  just 
outside  of  its  limit.  Along  the  posterior  umbonal  slope  there  is  a  broad, 
distinct  furrow  on  the  cast,  showing  the  existence  of  a  decided  furrow  below 
the  postero-cardinal  margin.  Hinge  characters  and  surface  structure  of  the 
shell  unknown. 

A  single  well-preserved  cast,  of  one  and  five-eighths  inches  diameter, 
occurs  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
giving  the  features  above  described.  The  specimen  has  been  studied  by 
some  one,  and  marked  on  its  surface  in  ink  "Dosinia,  N.  J.,"  showing 
its  source  to  be  from  this  State.     The  want  of  sinus  in  the  pallial  line 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  131 

forbids  its  reference  to  the  genus  Bosinia.     I  can  find  no  described  species 
answering  to  its  characters,  and  have  therefore  considered  it  as  new. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  character  of  the  cast  would  indicate  that 
it  had  been  derived  from  the  Lower  Marls,  and  probably  from  Freehold, 
although  there  is  no  evidence  further  than  its  character  by  which  to 
locate  it. 

CHAMID^. 

Genus  DIOEEAS  Lam. 

Diceras  dactyloides,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  26  and  27. 

A  cast  of  a  single  valve  of  what  appears  to  be  without  question  a  Dice- 
ras occurs  in  the  collection.  It  is  rather  slender  in  its  proportions,  and 
makes  nearly  two-thirds  of  a  volution  in  its  curvature,  and  is  apparently  a 
cast  of  a  left  valve,  judging  from  the  curvature  of  the  beak.  The  muscu- 
lar scar  is  very  large,  and  has  been  deeply  impressed  in  the  shell,  as  the 
scar  is  considerably  raised  on  the  cast  and  is  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  cast 
itself.  On  its  front  margin  there  is  the  filling  of  a  deep  groove,  which  is 
longitudinally  marked  with  lamellose  striae,  from  the  edges  of  the  shell 
lamellse ;  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  cast  occurs  a  flattened  surface  from 
the  thickening  of  the  shell  below  the  hinge-tooth,  probably. 

Tlie  striations  on  the  filling  of  the  groove  bordering  the  muscular  im- 
print would  lead  one  to  suspect  the  cast  might  be  of  a  valve  of  Caprina, 
but  their  lamellose  character  somewhat  denies  this  reference,  and  the  gen- 
eral character  of  the  specimen  would  rather  indicate  a  Diceras.  The  speci- 
men is  quite  obscure,  besides  being  the  only  one  known,  and  consequently 
affords  almost  no  means  of  comparison  with  previously  described  species. 
It,  however,  appears  much  more  slender  in  its  proportions  than  the  species 
known  from  Texas  and  other  southern  localities,  as  well  as  more  strongly 
enrolled. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Bruere's  pits 
near  Walnford,  on  Crosswicks  Creek,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 


132  PA-L^ONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

CARDIID^. 

Genus  CAEDIUM  Linn. 

Cardium  Eufaulensis. 
Plate  XX,  Figs.  17-19. 

Cardium  Uufmilensis  Conrad.  J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  series,  Yol.  IV,  p.  282,  PI.  LXVI, 
Fig.  12.  Gabb,  Synop.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  106.  Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst., 
p.  12. 

€.  (Trachycardium)  Eufaulensis  Meek.    Geol.  Eept.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  726. 

Gabb,  P.  A.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  310. 

Acantlwcardiuni  Eufaulensis  (Conrad)  Stoliczka.    Pal.  Indica,  p.  215. 

Shell  of  rather  more  than  medium  size  when  fully  grown,  very  ventri- 
cose  in  profile  and  obliquely  broad-ovate  in  outline,  with  a  decided  straight- 
ening of  the  posterior  margin.  Beaks  large,  prominent,  and  incurved. 
Surface  marked  by  about  forty  strong,  rounded,  closely-arranged,  radiating 
ribs,  which  have  a  rather  decided  posterior  curvature  in  their  direction 
toward  the  margin,  and  increase  pretty  uniformly  in  size  and  strength  from 
the  anterior  to  the  posterior  of  the  shell. 

On  an  internal  cast  which  I  have  referred  to  this  species  the  cardinal 
teeth  have  been  strong  and  very  prominent;  the  antiero-laterals  have  been 
moderately  developed,  but  the  postero-laterals  do  not  seem  to  have  been 
strongly  marked. 

The  specimens  examined  from  New  Jersey  are  either  casts  or  par- 
tially exfoliated,  so  that  the  surface  features  are  not  definitely  known.  The 
species  has  been  variously  referred  to  different  sections  of  the  genus,  but 
the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  will  not  aff'ord  the  means  of  determin- 
ing its  position. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  coarse  dark-colored  marls  of  the  Lower  Bed 
near  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.     Collected  by  Rev.  Dr.  Riley. 

Cardium  Ripleyanum. 

Plate  XX,  Fig.  14. 

Cardium  Ripleyanum  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  96,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  6. 
Not  Cardium  Bipleyense  Conrad.    Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  new  series,  p.  326. 

Mr.  Conrad's  description  of  this  species  is  as  follows:  " Suborbicular, 
equilateral,  ventricose;  ribs  21,  broad  anteriorly,  narrow  posteriorly;  inter- 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  133 

stices  crossed  by  prominent  lines.  Locality — Haddonfield,  N.  J."  I  have 
seen  only  a  few  casts  and  one  or  two  impressions  of  this  shell  in  iron-stone 
nodviles  from  Keyport,  N.  J.  The  shell  is  minute,  scarcely  measuring 
more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  erect  with  rather  prominent 
pointed  beaks.  Outline  somewhat  circular,  or  a  little  higher  than  wide, 
ventricose,  and  with  from  eighteen  to  twenty  or  twenty -two  prominent  ribs, 
which  are  most  prominent  on  the  anterior  parts  of  the  shell.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  see  fully  the  hinge  characters,  but  there  is  evidence  of  a  single 
strong  tooth  beneath  the  beaks.  The  general  aspect  of  the  shell,  however, 
is  more  that  of  Cardita  than  of  Cardium* 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  iron-stone  nodules  found  in  clays  at 
Keyport  and  vicinity,  associated  with  Inoceramus,  Scapharca,  Pteria,  Cymella, 
and  other  Cretaceous  shells. 

Cardium  Ripleyense  Conrad. 

(Jour.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  326.) 

This  species  is  not  cited  from  any  locality,  nor  is  it  figured  in  any 
place  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain.  The  species  according  to  the  original 
description  would  fall  under  the  division  Criocardium  Conrad,  if  accepted, 
so  would  not  be  quite  a  synonym  of  Cardium  Bipleyanum  Conrad,  herein 
described.  Mr.  Conrad's  description  of  the  present  species  is  as  follows: 
"A  small  cordate  species,  with  minute  equal  radii,  between  each  of  which 
is  a  series  of  comparatively  long  hair-like  spines."  I  have  seen  no  specimens 
which  will  answer  to  these  characters. 

Genns  CEIOCAEDIUM  Conrad,  1870. 
Cardium  (Criocardium)  dumosum. 

Plate  XX,  Figa.  9-13. 

Cardium  dumosum  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  75. 
Criocardium  dumosum  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  75. 

•      Shell  of  medium  size,  ventricose,  with  moderately  large  erect  beaks, 
strongly  enrolled.     Shell  but  little  oblique  and  very  broadly  ovate  in  outline, 

*  Since  writing  the  above  I  have  seen  a  single  imperfect  valve  of  this  speciea  from  Haddonfield, 
N.  J.,  preserving  some  of  the  shell.  The  characters  are  exactly  as  those  given  above,  while  the  concen- 
tric lines  crossing  the  ribs  are  mnch  stronger,  forming  minute  lamellfe,  but  not  spines  in  any  sense  of 
the  word. 


134  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

the  posterior  side  very  slightly  straightened,  and  the  hinge-margin  only 
slightly  arcuate.  Umbones  slightly  gibbous,  with  the  posterior  umbonal 
slope  just  perceptibly  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior  side  and  of  about 
equal  width.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  near  the  border  of  the  valves  by 
moderately  strong  crenulations,  of  which  about  six  may  be  counted  in  the 
space  of  a  fourth  of  an  inch  on  the  basal  margin  of  the  specimen  figured. 
The  cast  as  compared  with  that  referred  to  C.  muUiradiakim  Gabb  is  less 
ventricose,  with  less  abrupt  postero-cardinal  slopes,  smaller  and  less  elevated 
beaks,  and  a  proportionally  broader  and  less  arcuate  hinge-border;  and 
the  indications  of  striae  on  the  surface  somewhat  coarser.  The  surface  of 
the  shell  which  I  have  supposed  to  belong  to  this  species,  both  from  the 
form  of  the  shell  as  indicated  by  the  cast  and  in  the  matrix  from  which  the 
surface  is  obtained,  and  from  indications  of  the  ribs  on  the  posterior  side  of 
the  cast  figured,  has  been  covered  by  radiating  ribs,  which  are  smooth  and 
flattened  on  the  surface,  and  are  characterized  by  rows  of  short  spines  or 
granules  in  the  depressions  between;  every  third  depression  bearing  spines, 
and  the  two  intermediate  ones  having  granules  only  on  the  body  of  the 
shell,  with  sometimes  a  single  row  only  between  the  rows  of  spines  on  the 
sides  of  the  valves.  The  spines  are  only  moderately  long,  and  appear  to 
have  been  slightly  recurved  and  laterally  compressed,  while  the  granules 
are  rounder  and  arranged  more  closely,  there  being  from  three  to  six  in  the 
distance  between  the  spines.  This  character  of  surface  is  very  distinctive 
as  compared  with  that  referred  to  C.  muUiradiatum,  where  every  rib  has 
its  spines,  though  mostly  arranged  on  the  sides  instead  of  exactly  in  the 
depression,  as  in  this  case.  I  cannot  find  that  any  figure  has  been  given  of 
the  species  by  the  author,  but  from  the  nature  of  his  reference  to  the  form 
of  C.  muUiradiatum  in  his  description,  cannot  doubt  the  correctness  of  the 
reference  here  made.* 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimens  on  which  I  have  founded  this 
species  are  marked  as  from  near  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  and  are  in  the 

*  Subsequently  I  obtained  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia 
specimens  preserving  the  shell,  marked  "Haddonfield,  N.  J.,"  on  which  the  character  of  the  surface  as 
described  above  is  clearly  shown.  One  of  these  is  labeled  Cardiani  dumosam  Conrad,  subgenus  Cardea, 
and  the  other  C.  (Track.)  Alabamiensis,  Gabb.  The  former  in  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting,  and  the  latter 
in  Mr.  Gabb's,  so  far  as  I  can  determine.  They  are,  however,  both  the  same  species,  and  both  individ- 
uals are  figured  on  one  plate. 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS,  .  135 

collection  at  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  while  Mr.  Conrad's  speci- 
mens were  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  near  Philadelphia.  All  of  these 
localities  are  in  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls. 

Cardium  (Ciiocardium)  multiradiatum. 
Plate  XXI,  Figs.  1-3. 

Cardium  multiradiatum  Gabb.    Jour.  A.  IsT.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  series.  Vol.  IV,  p.  395. 
Criocardium  multiradiatum  (Gabb)  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  75,  PI. 
LXVIII,  Fig.  29.    Meek,  Check-list,  and  Catal.  in  Geol.  Eept.  N.  J.,  1863. 

Shell  globularly  ovate,  extremely  ventricose  and  cordate,  v/ith  large, 
prominent,  nearly  erect  beaks,  which  are  strongly  incurved,  but  moderately 
distant  in  the  casts,  valves  gibbously  convex  and  perceptibly  more  promi- 
nent, but  not  angular  along  the  posterior  umbonal  region ;  the  posterior  slope 
being  perceptibly  more  abrupt  than  the  opposite  side  of  the  valves.  Basal 
margin  of  the  shell  rounded,  the  posterior  side  perceptibly  more  straight- 
ened and  the  anterior  round;  the  whole  valve  being  very  slightly  oblique. 
Muscular  imprints  large  but  not  strong ;  cardinal  tooth,  as  indicated  by  the 
imprint  left  on  the  valve,  large  and  strong;  lateral  tooth  unknown;  inner 
margin  of  the  shell  crenulate,  and  slightly  marked  for  a  very  short  distance 
by  the  ribs.  The  exterior  surface,  which  I  have  supposed  to  belong  to  this 
shell,  as  indicated  in  a  matrix,  has  been  marked  by  fine,  closely  set,  and  car- 
inate  ribs,  the  interstices  between  which  are  characterized  by  closely  arranged 
and  laterally  compressed  recurved  spines,  which  are  distant  but  little  more 
than  their  own  width  from  each  other,  and  are  often  placed  on  the  side  of 
the  rib. 

Among  the  specimens  which  have  usually  been  referred  to  this  species 
from  the  Lower  Green  Marls  are  three  very  distinct  species;  but  I  have 
retained  for  this  one  that  which  is  mosi  finely  and  closely  marked,  on  account 
of  the  signification  of  the  specific  name.  Two  of  the  forms  are  short- 
ovate  and  the  third  one  elongate-ovate.  This  species,  here  considered,  is 
the  most  ventricose  of  the  two  former,  and  it  is  also  somewhat  less  in  its 
antero-posterior  dimensions  as  compared  with  the  height  from  the  beaks  to 
the  basal  margin.  It  will  be  somewhat  difiicult  to  distinguish  specifically 
between  them  in  the  casts,  but  the  surface  is  so  very  distinct  that  it  will  not 


136  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

answer  to  include  them  longer  under  the  same  specific  name.  The  other  spe- 
cies, having  alternately  one  or  two  small  ribs  with  closely  set  spines  or  ele- 
vated granules  between,  and  coarser  ribs,  with  distant,  strong  spines,  cannot 
easily  be  mistaken  when  the  surface,  or  matrix,  is  examined.  The  figure  given 
by  Mr  Gabb,  cited  above,  is  so  poor  that  it  cannot  be  satisfactorily  deter- 
mined which  of  these  it  was  taken  from.  Both  species  are  apparently 
members  of  the  group  Tracliycardium  of  Morch,  1852;  while  the  present 
one  would  fall  under  the  genus  Criocardium,  proposed  by  T.  A.  Conrad  in 
1870,  and  the  other  one  into  Granocardmm,  proposed  by  "W.  M.  Gabb  in  the 
Palseont.  of  California,  Vol.  II.  Mr.  F.  Stoliczka,  in  the  Palseont.  Indica,  rather 
condemns  both  of  these  genera  as  being  uncalled-for,  with  which  idea  I  fully 
concur.  The  features  make  perfectly  good  specific  distinctions  among  the 
ribbed  forms  of  the  CardiidcB,  but  to  make  generic  distinctions  of  every  slight 
surface  variation  to  which  such  shells  are  liable  ought  not  to  be  tolerated. 
Formation  and  locality. — The  species  has  been  recognized  in  the  Lower 
Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  Monmouth,  Freehold,  and  Burlington,  New  Jer- 
sey; and  Mr.  Gabb's  typical  form  seems  to  have  been  from  Eufaula,  Ala- 
bama It  also  occurs  at  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama.  The  figured  specimen  is 
in  the  collection  ot  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Others  are 
at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  PEOTOOARDIUM  Beyrich. 

Cardium  (Protocardium)  perelougatum,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  20  and  21,  and  PI.  XXI,  Figs.  4  and  5. 

Comp.  Cardium  Spillmani,  Conrad.  Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  2d  series.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  326,  PI. 
XXXIV,  Fig.  3.  Ibid.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  275  =  Lcevicardium  Spillmani  (Con.) 
Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell  somewhat  above  a  medium  size,  and  very  much  elongated  from 
beak  to  base,  even  in  internal  casts;  the  diameter  in  this  direction  being  one- 
half  greater  than  the  antero-posterior  diameter.  Valves  very  ventricose, 
with  strongly  inflated  umbones  and  strong,  elevated,  moderately  incurved 
beaks,  which  are  distinctly  curved  forward  even  in  the  cast.  Hinge-line 
shoii,  highly  arched.  Posterior  side  of  the  shell  short  and  abrupt;  the 
margin  somewhat  straightened.     Anterior  side  rounded,  but  much  shorter 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  137 

from  the  base  of  the  shell  to  the  hinge  than  the  opposite  side.  Surface  of  the 
valves  marked  on  the  posterior  side  with  strong  rounded  ribs,  but  appar- 
ently not  extending  quite  to  the  crest  of  the  umbonal  ridge,  the  anterior 
side  of  the  valve  being  marked  only  by  irregular  concentric  strise.  In- 
terior margin  of  the  shell  crenulate  on  the  ribbed  part  of  the  valve,  but 
apparently  not  beyond  it.  From  the  appearance  of  internal  casts  the  car- 
dinal teeth  have  not  been  particularly  strong,  but  the  laterals  on  the  anterior 
side  have  been  large  and  thick,  with  considerable  height;  postero-laterals 
somewhat  smaller.  Muscular  imprints  large.  In  one  large  specimen  they 
are  faintly  marked,  but  in  another  smaller  individual  they  have  been  quite 
deep  on  the  anterior  side.  On  the  posterior  side  the  shells  seem  to  have 
been  impressed  from  the  margin  of  the  imprints  to  near  the  beaks. 

This  shell  is  next  to  the  largest  species  of  Cardium  known  in  the  Cre- 
taceous of  New  Jersey.  The  internal  casts  somewhat  resemble  those 
which  I  have  referred  to  C.  Eufaulensis  Conrad,  but  they  may  be  distin- 
guished by  the  total  absence  of  ribs  on  the  central  and  anterior  parts  of 
the  valve  and  by  the  want  of  crenulations  left  on  the  cast  by  the  ribs 
along  the  junction  of  the  valves;  also  by  the  curvature  of  the  beaks  toward 
the  anterior  side  of  the  shell,  whereas  those  of  that  species  are  straight. 
The  inequality  in  the  height  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  sides  of  the  shell 
will  also  serve  as  a  distinguishing  mark.  It  is  closely  allied  to  C.  {Pacliycar- 
dium)  Spillmani  Conrad,  from  Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  but  I  cannot  think 
it  is  identical,  as  it  answers  neither  to  the  description  nor  figure  given  of  that 
species.  The  type  of  that  species  figured  was  badly  crushed  and  distorted, 
but  it  shows  very  distinctly  that  it  had  been  a  broader  shell,  with  broad, 
flattened  ribs  on  the  posterior  side,  which  were  separated  by  flattened  inter- 
spaces of  more  than  equal  width.  I  have  been  unable  to  see  an  authentic 
specimen  of  G.  Spillmani  with  which  to  compare  it,  however.  This  shell  is 
not  uncommon  in  New  Jersey,  and  so  far  I  never  have  found  it  labeled, 
except  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  it  is  marked  in  Mr.  Gabb's  handwriting  as  "possibly  not  Spill- 
mani."  As  both  Mr.  Gabb  and  Mr.  Conrad  frequently  handled  the  speci- 
mens, I  think  had  they  considered  it  identical  it  would  have  been  so  marked. 
Still  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  why  they  did  not  describe  it. 


138  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Grreen  Sands  of  the  Cretaceous 
at  Cream  Ridge  and  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey;  and  I  have  seen  one  very 
fine  internal  cast  from  Delaware. 

Genus  PAOHYCAEDIUM  Courad,  1870. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  96.) 

Pachycardiuin  Burlingtonense,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXI,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Shell  large  and  extremely  ventricose,  with  large,  strong,  prominent, 
and  somewhat  inflated  beaks,  which  are  strongly  incurved  and  approxi- 
mate. Valves  inequilateral,  the  posterior  side  of  the  hinge  line  very  much 
elevated,  and  the  postero-cardinal  portion  of  the  valves  somewhat  lobed; 
height  greater  than  the  width;  anterior  side  of  the  valves  rounded  from  the 
hinge  to  the  basal  border;  base  regularly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  side 
somewhat  straightened.  Surface  marked  on  the  umbonal  slope  and  pos- 
terior side,  extending  to  beyond  the  center  of  the  valves  by  strong  radii, 
those  along  the  umbonal  slope  being  the  strongest  and  of  more  than  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  width  on  the  type  example.  Other  parts  of  the  sur- 
face marked  by  concentric  lines  which  do  not  appear  to  have  been  strongly 
marked.  Hinge  teeth  very  strong,  their  details  cannot  be  determined  from 
the  specimen.  Muscular  scars  very  large  and  deeply  marked,  projecting 
on  the  cast,  the  posterior  one  largest. 

This  shell  has  been  retained  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  under  the  name  C.  Spillmani.  The  shell 
is,  however,  quite  different  in  many  particulars.  It  is  not  so  elongate  by 
considerable,  and  the  posterior  side  is  distinctly  lobed,  and  the  form  much 
higher  on  the  shoulder.  The  surface  is  radiated  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the 
valve,  or  beyond;  although  on  the  cast  the  markings  are  quite  faint.  In 
its  short,  broad  form  and  high  postero-cardinal  margin  it  is  strongly  marked. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  is  marked  with  ink,  on  its  sur- 
face, "N.  Jersey,"  and  has  all  the  lithological  features  of  specimens  from 
near  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  being  most  likely  from  that  place. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  139 

Genus  PULVIA  Grey,  1847. 

Fulvia  tenuis,  n.  ep. 
Plate  XX,  Fig.  8. 

Shell  rather  small,  but  little  exceeding  an  inch  in  length  by  about  half 
that  height;  transversely  elliptical  in  outline,  and  but  moderately  convex. 
Beaks  very  small,  appressed,  and  but  very  sHghtly  projecting  beyond  the 
hinge  margin.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell  the  shortest,  obtusely  pointed,  or 
sharply  rounded  at  its  extremity,  which  is  situated  much  above  the  middle 
of  the  height;  posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded;  basal  hue  strongly 
arcuate  and  rapidly  ascending  toward  the  anterior  part.  Hinge-line  but 
little  declining  on  either  side  of  the  beak.  Surface  of  the  valve  marked  by 
radiating  plications  which  are  very  fine  at  the  anterior  end,  and  gradually 
increase  in  strength  to  the  extreme  posterior  margin,  where  they  must  have 
been  fully  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  wide  (the  shell  being  broken  at  this 
point).  Plications  flattened  obliquely,  so  as  to  give  the  anterior  side  a 
much  greater  abruptness  and  only  about  one-third  the  width  of  the  pos- 
terior side.  A  few  concentric  undulations  mark  the  surface,  and  very  fine 
concentric  striae  cover  the  entire  shell. 

This  is  the  first  species  of  this  section  of  the  Cardiidce  which  I  remem- 
ber to  have  seen  from  the  Cretaceous  formations.  But  I  think  there  can  be 
no  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  generic  reference,  although  the  hinge 
features  are  not  observable.  It  has  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  Linearia 
Conrad,  but  difi'ers  in  its  general  form,  and  particularly  so  in  the  regular 
increase  in  strength  of  the  striae,  which  will  readily  distinguish  it  from 
specimens  of  that  genus  found  in  the  New  Jersey  beds. 

Formation  and  locality. — A  single  shghtly  imperfect  valve  (partial  cast) 
occurs  in  the  cabinet  at  Rutgers  College,  marked  "  Holmdel,  Monmouth 
Co.,  N.  J.,"  and  had  been  labeled  " Pholadompa.'' 

Genus  FEAGUM  Bolton. 

Fragum  tenuistriatum,  u .  sp. 
Plate  XX,  Fig.  15. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  irregularly  trapezoidal  or  sub-triangular  in 
outline,  highly  ventricose  and  sharply  angular  along  the  posterior  umbonal 


140  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESET. 

ridge,  with  a  nearly  vertical  postero-cardinal  slope.  Beaks  large,  promi- 
nent and  attenuated,  projecting  considerable  above  the  hinge-line.  Anterior 
side  of  the  shell  short  and  regularly  rounded;  posterior  vertically  trun- 
cate and  the  basal  line  oblique,  being  prolonged  below  toward  the  pos- 
terior umbonal  angle.  Surface  marked,  on  the  body  of  the  shell  at  least, 
by  very  fine,  semi-obsolete,  radiating  striae,  the  posterior  cardinal  slope  not 
showing  evidences  of  striations  on  the  cast,  the  only  condition  under  which 
it  has  been  observed.     Hinge  features  unknown. 

The  shell  has  all  the  generic  features  of  the  genus  Fragum,  as  far  as 
can  be  determined  from  the  external  form,  while  the  striations  of  the  surface 
are  much  finer  than  is  usually  the  case;  but  no  ornamentation  can  be  de- 
tected on  the  striations,  and  the  features  of  the  hinge  are  not  visible.  It  is 
the  only  form  of  similar  character  yet  known  to  me  in  the  formations  of 
the  state. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  micaceoiis  clays  beneath  the 
Lower  Marls,  at  the  Rev.  Gr.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  Marlborough,  New  Jersey. 
In  Professor  Lockwood's  collection. 

Genus  LEIOPISTHA  Meek. 

Leiopistha  protexta. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  1-3. 

Cardium  proiextum Gomad.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  pi.  XXIV,  Fig.  12. 

Fapyridea  elegantula  Gabb.     Synop.,  p.  108.    Not  of  EoBiner. 

P.  protexta  (Conrad)  Meek.     Smith.  Inst.,  Oheck-list,  p.  12. 

Leiopistha  protexta  (Con.)  Meek.     Geol.  Eept.  N.  Jersey,  1868,  p.  726. 

Conrad.     Geol.  Eept.  N.  Car.  (Kerr's),  Append.,  p.  28. 
Fragilia protexta  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  sen,  Vol.  IV,  p.  275. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  seldom  attaining  the  length  of  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches ;  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  with  strongly  inflated  valves. 
Beaks  large,  prominent,  enrolled,  usually  nearly  in  contact  with  each  other 
at  their  apices,  and  situated  but  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  shell.  Surface  marked  by  about  twenty-four  or  twenty-six 
radiating  ribs  in  the  larger  individuals,  with  a  small  space  on  the  posterior 
end  of  the  shell  apparently  destitute  of  radii.     In  the  casts  the  ribs  are 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  l4l 

sharply  defined,  being  somewhat  angular  on  the  crest,  with  rounded  de- 
pressions between,  and  are  of  nearly  equal  strength  on  all  parts  in  some 
individuals,  while  on  others  they  gradually  increase  in  number  and  fineness 
toward  the  anterior  end. 

This  species  may  be  readilj^  distinguished  from  L.  inflata,  herein  de- 
scribed, by  its  longer  fonn,  less  inflated  valves,  smaller  beaks,  and  strongly 
marked  ribs.  It  difFersfrom  L.  elegantula  {Cardium  elegantula  Romer,  Kreid. 
von  Texas,  p.  48,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  h)  in  being  a  little  more  ventricose,  with  less 
distant  ribs,  and  is  without  the  broad  flattened  interspaces  figured  as  exist- 
ing in  that  species.  Mr.  Gabb,  however,  in  his  Synopsis  cites  them  as  iden- 
tical. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey,  and  also  in  the  white  limestone  near  that  place.  It  also  occurs  at 
Burlington,  New  Jersey,  at  the  same  horizon.  The  species  is  also  quite 
common  in  the  white  limestones  of  the  Cretaceous  at  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala- 
bama. In  the  collection  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
New  York  there  is  a  shell  from  Eufaula,  Alabama,  which  closely  resembles 
this  species,  except  that  it  has  not  been  quite  so  much  inflated,  and  the  ribs 
are  less  prominent,  while  the  posterior  end  of  the  shell  is  entirely  destitute 
of  radiating  costse  for  a  much  wider  space  than  has  been  the  case  with  the 
New  Jersey  specimen. 

Leiopistba  elegantula. 
Not  figured. 

Cardium  elegantula  Ecemer.     Kreid.  von  Texas,  p.  48,  Tab.  V,  Fig.  5. 
Fragilia  elegantula  (Ecem.)  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  275. 
Papyridea  elegantula  Gabb.     Synopsis,  pp.  106  and  162. 

Mr.  Conrad,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Phil- 
adelphia, 2d  series.  Vol.  IV,  p.  275,  cites  this  species  as  coming  from  New 
Jersey,  and  gives  it  as  one  of  the  evidences  of  the  synchronysm  of  the 
Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  and  Eufaula,  Ala.,  beds  with  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  of  the  New  Jersey  deposits.  Among  the  specimens  observed  from 
New  Jersey  there  are  three  distinct  species  of  this  group  of  shells,  and  of  L. 
protexta,  a  variety  possessing  very  much  finer  ribs  than  the  normal  form,  the 


142  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

difference  being  very  marked.  But  among  them  all  I  find  no  individual 
answering  in  character  to  that  figured  by  Dr.  Romer  as  above  cited,  and 
think  it  very  doubtful  if  the  species  really  occurs  in  the  New  Jersey  beds. 


Leiopistha  inflata,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XX,  Figs.  4  and  5. 

Shell  rather  smaller  than  those  of  L.  protexta  Conrad,  and  very  ventri- 
cose,  with  exceedingly  large  and  inflated  beaks,  which  are  nearly  central, 
very  strongly  incurved,  and  in  close  contact.  Length  of  the  shell  only 
abo'ut'  6ne-fourth  or  one-fifth  longer  than  high,  and  the  thickness  through 
the  valves  nearly  or  quite  equaling  the  height.  Anterior  end  but  little 
shorter  than  the  posterior,  and  more  narrowly  rounded.  Surface  of  the 
casts  marked  by  numerous  low,  nearly  flattened,  indistinct  radii,  which  in- 
crease in  fineness  anteriorly,  and  are  obsolete  on  the  posterior  cardinal 
slope. 

This  species  is  quite  readily  distinguished  from  L.  protexta  by  its  shorter 
and  more  ventricose  form,  more  strongly  inflated  beaks,  which  are  larger 
and  much  more  prominent.  The  less  strongly  marked  ribs  is  also  a  marked 
feature.  It  is  not  sufficiently  near  any  of  the  other  described  species  to  be 
readily  mistaken.  It  is  most  nearly  allied  in  form  to  L.  (Papyridea)  hella 
Conrad  (J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  326),  but  that  one  is  described 
as  having  prominent  angular  ribs,  which  are  tiiberculated  on  some  parts  of 
the  shell  which  these  were  not. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  light-colored  calcareous  marls  of  the 
Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  OYMELLA  Meek. 

Cyraella  Meeki. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Gymella  MeeU  Whitf.    Palteont.  Black  Hills,  p.  418,  PI.  XI,  Figs.  27  and  28.    Ext.  p. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  oval  or  ovate,  about  once  and  a  half 
as  long  as  high.  Valves  strongly  convex,  with  large,  somewhat  prominent 
beaks,  situated  much  nearer  the  anterior  end.     Shell  nearly  erect,  and  a 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  143 

little  wider  at  the  anterior  end  than  behind.  Extremities  of  the  valves 
nearly  equally  rounded  and  the  base  regularly  curved.  Cardinal  line 
long  behind  the  beaks,  and  the  margin  inflected  forming  a  narrow,  linear, 
escutcheon-like  area.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  strong  and  regularly 
rounded  and  regularly  increasing  undulations  parallel  to  the  border  of  the 
valves.  These  are  crossed  by  distant  radiating  ribs,  which  are  strong  and 
vertical  in  the  middle  of  the  valve  or  opposite  the  beaks,  and  become 
gradually  fainter  and  finer  toward  the  posterior  end,  apparently  becoming 
obsolete  just  below  the  cardinal  border,  and  also  before  reaching  the  anterior 
cardinal  margin.  These  radiating  ribs,  on  the  central  parts  of  the  shell 
especially,  cut  up  the  surface  into  rounded  nodes  by  forming  depi'essions 
across  the  concentric  undulations.  Surface  of  the  shell  and  hinge-structure 
not  seen,  as  the  specimens  are  all  in  the  condition  of  casts  in  a  fine  mica- 
ceous marl. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Meek,  in  his  Invert.  Pal.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Territ,  p.  237, 
cites  this  species  as  Cymella  bella  Conrad,  Geol.  Rept.  North  Carolina, 
Appendix,  p.  10,  PI.  II,  Fig.  9.  This,  however,  cannot  be,  as  that  species 
has  the  radii  confined  to  the  central  portions  of  the  valves,  while  in  this 
one  they  extend  over  nearly  or  quite  the  entire  shell.  Mr.  Conrad  states  in 
his  description  of  G.  bella  that  he  had  the  shell  itself  under  examination, 
which  of  course  would  possess  the  surface  marking  more  completely  than 
would  a  cast  such  as  these  found  in  New  Jersey.  These  specimens,  more- 
over, correspond  in  nearly  all  particulars  with  those  from  the  Black  Hills 
described  in  the  report  of  that  district.  The  genus  Cymella  appears  to  be 
very  closely  related  to  Plioladomya,  and  to  possess  nearly  the  characters  of 
Poromya  Forbes,  with  which  Dr.  Stoliczka  seems  to  think  is  synonymous, 
while  Mr.  Conrad  thinks  it  quite  distinct.  As  I  have  not  been  able  to  see 
the  hinge  on  any  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens,  I  cannot  give  an  opinion  of 
its  validity. 

Locality  and  position. — In  the  fine  micaceous  marls  or  clays  beneath 
the  Lower  Green  Sands  at  Marlborough,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck,  and  from  the  iron  nodules  from 
near  Keyport,  New  Jersey,  in  the  collection  at  Columbia  College,  New 
York. 


144  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

CYPRINIDiE. 

Genus  VENIELLA  Stoliczka. 

Veniella  Conradi. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  8-10. 

Vmilia  Conradi  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  67,  PI.  Vni,  Figs.  1  and  2.    Gabb,  Synop.,  177. 

Meek,  Check-list,  p.  13.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 
Veniella  Conradi  (Mort.)  Stoliczka.    Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  190.     Meek,  Pal.  Invert. 

Territ.,  p.  148. 
Comp.  V.  {Ooniosoma)  inflata  Con.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  44,  PL  I,  fig.  10. 
Com.  V.  elevata  Con.    Am.  Jour.  Couch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74,  PI,  III,  Fig.  7. 

Shell,  as  found  in  New  Jersey,  small  to  medium  size,  but  as  found  in 
Texas  and  neighboring  States  often  quite  large.  Rhombic,  trapezoidal 
or  subquadrate  in  outline,  very  ventricose  and  sharply  angular  on  the 
umbonal  ridges,  with  large,  prominent,  incurved  beaks,  situated  far  interior 
and  quite  approximate.  Hinge-line  more  or  less  curved  and  strongly 
bent  beneath  the  beaks;  posterior  end  truncate,  showing  a  greater  or  less 
width  in  different  individuals,  often  quite  angular  at  the  cardinal  angle  in 
3'ounger  shells,  but  more  or  less  rounded  in  older  specimens.  Basal  line 
gently  curved  and  the  anterior  end  obtusely  rounded,  longest  below  the 
center  and  largely  excavated  beneath  the  beaks,  although  but  slightly 
projecting  beyond  them.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  strong  concentric 
varices,  which  in  the  younger  shells  are  broad  concave  furrows  with  sharp 
ridges,  very  distant  and  only  three  or  four  in  number  in  medium  sized 
individuals.  In  the  older  specimens  these  often  become  less  marked,  and 
in  many  of  the  Southern  shells  are  nearly  obsolete.  The  interior  of  the 
shell  is  seldom  seen  in  the  New  Jersey  marls,  where  it  mostly  exists  as 
internal  or  partially  external  casts,  but  from  the  more  Southern  localities  it 
is  obtained  preserving  the  substance  of  the  shell  and  showing  the  hinge- 
features  very  distinctly. 

The  species  is  a  strongly  marked  one,  and  is  not  easily  confounded 
with  but  one  other  shell  found  in  the  New  Jersey  beds,  namely,  CarcUta 
decisa  Morton.  From  this  one  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  presence  of 
the  surface  undulations,  the  more  angular  umbonal  ridge,  more  abrupt 
umbonal  slope,  and  smaller  and  less  enrolled  beaks,  which  ai'e  more  erect, 


LAMELLIBEAKCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARLS.  145 

those  of  that  species  being  directed  forward.  There  is  a  close  resemblance 
between  this  shell  and  the  V.  trigona  Gabb.  Indeed  they  might  quite  read- 
ily be  confounded,  and  may  perhaps  be  identical;  but  the  specimens  referred 
to  the  latter  species  never  show  anything  of  the  undulations  of  the  surface 
so  characteristic  of  V.  Conradi.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  as  all  of  those 
of  V.  trigona  yet  known  are  large,  and  have  been  much  thickened  shells, 
that  these  features  would  not  have  been  retained  on  the  internal  casts.  This 
fact  might  have  been  decided  by  an  examination  of  the  interior  of  Morton's 
type,  but  I  did  not  succeed  in  finding  it  in  the  collection  at  Philadelphia, 
although  Mr  Meek  appears  to  have  had  it  in  his  hands,  as  he  figures  one  in 
the  Invert.  Pal.  of  the  Territories,  p.  148,  which  he  refers  to  as  Morton's 
type,  but  which  is  much  larger  than  Morton's  figure.  The  shells  described 
by  Mr.  Conrad  as  V.  inflata  and  V.  elevata  may  be  only  small  or  dwarfed 
specimens  of  this  same  species.  They  are,  however,  very  ventricose,  and 
bear  the  imprint  of  adult  age,  but  are  otherwise  very  similar.  The  beaks  of 
both  of  those  species  are  somewhat  more  erect  and  the  posterior  slope  more 
abrupt,  but  this  would  still  be  the  case  in  small  shells  where  the  form  was 
similar  to  some  of  those  which  have  been  identified  with  this  one  without 
question. 

Formation  and  localities. — The  shell  is  present  in  the  collections  from 
the  State  from  the  Lower  Green  Sands  at  Holmdel,  and  from  the  mica- 
ceous clays  under  the  lower  bed  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  near 
Marlborough,  New  Jersey.  These  show  the  strong  undulations  of  the 
exterior,  and  are  comparatively  small  specimens,  retaining  but  little  of  the 
substance,  being  really  external  casts,  and  do  not  preserve  any  features  of 
the  interior. 

Veniellia  decisa. 

Plate  XIX,  Figs.  15  and  16. 

Cardita  decisa  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  66,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  3. 

Venilia  Conradi  Gabb.     Synopsis,  pp.  104  and  130  (not  of  Morton). 

Shell  of  medium  size,   subquadrangular,  rhomboidal  or  triangularly 
rhombic  in  outline,  dependent  more  or  less  on  compression  or  distortion  of 
4418  MON  9 10 


146  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBT. 

the  valves.  Valves  usually  veiy  venti'icose,  with  strong,  rather  inflated  and 
enrolled  beaks,  situated  near  the  anterior  end  and  curved  anteriorly,  and 
strongly  angular  on  the  back ;  umbonal  ridge  distinctly  and  prominently 
angular,  and  highly  arcuate  in  its  passage  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero- 
basal angle  of  the  valves.  Cardinal  border  arcuate,  the  cardinal  and  basal 
margins  subparallel  and  nearly  equally  curved ;  posterior  margin  squarely 
truncate  below  and  sloping  toward  the  hinge-line  above ;  anterior  end 
sharply  rounded,  and  deeply  excavated  beneath  the  beaks.  Postero-cardi- 
nal  slope  rather  abrupt.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  casts, 
smooth  or  mai'ked  only  by  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

The  external  form  of  these  casts  is  quite  variable  in  different  individ- 
uals, dependent  to  some  extent  on  the  degree  and  direction  of  the  compi'es- 
sion  which  they  have  undergone.  This  also  affects  moi-e  or  less  the  ventri- 
cosity  of  the  valves,  which  in  their  natural  condition  has  been  very  great. 
I  have  seen  no  specimens  yet  which  afford  any  of  the  hinge  characters 
which  will  enable  one  to  compare  them  satisfactorily  with  the  recent  species 
of  the  genus  Isocardia.  But  there  is  one  feature  which  exists  on  all  the 
casts  I  have  examined  in  which  it  differs  from  that  genus,  namely,  a  curved 
gToove  just  in  advance  of  the  beaks  in  each  valve,  indicating  a  raised  ridge 
on  the  inside  of  the  shell,  extending  from  beneath  the  beak  to  the  under 
side  of  the  hinge-plate  analogous  to  that  bordering  the  muscular  imprint  of 
CiicuUcea.  Should  this  prove  to  be  the  case  in  well-preserved  individuals 
it  would  probably  require  generic  separation,  but  the  material  which  I  have 
seen  is  too  imperfect  to  warrant  that  step  at  the  present  stage  of  the  inves- 
tigation. The  casts  of  this  species  have  usually  been  referred  to  Veniella 
Conradi  by  collectors,  but  when  compared  with  those  of  that  species  they 
are  remarkably  different.  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimen  does  not  appear  to 
be  in  existence;  but  from  his  figure  I  should  judge  it  had  been  flattened  by 
compression,  thereby  extending  the  beak  and  giving  more  than  the  usual 
amount  of  slope  to  the  postero-cardinal  border.  The  surface  stria  which  he 
mentions,  and  which  is  faintly  indicated  on  the  figure,  is  most  probably 
imaginary,  at  least  no  other  specimen  showing  it  appears  to  have  been  seen. 
Mr.  Gabb,  in  his  Synopsis,  p.  104,  in  a  foot-note  under  Cardita  decisa,  says 
Dr.  Morton's  type  of  the  species  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of  the 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  147 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  and  he  places  the  species  as 
a  synonym  under  Veniella  Conradi,  only  from  the  evidence  furnished  by 
Dr.  Morton's  figure,  still  expressing  a  possibility,  however,  that  it  may  be 
distinct. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Blue-Ball,  New 
Jersey,  and  at  the  marl  pits  of  I.  Stratton,  near  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey. 
Dr.  Morton's  specimen  was  from  the  blue  marls  at  Saint  George's,  Delaware. 

Veniella  inflata. 
Plate  XIX,  figs.  4  and  5. 

Goniosoma  inflata  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  44,  PI.  I,  Fig.  10. 
Comp.  V.  elevata  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  7. 

Shell  small,  subquadrangular  in  outline,  with  inflated  valves,  and  large, 
prominent,  incurved  beaks,  which  project  considerably  above  the  hinge- 
line,  are  rather  erect  and  nearly  centrally  situated.  Umbonal  ridge  sharply 
angular,  and  the  postero-cardinal  slope  very  abrupt  and  narrow.  Anterior 
end  of  the  shell  sharply  roundedj  and  the  posterior  squarely  truncate,  while 
the  basal  margin  is  broadly  curved.  The  specimen,  which  is  an  internal 
cast,  shows  the  muscular  imprints  rounded  and  strongly  marked,  and  the 
pallial  line  distinct  and  simple.  The  hinge  features  show  a  strong  trian- 
gular tooth  beneath  the  beak  in  the  left  valve,  and  two  smaller  ones  in  the 
right,  with  an  elongate  lateral  ridge  in  front  on  the  right  valve  representing 
a  ridge  on  the  left  valve.     Surface  of  the  shell  unknown. 

Mr.  Conrad  makes  this  shell  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Goniosoma,  but 
there  certainly  is  no  feature  about  it  in  which  it  differs  from  the  typical 
forms  of  Veniella  as  shown  in  V.  Conradi,  and  as  regards  the  specific 
features  of  the  individual  I  can  see  no  reason  why  it  may  not  be  identical 
with  V.  elevata  Conrad.  But  as  I  have  not  seen  any  but  the  one  type 
specimen  of  this,  a  cast,  and  no  cast  of  V.  elevata,  unless  this  be  one,  I  have 
hesitated  to  cite  it  as  positively  the  same,  although  I  believe  it  is.  Dr. 
Stoliczka  remarks  that  the  form  of  this  species  is  like  Veniella,  but  considers, 
undoubtedly  on  Mr.  Conrad's  authority  as  given  in  his  generic  descrip- 
tion, the  hinge  entirely  distinct,  which,  I  think,  is  an  error;  though  for  this 


148  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Mr.  Conrad  is  responsible,  as  he  gives  a  new  name.  His  description  of  the 
genus  Goniosoma  is  as  follows:  "An  equi valve  bivalve  with  prominent 
beaks  and  entire  pallial  line?  tlie  muscular  impressions  terminal,  posterior 
one  round;  hinge  (in  the  cast)  with  two  prominent  cardinal  teeth,  and  a 
long  anterior  lateral  tooth,  parallel  with  the  hinge  margin  above  it  in  the 
right  valve."  The  specimen  does  not  show  a  ridge  in  the  valve,  but  on  the 
cast,  which  represents  a  ridge  on  the  opposite  or  l^t  valve.  If  any  one 
will  examine  a  valve  of  VenieUa  Conradi  they  will  find  these  features  all 
represented  in  the  same  manner. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.  Specimens  borrowed  from  the  cabinet  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Veniella  elevata. 

Plate  XIX,  Figs.  6  aud  7. 

YeniUa  elevata  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Couch.,  Yol.  YI,  p.  74,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  7. 

Comp.  Veniella  [Goniosoma)  inflata Con.  sp.    Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  Y,  p.  44,  PI.  I,  Fg.  10. 

Shell  very  small  and  extremely  ventricose,  subquadrangular  in  outline, 
with  large,  prominent,  incurved  beaks,  very  angular  umbonal  ridge,  almost 
vertical  postero-cardinal  slope,  and  rounded  anterior  margin,  which  curves 
regularly  into  the  basal  line;  posterior  end  almost  vertically  truncate. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  four  distant,  elevated,  concenti-ic  lamellae, 
which  project  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  surface  of  the  shell  from  which 
they  originate,  the  one  nearest  to  the  beak  being  small  and  inconspicuous. 
Internal  features  not  seen. 

A  single  valve  only  of  this  species  has  been  observed,  it  being  the 
typical  one  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad,  loc.  cit,  and  from  which  in  all  proba- 
bility the  profile  view  of  both  valves  was  also  made  by  restoration.  The 
species  is  almost,  if  not  quite,  identical  with  V.  (Goniosoma)  inflata  of  the 
same  author,  but  preserves  the  shell,  while  that  one  is  described  from  an 
internal  cast,  thus  presenting  different  characters.  This  one,  however,  is 
smaller,  but  still  fully  as  ventricose  as  that  one,  showing  it  to  be  an  adult 
shell.  They  both  very  closely  resemble  and  appear  to  be  dwarfed  speci- 
mens of  a  form  which  I  have  considered  as  V.  Conradi  Morton,  but  which 


LAMELLIBEANGHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  149 

diflPers  materially  in  its  surface  character  from  those  of  that  species,  as 
identified  by  various  authors,  from  other  and  more  southern  localities,  but 
not  from  Dr.  Morton's  figured  specimen,  which  was  from  Arneytown,  N.  J., 
but  which  shows  the  concentric  sulci  much  less  strongly  developed  than 
those  to  which  I  refer.  I  am  much  inclined  to  think  they  are  all  of  one 
species,  however,  and  that  this  one  and  V.  inflata  are  merely  dwarfed  indi- 
viduals. In  some  of  tTie  New  Jersey  examples,  which  are  internal  casts,  the 
sulci  of  the  surface  are  preseved  to  their  fullest  extent,  while  on  other  casts 
they  are  entirely  obliterated.  This  seems  to  have  ai'isen  from  different 
conditions  of  preservation,  and  from  a  difference  in  the  material  of  the 
filling  and  matrix. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natu- 
ral Sciences  at  Philadelphia. 

Veniella  trigona. 

Plate  XIX,  Figs.  11-14. 

Venilia  trigona  G-abb.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  324.     Synopsis,  Meek,  Check-list, 
p.  13.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  species,  an  internal  cast,  represents  an 
extremely  ventricose  shell  of  a  trapezoidal  or  subtriangular  outline  pro- 
foundly angular  on  the  umbonal  ridge,  and  with  large,  prominent,  incurved 
and  rather  distant  beaks.  Posterior  end  narrow  and  nearly  at  right  angles 
with  the  posterior  third  of  the  basal  line.  The  latter  border  of  the  shell  is 
strongly  rounded  upwards  on  the  interior  half  and  merges  gradually  into 
the  anterior  margin.  Hinge-line  sharply  bent  beneath  the  beaks,  and  the 
hinge  appears  to  have  been  characterized  by  strong  teeth  on  the  anterior  of 
the  plate.  Cardinal  slope  very  abrupt  and  nearly  vertical,  giving  a  nearly 
flattened  postero-cardinal  surface  to  the  cast  extending  to  the  umbonal  angles 
above  the  position  of  the  muscular  scars.  Muscular  scars  very  strong  and 
prominent  on  the  cast,  the  posterior  ones  large,  and  on  the  type  are  followed 
by  a  ridge  for  some  distance  toward  the  beaks.    A  second  cast  shows  a  some- 


150  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

what  less  triangular  form,  with  a  broader  posterior  end  and  not  quite  such 
venti-icose  valves.  This  species  represents  very  well  some  of  the  more 
ventricose  forms,  which  are  usually  referred  to  V.  Conradi,  from  Alabama 
and  Texas,  and  which,  although  usually  more  or  less  marked  with  strong 
varices  externally,  do  not  retain  them  on  the  internal  casts.  In  this  respect 
they  dijffer  very  materially  from  the  New  Jersey  forms  of  that  species,  which 
have  the  three  or  more  very  strong  undulations  of  the  exterior  equally  well 
marked  on  the  casts,  while  these  specimens  are  entirely  destitute  of  this 
feature,  for  which  reason  I  am  inclined  to  think  they  really  represent,  with 
the  southern  forms  above  mentioned,  an  entirely  distinct  species  from  V. 
Conradi.  Dr.  Morton  included  both  forms  under  the  one  designation,  but 
his  figured  specimens  I  believe  were  from  New  Jersey,  although  the  types 
themselves  are  not  now  to  be  found. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  type  specimen  is  given  by  Mr.  Gabb  as 
from  Boonton,  New  Jersey.  The  second  specimen  mentioned  above  is 
marked  on  the  label  as  from  Monmouth  County.  I  have  seen  other  frag- 
ments from  Freehold. 

Veniella  subovalis,  Con. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  1  and  2. 
Venilia  subovalis  Conrad,  on  label  iu  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  transversely  subovate  or  subtrapezoidal  in 
outline,  about  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  high,  with  subparallel  dorsal  and 
basal  margins.  Beaks  rather  strong,  but  not  very  prominent,  not  project- 
ing much  above  the  cardinal  line,  directed  anteriorly  and  closely  approxi- 
mate, situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Ante- 
rior end  of  the  shell  pointedly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  end  somewhat 
squarely  truncate  or  very  broadly  rounded,  almost  direct.  Disk  of  the 
valves  ventricose  and  sharply  angular  along  the  umbonal  ridge,  leaving  a 
decided  angulation  on  the  cast,  most  distinctly  so  in  the  upper  part.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  unknown.  Interior  of  the  right  valve,  as  obtained  on  a 
gutta-percha  imprint  taken  from  the  cast  figured,  with  a  rather  broad  hinge- 
plate  and  strongly  marked  muscular  imprints  of  proportionally  large  size. 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  151 

The  hinge-plate  is  characterized  by  two  cardinal  teeth,  widely  divergent, 
with  a  deep  triangular  pit  between,  and  the  posterior  tooth  grooved  on  its 
surface,  a  short  anterior  pit  and  a  long  lateral  groove  behind,  which  is  ver- 
tically crenulate  on  the  sides. 

The  species  differs  from  any  other  of  the  genus  in  its  transverse  form, 
small  beaks,  and  less  ventricose  valves.  I  find  the  specimens  labeled  Venilia 
siibovalis  Conrad,  in  Mr.  Conrad's  own  handwriting,  but  have  not  been  able 
to  find  any  published  description  or  mention  of  the  name  in  print.  Mr. 
Oonrad  does  not  mention  it  in  his  enumeration  of  the  species  in  lh66,  in 
the  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  103;  nor  is  it  mentioned  by  Mr.  Gabb  or 
Mr.  Meek  in  catalogues,  or  by  Dr.  Stoliczka  in  the  Palseont.  Indica.  It  is 
possible  I  may  have  overlooked  it  in  some  of  Mr.  Conrad's  later  publi- 
cations; therefore  I  have  adopted  the  name  used  by  him  on  the  label. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 
From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadeljjhia. 

Veniella  trapezoidea. 

Plate  XIX,  Fig.  3. 

Tenilia  trapezoidea  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  282,  PI.  XLVII,  Fig.  7. 

Gabb,  Syn.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  178.    Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  13. 
Yeniella  tra/pezoidea  (Con.)  Stoliczka.    Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  189. 

Shell  rather  small,  trapezoidal  in  form,  but  often  subtriangular,  as  seen 
in  internal  casts.  Valves  moderately  ventricose,  with  moderately  strong 
beaks,  situated  near  the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  Hinge  short,  very 
slightly  arcuate,  the  margins  inflected,  forming  a  slight  escutcheon.  Ante- 
rior side  of  the  beaks  contracted,  throwing  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
shell  below  the  median  line,  and  giving  it  a  narrowly  rounded  form;  basal 
line  gently  arcuate,  and  the  posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate,  much 
shortened  above  and  leaving  the  postero-basal  angle  somewhat  pointed.  A 
strong  angular  umbonal  ridge  extends  from  the  beak  to  the  basal  angle, 
giving  an  abruptly  sloping  form  to  the  postero-cardinal  portion  of  the  shell. 
Surface  marked  by  concentric  lines  and  by  one  or  more  stronger  varices  of 
growth. 


152  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  more  transverse  form  of  this  shell  at  once  distinguishes  it  from 
V.  Coiinidi  Morton,  as  well  as  from  most  of  the  other  species  found  in  New 
Jersey. 

Locality. — The  only  specimen  of  this  species  which  I  have  seen  from 
New  Jersey  is  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel. 

Genus  SPHEEIOLA  Stoliczka. 

SphEeriola  umbonata. 
Plato  XIX,  Figs.  17  and  18. 

Shell  moderately  large  and  very  ventricose,  with  very  full,  prominent 
beaks  and  umbones,  which'  are  situated  considerably  anterior  to  the  middle 
of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell  more  broadly  rounded 
than  the  posterior,  and  the  basal  line  very  slightly  flattened  in  the  middle. 
Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  strong  concentric  lines,  and  by  a  few  dis- 
tant undulations  of  the  surface.  Ligament  strong  and  prominent.  Further 
hinge  characters  unknown. 

Only  a  single  very  imperfect  cast  of  this  species  has  been  obtained, 
the  condition  of  preservation  of  which  is  such  as  to  render  a  more  complete 
description  of  its  character  impossible.  It  differs  from  any  of  the  species 
from  the  upper  Missouri  region  in  being  more  inequilateral,  and  in  the  in- 
flated character  of  the  beaks,  which  are  remarkably  strong.  The  speci- 
men was  observed  among  the  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences at  Philadelphia,  marked  Area  antrosa.  As  it  is  the  only  individual 
of  the  genus  yet  recognized  on  the  Atlantic  border,  I  have  concluded  to 
name  it,  for  the  purpose  of  calling  attention  to  it,  notwithstanding  its  very 
imperfect  condition. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  is  marked  simply  "Cret,  N.  J.," 
without  clue  to  its  definite  locality,  like  so  many  of  the  specimens  formerly 
used,  and  probably  collected  or  deposited  in  the  collection  by  Messrs.  Con- 
rad and  Gabb;  through  which  error  the  great  interest  of  the  specimens  is 
entirely  lost  to  science  and  their  principal  uses  destroyed.  The  specimen 
is  a  cast  in  coarse  greensand,  coated  with  a  blackish  deposit  of  decayed 
vegetable  matter,  and  I  infer  it  may  have  come  from  the  Lower  Beds  of  the 
Cretaceous. 


LAMELLIBEAECHIATA  OP  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  153 

Suborder  SINUOPALLIATA. 
VENERID^. 

Genus  CALLISTA  Poll. 

Callista  Delawarensis. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  8-10. 

Dione  Delawarensis  Gabb.    J.  A.  IST.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  302,  PI.  XLVHI,  Fig.  18. 

Callista  Belaioarensis  Gabb.     Synop.,  p.  105. 

Biom  Delawarensis  (Gabb)  Meek.     Smithson.  Check-list,  p.  13.     Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica, 

Vol.  Ill,  165. 
Comp.  Venus  Bipleyana  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  S.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  393,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  22. 
Not  Garyates  Delawarensis  (Gabb)  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Concb.,  Vol.  V,  p.  41,  PI.  I,  Fig.  6. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  slightly  transverse,  with  the  beaks  anterior  to 
the  middle,  small  and  but  little  incurved.  Outline  ovate,  broadest  oppo- 
site the  beaks  and  somewhat  pointed  posteriorly.  On  the  casts  the  teeth 
are  small,  the  muscular  imprints  rather  large  and  moderately  distinct,  and 
the  pallial  line  deeply  and  rather  broadly  sinuate;  the  sinus  rounded  at  the 
extremity  and  directed  forward  and  upward.  Only  small  shells  preserving 
the  substance  have  been  observed.  They  have  the  same  general  form  with 
the  casts,  while  the  surface  is  marked  by  very  regular,  gradually  increasing, 
concentric  ridges  parallel  to  the  margin,  and  are  flattened  on  the  surfaces 
and  separated  by  deep,  sharp,  but  narrow  grooves. 

The  cast  of  this  species  are  not  easily  distinguished  from  those  of  one 
or  two  other  species,  and  especially  from  casts  from  the  Eocene  sands  of  the 
upper  marl  beds  at  Farmingdale,  N.  J.  It  may  be  said  to  differ  in  that  one 
being  longer  in  front  than  behind  the  beaks,  and  from  what  evidence  can 
be  obtained  from  the  casts,  also  in  the  surface  characters,  as  that  one  appears 
to  have  been  marked  only  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth  instead  of 
the  regular  ridges  of  this  one.  From  C.  veta,  Conrad,  it  differs  in  being  a 
larger  shell  and  proportionally  less  ventricose,  as  seen  in  the  casts.  From 
some  of  the  Eocene  casts  I  cannot  see  distinguishing  features.     I  see  no 


154  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

reason,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  description  and  figure  given  by  Mr. 
Gabb,  to  suppose  his  Venus  Bipleyana,  Jour.  Am.  Sci.  Phil.,  new  series,  Vol. 
IV,  p.  393,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  22,  is  distinct  from  this  one.  The  form  is  said  to 
be  proportionally  shorter  and  more  pointed  posteriorly  and  the  surface  ribs 
coarser  and  less  regular.  Among  the  specimens  from  Holmdel  and  Marl- 
borough examples  may  be  selected  which  will  more  than  cover  all  these 
differences. 

In  regard  to  the  generic  affinities  of  the  shell,  I  can  see  no  reason  for 
separating  these  Cretaceous  forms  from  those  found  in  the  Eocene;  in 
fact,  I  think  those  of  the  New  Jersey  Eocene  are,  most  likely,  specifically 
identical.  Certainly  I  should  not  think  of  classing  them  under  a  difi"erent 
•genus  simply  because  they  were  found  in  a  different  geological  formation, 
and  that  only,  as  do  some  authors,  for  I  cannot  believe  in  limiting  zoolog- 
ical groups  by  geological  formations. 

Formation  and  locality. — As  casts  only  in  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Free- 
hold, New  Jersey,  and  as  small  shells  from  the  nodules  in  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Marlborough  and  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Gabb  cites  it  from  the 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal  and  New  Jersey. 

Genus  APHRODINA  Conrad.     1868. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  lY,  p.  246.) 

Aphrodina  Tippana. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

.Meretrix  Tippana  Conrad.    Jonr.  A .  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  new  series,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  326,  PI.  XXXIV, 

Fig.  18.     Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  142. 
Dione  Tippana  (Con.)  Meek.     Check-list,  p.  13. 
^Aphrodina  Tippana  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  246,  PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  5. 

Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  ovate  or  subtriangular  in  outline, 

"with  moderately  convex  valves  and  prominent  subtumid  beaks,  which  are 

nearly  subcentrally  situated  and  slightly  directed  forward.      Anterior  end 

■^of  the  valves  broadly  rounded  and  the  posterior  end  more  pointed;  the 

greatest  length  of   each  situated  rather  below  the  middle  of  the  height. 

_iase  broadly  curved  and  the  postero-cardinal  margin  rapidly  sloping,  with 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  155 

a  moderate  degree  of  arcuation,  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Casts  show 
the  muscular  imprints  to  be  very  faintly  marked  but  of  tolerable  size,  and 
the  pallial  sinus  broad,  deep,  and  obtusely  pointed. 

I  have  only  seen  casts  of  this  species,  so  that  the  hinge  structure  is  not 
known  to  me.  Mr.  Conrad  mentions  in  his  generic  description  of  Apliro- 
dina,  of  which  this  species  is  the  type,  that  he  has  a  single  perfect  left  valve 
showing  the  hinge  characters,  which  he  describes  as  follows:  "Hinge  in  the 
left  valve  with  three  diverging  cardinal  teeth,  the  anterior  tootli  as  thick  as 
the  middle  one  or  thicker,  and  a  straight,  compressed,  transversely  rugose 
lateral  tooth  parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  shell  above  it."  I  have  not 
seen  the  shell  spoken  of,  and  cannot  judge  of  its  merits  more  than  is  shown 
by  the  figure  he  gives,  which  is  copied  on  our  plate.  The  species  does  not 
appear  to  be  abundant,  and  among  the  few  which  I  have  been  able  to  refer 
to  it  there  is  considerable  variation  in  form,  which  is  perhaps,  to  some  extent, 
due  to  compression  and  distortion  in  the  marls.  The  surface  of  the  shell, 
so  far  as  I  can  judge,  appears  to  have  been  marked  with  fine  concentric 
lines  only.  Mr.  Conrad's  specimen,  which  was  from  Tippah  County,  Missis- 
sippi, seems  to  have  been  not  so  high  as  others  found  in  the  collection  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  labeled  Meretrix  Tippana  1  in  his  liand wilt- 
ing, and  the  locality  New  Jersey.  Dr.  Stoliczka  appears  to  think  there  was 
little  reason  for  separating  the  shell  as  a  generic  type,  and  considers  it  as 
equivalent  to  Caryatis  of  Roemer,  but  has  only  seen  the  description  of  Mr. 
Conrad.  In  its  general  form  it  differs  from  GalUsta  Delaivarensis  in  being 
more  elevated,  which  causes  a  more  triangular  form  of  outline  with  more 
nearly  subcentral  beaks.     It  is  also  of  larger  size  as  a  general  thing. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  the  deep  cut  of 
the  Holmdel  and  Keyport  turnpike,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  and 
in  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marl  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck's 
pits,  Marlborough,  and  from  Cream  Ridge,  New  Jersey.  One  of  the  speci- 
mens from  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  collection  appears  to  have  come 
from  the  first  locality  also,  the  other  having  the  appearance  of  coming  from 
the  limestone  nodules  of  the  Lower  Marls.  A  specimen  of  nearly  the  same 
;form,  but  a  little  doubtful,  is  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 


156  PAL^ONTOLOaT  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Genus  CYPEIMERIA  Conrad.     1864. 
(Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  212.) 

Cyprimeria  depressa. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  11-13. 

Bosinia  depressa  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  278,  PI.  XLVI,  Pig.  6. 
?  Sanc/uinolaria  cretacea  Con.     J.  A.  N.  S.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  277,  PI.  XLVI,  Pig. 

11.     Gabb,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  1876,  p.  308. 
Bosinia  Eaddonfieldensls  Lea.     P.  A.  K  S.,  3861,  p.  149. 
J).  depressa  (Con.)  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  120.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  13. 

Cyprimeria  Crefacensis  Conrad.    Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  9. 
C.  Cretacea  Con.    Am.  J.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  103. 

C.  depressa  Conrad.     Kerr's  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  Car.,  Appendix,  p.  9. 

G.  depressa  (Con.)  Gabl .    P.  A.  N.  S.,  1876,  p.  308. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  broad-ovate  in  outline,  with  very 
depressed  convex  valves,  which  are  broadest  anteriorly  and  somewhat  sub- 
cuneate  behind,  although  slightly  truncate  at  the  narrow  extremity.  Beaks 
very  small,  inconspicuous,  situated  a  little  nearest  the  anterior  end  of  the 
valve,  and  pointed.  Postero-cardinal  margin  rapidly  sloping  from  the  beaks 
to  the  posterior  truncation,  and  but  very  little  arched  in  its  course;  more„so 
on  the  left  valve,  and  almost  invariably  a  little  humped  at  about  one-third 
of  the  length  behind  the  beak  on  the  right  valve.  Basal  line  strongly 
rounded,  fullest  just  in  advance  of  the  middle.  Right  valve  the  most  con- 
vex and  bent  downward  at  the  posterior,  while  the  left  valve  is  curved  or 
bent  upward  to  correspond,  giving  a  rather  strong  twist  to  the  valves  as 
seen  in  a  basal  view.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  regular  concentric 
lines  of  growth  and  numerous  stronger  varices  at  irregular  distances.  Near 
the  apex  of  nearly  all  valves  the  surface  is  marked  by  regular  concentric 
ridges  when  seen  under  a  glass,  which  are  lost  at  from  a  fourth  to  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  from  the  beaks.  When  the  valves  are  united  the  lunular 
depression  is  but  sHght,  but  behind  the  beaks  the  margins  of  the  valves  are 
strongly  inflected  and  form  a  deeply  excavated  escutcheon,  like  that  of 
Circe,  while  the  beaks  of  the  two  valves  nearly  touch  each  other.  In  the 
interior  the  hinge-plate  is  rather  wide,  the  muscular  imprints  faintly  marked 
but  large,  and  the  pallial  line  quite  distinct  but  not  sinuate. 

Internal  casts  of  the  species  appear  to  be  comparatively  rare,  at  least 
in  a  condition  to  be  identified.     On  them  the  beaks  seem  to  be  much  larger. 


LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  157 

and  to  have  a  greater  excavation  in  front  than  the  shell  would  indicate. 
This  is  the  result  of  a  thickening  which  takes  place  opposite  the  beaks  in 
the  shell,  leaving  the  hinge-plate  shelving  more  behind  it,  which  produces 
the  beak  in  the  casts  further  back. 

In  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia 
the  specimens  which  are  marked  in  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting  Cyprimeria 
Cretacea  appear  to  be  positively  identical  with  those  marked  as  of  this  spe- 
cies. I  have  therefore  cited  that  species  as  a  synonym  of  this  one,  although 
the  original  figure  given  in  Vol.  II,  Journal  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
new  series,  PI.  XLVI,  Fig.  11,  would  appear  to  be  somewhat  more  elongated 
than  any  of  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen. 

In  regard  to  the  generic  relations  of  this  shell  there  may  not  be  any 
real  doubt,  but  it  is  quite  cei'tain  that  the  pallial  sinus  is  obsolete.  Nor  can 
I  say  with  certainty  that  I  have  seen  a  pallial  sinus  on  any  species  from 
New  Jersey  which  has  been  referred  to  this  genus,  although  it  is  usually 
described  as  possessing  such  a  feature,  and  is  referred  to  a  family  which  is 
supposed  to  be  composed  of  sinuopallial  shells.  The  entire  expression  of 
this  shell  in  the  interior  is  more  that  of  an  Astarta  than  of  a  Tellina,  only 
for  the  bending  of  the  valves. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  shells  which  I  have  used,  and  which 
belong  to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  are  from  the 
micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  The  cast 
which  I  have  figured  is  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  and  is  from  the  collec- 
tion of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

Cyprimeria  densata. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  19-21. 

Tellina  densata  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  PL  XXIV,  Fig.  14. 
Dosinia  densata  (Con.)  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  120.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  13. 
D.  donata  (Con.)  [by  error  for  D.  deusata]  Meek.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Cyprimeria  densata  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  102. 

Not  Dosinia  densata  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  S.  Phil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  72.5,  PI.  XXXIV, 
Fig.  13  (  —  C.  alta  Con.    Kerr's  Eept.  Geol.  N.  C,  Appendix,  p.  27). 

Shell  large,  transversely  ellijjtical,  with  the  posterior  end  broadly  and 
squarely  truncate.     Valves  moderately  convex,  the  right  more  prominently 


158  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

so,  and  about  three-fourths  as  high  as  long.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  situ- 
ated behind  the  anterior  third  of  the  length;  a  slight  umbonal  angulation 
marks  the  posterior  slope,  between  which  and  the  cardinal  margin  the  sur- 
face of  the  shell  is  flattened,  corresponding  to  the  truncation  of  the  posterior 
end  of  the  shell.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  somewhat  regular  con- 
centric strise,  which  are  abruptly  bent  at  the  umbonal  ridge  and  pass  direct 
nearly  to  the  cardinal  margin. 

I  have  seen  several  imperfect  examples  of  the  casts  of  this  shell  from 
New  Jersey,  but  no  perfect  ones.  The  species  attains  a  rather  large  size, 
Mr.  Conrad's  example  of  the  species  being  more  than  three  and  three-fourths 
inches  long  by  two  and  a  half  inches  high.  No  examples  which  I  have  seen 
furnish  any  evidence  of  the  hinge  characters,  but  the  general  expression  of 
the  partial  casts  is  much  like  that  of  a  species  of  Dosinia,  from  which  genus 
the  distinct  inequality  and  twisting  of  the  valves  would  serve  to  distinguish 
it.  Mr.  Conrad  states  in  his  description  that  the  right  valve  is  convex  and 
the  left  one  flat.  In  the  specimen  which  he  used  and  figured,  and  which  is 
now  before  me,  the  left  valve  is  about  half  as  convex  as  the  right  one,  and 
both  are  decidedly  bent  or  twisted  near  the  posterior  end,  as  are  those  of 
many  of  the  divisions  of  the  Tellinidce.  In  the  general  expression  of  the 
cast  there  is  no  feature  to  distinguish  it  from  a  cast  of  a  large  Sanguinolaria. 

The  species  differs  from  those  which  I  have  referred  to  C.  excavata, 
Morton's  sp.,  in  the  less  inequality  of  the  valves,  and  more  decidedly  so  in 
the  marked  truncation  of  the  posterior  extremity  at  right  angles  to  the  axis 
of  the  shell;  also  in  the  angulation  of  the  umbonal  ridge,  as  well  as  in  being 
much  more  transverse. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey, 
in  collections  obtained  from  the  Rev.  Dr.  Riley,  and  from  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  as  marked  on  the  specimen  originally  used  by  Mr.  Conrad.  I  have 
also  seen  specimens  which,  judging  from  the  lithological  characters,  must 
have  come  from  several  different  localities,  but  which  were  not  indicated. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  159 

Cyprimeria  ezcavata. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  16  and  17. 

Gytherea  excavata  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  67,  Pl.V,  Fig.  1. 

JDosinia  excavata  (Mort.)  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  120.    Meek,  Gheck-list,  p.  13.     Gonrad, 

P.  A.  N.  Sci.  Pliil.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  320. 
1).  densata  Conrad.     J.  A.  K  Sci.  Pliil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  325,  PI.  XXXIV, 

Fig.  13  {^Cyprimeria  alta  Con.    Kerr's  Geol.  N.  C,  Appendix,  p.  27.) 
Not  Bosinia  donata  (Con.)  Meek  (by  error  for  _D.  densata).    Geol.  Surv.  IST.  J.,  1868, 

p.  727. 
Cyprimeria  excavata  (Morton)  Gonrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  102.   Meek,  Geol. 

Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  internal  casts,  of  medium  size,  ti-ansversely  or  trian- 
gularly subcircular  in  outline,  with  distinctly  unequal  valves,  the  right 
being  prominently  convex  on  the  umbone  and  the  left  depressed  convex, 
becoming  concave  toward  the  front  from  the  twisting  of  the  valves,  and 
marked  along  the  posterior  slope  by  a  faint  plicature  or  depressed  sulcus. 
Beak  small  and  appressed,  curved  anteriorly  and  subcentrally  situated,  the 
anterior  side  somewhat  excavated  or  concave,  cardinal  margin  arcuate,  and 
the  borders  of  the  valves  generally  curved.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  far  as 
can  be  judged  from  the  casts,  marked  by  concentric  lines. 

The  casts  which  I  liave  referred  to  this  species  are  more  circular  than 
those  pertaining  to  A.  densata  Conrad,  and  of  smaller  size  and  decidedly 
shorter,  with  more  erect  beaks,  and  apparently  more  unequally  convex 
valves,  which  show  no  evidence  of  the  distinctly  flattened  postero- cardinal 
slope.  No  evidence  of  hinge  characters  remain  on  any  of  the  few  speci- 
mens which  I  have  examined,  but  the  unequal  valves,  together  with  the 
apparent  bending  or  twisting  of  the  basal  portions,  would  seem  to  place 
them  at  once  among  this  group  of  shells.  From  their  highly  imperfect 
conditions,  however,  no  satisfactory  proof  of  generic  relations  can  be  ob- 
tained. Dr.  Morton's  figure  is  much  more  triangular  in  outline  than  any 
specimen  which  I  have  seen.  It  is  probable  that  he  intended  to  include 
under  his  species  all  those  from  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  now  known 
under  the  several  names  used.  His  description  is,  however,  so  very  vague, 
that  it  is  impossible  from  it  to  decide  which  of  these  forms  he  had  under 
consideration.  So  we  must  depend  entirely  on  his  figure,  which  is  but 
little  more  satisfactory  than  the  description.     I  have  therefore  retained  for 


160  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

his  species  the  form  Avhich  is  most  erect,  as  corresponding  most  nearly  to  it. 
In  this  respect  it  is  most  nearly  allied  to  C.  spissa  Conrad,  although  that 
one  is  longer  in  an  antero-posterior  direction  than  any  of  the  specimens 
referred  to  C.  excavata. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel  and 
elsewhere  in  Monmonth  County,  New  Jersey.  Dr.  Morton's  specimen  was 
from  Arneytown,  New  Jersey. 

Cyprimeria  Heilprini,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXII,  Figs.  14  and  15. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  elliptical  in  outline,  and  very  decid- 
edly inequivalve,  but  nearly  equilateral,  as  seen  in  the  condition  of  inter- 
nal casts.  Beaks  prominent  and  nearly  or  quite  central.  Right  valve 
much  the  most  convex,  and  the  left  concave  toward  the  front,  giving  a 
decided  curvature  to  the  basal  line  as  seen  on  the  edge  of  the  cast.  Mus- 
cular scars  large  and  well  marked ;  no  pallial  sinus.  The  hinge-plate  has 
been  quite  thick,  and  the  teeth  large  and  strong,  as  evinced  by  the  broad 
depression  along  the  cardinal  line  of  the  cast.     Surface  features  unknown. 

This  species  has  somewhat  the  external  form  of  C.  ajppressa  Conrad, 
but  has  been  a  much  deeper  or  more  ventricose  shell,  with  proportionally 
more  elevated  and  prominent  beaks.  It  is  also  somewhat  related  in  form 
to  C.  densata,  but  is  proportionally  more  transverse  and  more  equilateral 
than  any  specimen  of  that  species  observed.  Although  I  have  seen  but  a 
single  individual  cast  of  it,  the  features  are  so  marked  and  prominent,  that 
I  have  not  hesitated  to  describe  it  as  a  distinct  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  beds  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at 
Crosswicks,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Cyprimeria  spissa. 
Plate  XXII,  Fig.  18. 

Cyprimeria  spissa  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  44,  PI.  I,  Fig.  9. 

The  specimen  figured  in  this  report  is  the  onlj^  one  which  I  have  seen 
that  will  in  any  degree  correspond  to  the  figure  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  of  his 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  161 

G.  spissa,  and  there  is  considerable  difference  between  them  even  then;  but 
it  is  impossible  in  the  absence  of  his  type  specimen  to  say  how  imperfect  it 
may  have  been  or  how  near  the  figure  may  represent  it.  In  this  latter 
respect,  however,  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  in  general  features  his  figures 
are  very  expressive.  The  cast  which  I  have  figured  and  referred  to  the 
species  is  oblately  circular  in  outline,  a  little  wider  than  high,  with  a  small 
apex,  rather  prominently  convex  disk,  and  with  a  posterior  constricting 
furrow  in  the  line  of  the  advancement  of  the  muscular  scar  which  is  less 
distinctly  marked  than  on  his  figure,  and  the  pallial  line  is  also  not  so 
marked.  The  posterior  scar  is  distinct,  of  a  large  size,  while  the  anterior  is 
scarcely  visible.  The  shell  lacks  the  angular  anterior  end,  and  is  much 
wider  posteriorly  than  Mr.  Conrad's  figure.  Still,  I  am  strongly  inclined 
to  believe  it  belongs  to  the  same  species.  They  both  present  much  the 
appearance  of  specimens  of  Lucina  rather  than  Gyprimeria,  but  the  one  here 
described  may  readily  be  imagined  to  have  been  twisted  in  an  antero-pos- 
terior  direction. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  specimen  was  from  Crosswicks, 
New  Jersey,  while  the  one  here  used  is  from  the  Lower  Marls  at  Holmdel, 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  and  is  from  the  collections  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Riley. 

Genus  DOSINIA  ScopoU.     . 

Dosinia  G-abbi,  b.  sp. 
Plate  XXII,  Figs.  4  and  5. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  not  exceeding  one  and  one-eighth  inches  in  its 
greatest  diameter,  subcircular  in  outline  and  moderately  gibbous,  with  pro- 
jecting beaks,  which  are  directed  forward  and  slightly  incurved.  On  the 
internal  cast  there  are  evidences  of  two  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve,  but 
none  of  any  laterals.  The  muscular  imprints  are  large  and  but  faintly 
marked,  and  the  pallial  line  is  deeply  sinuate ;  the  sinus  deep  and  angular 
and  directed  upward  and  forward.  The  cardinal  margin  is  deeply  inflected 
as  if  for  a  wide  hinge  plate  or  ligament,  and  the  edges  of  the  depression 
sharply  angular.  The  surface  of  the  cast  bears  evidence  of  strong  concen- 
tric undulations  on  the  outer  half  of  the  shell.  Some  imperfect  valves  pre- 
4418  SCON  9 11 


162  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESBY. 

serving  the  shell,  which  I  suppose  to  be  one  of  the  same  species,  have  the 
same  general  form,  with  very  thin  shells,  smooth  or  only  marked  with  fine 
concentric  lines  and  occasional  varices  of  growth,  all  are  imperfect  at  the 
beaks  and  hinges.  The  cardinal  margins  are  very  sharply  and  deeply  inflected, 
but  none  of  the  hinge  features  are  preserved  so  as  to  be  determined. 

I  find  no  description  or  figure  answering  to  this  species.  The  speci- 
men used  for  illustration  I  found  in  the  cabinet  at  Rutgers  College,  marked 
'■'  Mysia  gihbosa  Gabb  "  in  what  was  supposed  to  be  Mr.  Gabb's  own  hand- 
writing. But  the  specimen  differs  very  materially  from  Mr.  Gabb's  figure 
cited  under  Tenea  pinguis  Con.,  and  also  from  the  specimens  which  I  have 
referred  to  that  species,  in  being  much  less  gibbous,  less  erect,  rather  more 
transverse,  and  in  having  the  postero-cardinal  margin  in  the  cast  even  more 
strongly  inflected.  The  shell  is,  I  think,  as  nearly  a  true  Dosinia  as  any 
found  in  the  Cretaceous  formation,  and  certainly  does  not  belong  to  the 
genus  Mysia  Leach,  as  it  has  a  deeply  sinuate  pallial  line,  which  that  genus 
does  not  admit,  and  it  appears  to  possess  all  the  requisite  features  of  Dosinia 
so  far  as  they  can  be  made  out. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Burlington  and 
Freehold,  New  Jersey,  received,  as  indicated  on  the  labels,  from  S.  J.  Ger- 
main and  D.  Bishop;  also  in  the  cabinet  of  the  American  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History.  The  specimen  preserving  the  shell,  identified  as  the  same 
with  the  casts,  are  from  Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  from  collections 
made  by  Dr.  Bruere. 

Dosinia  ?  erecta,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XVm,  Figa.  17-20. 

Shell  small,  less  than  an  inch  in  height,  and  quite  erect,  being  nearly 
equilateral  and  ovate  in  outline,  the  widest  part  opposite  or  below  the 
middle,  with  appressed  valves,  most  gibbous  near  the  umbones,  the  beaks 
small,  erect,  and  moderately  approximate.  Cardinal  margins  of  the  valves 
strongly  and  sharply  inflected,  most  strongly  and  largely  so  on  the  ante- 
rior side.  Surface  of  the  valves  marked  only  by  fine  irregular  concentric 
lines  of  growth,  and  the  substance  very  thin  and  fragile.  Hinge  charac- 
ters unknown.  Muscular  imprints  small  and  obscure,  and  the  pallial  line 
unknown. 


LAMELLIBRAIfCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  163 

The  shell  somewhat  closely  resembles  Bosinia  Gabhi,  herein  described, 
in  the  delicacy  of  the  valves  and  the  inflection  of  the  cardinal  margins,  but 
is  quite  distinct  in  the  foi'm  of  the  outline,  that  one  being  broader,  rounder, 
and  less  erect.  There  may  be  considerable  doubt  as  to  the  generic  rela- 
tions of  this  species,  as  none  of  the  generic  features  have  been  clearly  as- 
certained, and  the  reference  is  made  entirely  from  the  external  appearances 
of  a  few  shells  destitute  of  the  most  of  the  cardinal  portions,  and  one  in- 
ternal cast,  on  which  the  markings  are  so  faint  as  not  to  be  considered  reliable. 

Formations  and  localities. — From  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Upper 
Freehold,  New  Jersey,  and  from  near  Marshallville,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  TENEA  Conrad,    1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  72.) 

Tenea  piaguis. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  1-3. 

Lucina  pinguis  Conrad.    J.  A.  F.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser..  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  18. 
i,         pinguis  (Con.)  Meek.    Check-list,  p.  12 ;  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726.    Gabb, 

Synopsis,  p.  138. 
Biplodonta  parilis  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  278,  PI.  XLVni,  Fig.  16  (by 

error  given  Fig.  8  in  text,  p.  278). 
Mysia  gibbosa  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  302,  PI.  XL VIII,  Fig.  17  (not  fig.  18). 
Tenea  parilis  Conrad.    Jour.  Am.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  73,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  12.    Kerr's  Geol. 

Rept.  jST.  C,  p.  8,  Appendix,  PI.  II,  Fig.  25. 
T.       pinguis  (Conrad)  Gabb.    P.  A.  K  S.,  1876,  p.  307. 

Specimens  of  small  size.  Casts  nearly  circular  in  outline,  but  a  little 
higher  than  long.  Valves  very  gibbous,  inflated  on  the  umbones.  Beaks 
large  and  elevated,  rather  strong,  incurved  forward ;  cardinal  line  arcuate 
behind  and  excavated  in  front  of  the  beaks.  On  the  posterior  side  the 
cardinal  border  is  deeply  sunken,  showing  the  existence  of  a  rather  wide 
or  inflated  hinge  plate.  Muscular  scars  rather  large  and  but  faintly  marked; 
pallial  line  deeply  and  angularly  sinuate,  the  sinus  directed  upward,  point- 
ing nearly  toward  the  apex  of  the  cast. 

The  specimens  which  preserve  the  shell,  and  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  as 
the  types  of  the  genus  Tenea,  are  smaller  than  most  of  the  casts  observed. 
The  surface  is  comparatively  smooth,  or  marked  only  by  fine  concentric 


164  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

lines  of  growth.  On  them  the  posteror-cardinal  margin  is  seen  to  be 
slightly  inflected,  but  the  front  is  thin  and  sharp,  showing  not  the  least 
tendency  to  form  a  lunule.  The  specimens,  some  of  which  are  partial  casts, 
do  not  show  the  pallial  sinus  very  distinctly,  but  faint  indications  of  it  can 
be  traced  among  the  lines  caused  by  fractures  in  the  shell.  The  hinge  feat- 
ures show  the  V-shaped  tooth  beneath  the  beak  described,  with  an  elon- 
gate depression  in  front  and  an  oblique  elongate  ridge  behind  it  in  the  left 
valve,  and  the  right  valve  shows  evidence  of  a  bifid  tooth  beneath  the 
beak,  with  a  very  narrow  posterior  tooth  behind.  From  these  characters  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  shell  belongs  to  the  Bosinince  and  not  to  the  Unguli- 
nidce,  as  placed  by  some  authors;  but  the  general  features  of  the  shell  are  so 
nearly  those  of  Thetis  Sowerby  that  there  would  hardly  seem  any  neces- 
sity of  forming  a  new  genus  for  it.  As  several  authors  have,  however, 
preferred  to  adopt  Tenea,  I  have  retained  it  under  that  designation. 

Formation  and  localities. — Found  in  the  micaceous  clay  at  the  base  of 
the  Lower  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  Mr.  Conrad's  types  of  T.  parilis.  It  also 
occurs  at  Holmdel,  Upper  Freehold,  near  Burlington,  and  at  Freehold,  New 
Jersey.  It  is  also  found  in  Delaware,  and  I  cannot  distinguish  between 
these  casts  and  many  of  those  of  the  same  form  which  occur  in  the  Eocene 
layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Sands  at  Farmingdale,  Shark  River,  and  near 
New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 

TELLINID^. 
Genus  TELLIMEEA  Conrad,  1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  73.) 

'    TeUimera  eborea. 
Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  12  and  13. 

Tellma  {Tellinimera)  eborea  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  278,  PI.  XLVI, 

fig.  14.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  14. 
T,  eborea  (Conrad)  Gabb.    Synopsis,  p.  173. 

TeUimera  eborea  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  73. 

Shell  small;  the  largest  specimen  used  measuring  only  about  eleven- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  length.     Form  triangularly  ovate  or  subtriangular 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  165 

and  very  depressed  convex.  Beak  small,  appressed,  and  situated  considerably 
nearer  to  the  posterior  end.  Anterior  end  rounded,  gradually  sloping  from 
the  beak  to  near  the  point  of  greatest  length;  basal  margin  broadly  curved, 
and  the  posterior  end  truncate  below,  and  obliquely  sloping,  with  a  slight 
convex  curvature,  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-cardinal  angle.  Postero- 
umbonal  slope  flattened,  and  marked  by  a  very  faint  angulation  of  the 
surface.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  but  regular,  increasing,  flat- 
tened, concentric  ridges,  which  are  separated  by  narrow  impressed  lines,  and 
are  abruptly  bent  upward  in  crossing  the  umbonal  ridge. 

The  shells  are  all  broken  at  the  apex  and  along  the  postero-cardinal 
margin,  so  that  the  hinge  features  are  not  perfectly  seen.  I  have  drawn  a 
figure  of  them  of  about  twice  the  natural  size,  as  well  as  I  can  make  them 
out.  The  characters  are  so  very  obscure  that  I  shall  not  undertake  to 
discuss  their  relations  from  what  I  can  see  of  them.  Dr.  Stoliczka  in  speaking 
of  it  considers  it  as  very  closely  related  to  the  genus  Angulus,  another 
division  of  the  TelUnidcB,  but  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  do  not  afford 
material  for  comparison. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  types  were  from  Alabama.  The 
specimens  used  in  the  above  description  are  marked  Haddonfield,  New  Jer- 
sey, and  are  borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia.  They  are  much  smaller  than  that  figured  by  Mr.  Con- 
rad. There  are  some  internal  casts  from  the  micaceous  clays  beneath  the 
Lower  Marls  at  the  Rev.  Gr.  C.  Schanck's  pits  near  Marlborough,  New  Jersey, 
which  I  have  referred  to  the  same  species,  as  they  have  the  same  form  and 
a  few  of  the  surface  markings,  but  they  show  none  of  the  internal  features. 

Genus  LINEAEIA  Conrad,  1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  73.) 

Linearia  metastriata. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Linearia  metastriata  Conrad.  J.  A.  K".  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  279,  PI.  XLVI, 
Fig.  7.  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  137.  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  14.  Also  as  generic 
illustration.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  73  and  74,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  11. 

Shell  small,  the  largest  individual  seen  (a  cast)  measures  a  little  more 
than  an  inch  in  its  transverse  diameter.     Form  of  the  shell  broadly  and 


IQQ  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

quite  regularl}^  transversely  ovate,  widest  across  the  anterior  end,  with 
ver}^  small,  appressed  beaks,  but  slightly  rising  above  the  hinge  margin 
and  almost  centrally  situated.  Valves  very  depressed  convex.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  rather  fine,  regularly  increasing,  concentric  ridges, 
which  are  elevated,  and  separated  by  sharply  depressed  spaces  of  nearly 
equal  width.  These  are  crossed  by  radiating  ridges,  which  are  strongest 
for  a  short  distance  from  the  anterior  end  and  on  the  postero-cardinal  slope, 
being  sharp  and  coarse  on  the  latter  part,  but  broad  and  gently  rounded  on 
the  anterior  end;  while  on  the  middle  of  the  valve  they  are  much  finer 
and  very  subdued,  scarcely  appearing  except  in  the  depressions  between 
the  concentric  ridges,  and  barely  observable  without  the  aid  of  a  glass. 

This  shell  seems  to  have  been  Mr.  Conrad's  type  of  the  genus 
Linearia,  as  far  as  the  structure  of  the  hinge  is  to  be  considered,  the  characters 
of  which  he  appears  to  have  obtained  from  the  Haddonfield  specimens; 
while  the  species  was  first  described  from  examples  of  small  size,  from 
Snow  Hill,  N.  C.  The  hinge-plate,  as  shown  in  the  New  Jersey  shells,  is 
rather  wide,  the  cardinal  teeth  are  seen  to  be  two,  narrow,  oblique,  and 
slightly  diverging,  directed  anteriorly,  the  posterior  of  the  two  strongest 
and  rather  rounded  on  the  back  in  the  right  valve,  with  a  long,  shallow  but 
distinct  pit  distant  from  the  beak  on  each  side,  representing  the  laterals  of 
the  left  valve.  The  muscular  impressions  are  large  and  shallow,  while  the 
palhal  line  is  invisible  on  any  of  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined; 
but  Mr.  Conrad  says  "the  pallial  sinus  is  rounded  and  extends  to  a  direct 
line  between  the  apex  and  ventral  margin,  according  to  D'Orbigney's  fig.  5, 
and  beyond  that  point  in  fig.  17,"  referring  to  some  one  of  D'Orbigney's 
works  which  he  does  not  cite.  In  the  specimen,  of  which  I  have  figured  the 
interior,  the  pallial  line  is  entirely  covered  with  a  paper  pasted  over  the 
inside  of  the  shell,  to  hold  together  the  many  fragments  into  which  it  has 
been  broken,  so  that  I  dare  not  attempt  its  removal. 

Formation  and  localities. — The  larger  cast  figured  is  from  Holmdel, 
New  Jersey,  in  a  collection  made  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Riley.  The  shells  are 
from  Haddonfield,  and  Conrad's  type  of  the  species  was  from  Snow  Hill, 
North  Carolina. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  167 

Linearia  contracta,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  5. 

Shell  small  and  moderatel}^  convex,  transversely  ovate  in  outline,  broad 
in  front  and  abruptly  contracted  behind  the  beaks,  the  anterior  end  forming 
about  three-fifths  of  the  shell's  length.  Beaks  small  and  inconspicuous. 
Anterior  end  bi'oadly  rounded  and  the  posterior  more  narrowly  rounded. 
Basal  line  broadly  curved.  Surface  of  the  shell  as  seen  in  a  matrix,  marked 
by  fine  radiating  striae  which  extend  over  the  entire  surface,  but  are  less 
strongly  developed  on  the  middle  of  the  valve.  Also  marked  by  fine  con- 
centric grooves  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  shell. 

This  species  differs  from  L.  metastriata  in  being  proportionally  longer, 
in  the  abrupt  contraction  of  the  posterior  end,  in  its  ovate  instead  of  oval 
form,  greater  convexity,  and  in  being  marked  by  radiating  strise  tbroughoAit 
instead  of  having  the  central  part  of  the  valve  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of 
this  marking. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  dark  micaceous  clay  marls  at  the  base  of 
the  Lower  Marls,  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  JEOEA  Conrad,  1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  YI,  p.  72,  1871.) 

2Zoxa.  cretacea. 
Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  16  and  17. 
JEora  cretacea  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  72,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  8. 

Shell  small  or  below  a  medium  size,  longer  than  high,  and  subtriangu- 
lar  or  triangularly  elliptical  in  outline.  Valves  convex,  with  small  sub- 
central  beaks,  which  are  nearly  opposite  the  middle  of  the  valves;  cardinal 
margins  sloping  from  the  beaks  at  nearly  an  equal  angle  on  the  02Dposite 
sides,  and  forming  with  each  other  an  angle  of  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  degrees,  the  anterior  side  a  little  excavated  in  front  of  the  beak. 
Anterior  margin  of  the  valve  more  sharply  rounded  than  the  posterior,  and 
the  basal  line  broadly  curved.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  irregular 
concentric  lines  of  growth  only. 


168  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESBY. 

The  general  expression  of  this  shell  when  viewed  externally  is  Mactra- 
like,  and,  were  it  not  for  a  knowledge  of  the  hinge,  might  readily  be 
supposed  to  belong  to  that  genus;  but  internally  the  hinge  differs  very 
materially.  Dr.  Stoliczka,  in  copying  Mr.  Conrad's  generic  description, 
very  properl}'  corrects  the  V-shaped  tooth  of  the  left  valve  to  an  /\ -shape, 
and  places  the  genus  under  the  Tellinidce,  where  it  probably  belongs,  not- 
withstanding its  ilfac^ra-like  appearance,  as  it  does  not  possess  an  internal 
cartilage  plate. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marls  at 
Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

Genus  ENONA  Conrad,  1871. 
(Am.  Jour.  Oonch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.) 

2Bnona  Eufauleuais. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  2  and  3. 

Tellina  Eufaulensis  Conrad.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  277,  PI.  XL VI,  Fig.  15.    Gabb, 

Synopsis,  p.  173.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  14. 
JEhona  Eu/aulensis  Con.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.  Stoliczka,  Pal.  Indica,  p.482. 

Shell  small,  triangularly  ovate  in  outline,  three-fourths  as  high  as  long, 
with  the  small  beaks  situated  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  the  length  from 
the  anterior  end.  Cardinal  margins  rapidly  sloping  from  the  beaks,  the 
anterior  most  rapidly,  and  the  anterior  end  sharply  rounding  just  above  the 
basal  line;  posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded,  but  still  narrowed;  basal 
line  broadly  curved.  Surface  of  the  valve  smooth  and  semipolished,  the 
disk  rather  highly  convex  for  a  Tellina-like  shell,  with  very  small  pointed 
beaks,  a  slight  angularity  of  the  umbonal  region  just  in  front  of  it,  and  a 
very  narrow  but  distinctly  circumscribed  lunule.  In  the  interior  the  hinge- 
plate  is  very  narrow,  with  a  single  small  cardinal  tooth  in  the  right  valve 
and  very  small  and  narrow  lateral  teeth.     Muscular  markings  unknown. 

This  species  differs  from  JEnona  papyria  Conrad,  principally  in  the 
even,  smooth,  or  semi-polished  surface,  that  one  being  without  polish  and 
marked  with  uneven  concentric  lines  of  comparatively  great  strength ;  also 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  169 

in  the  want  of  the  flattening  of  the  shell  on  the  shorter  end,  and  in  the 
greater  thickness  and  firmer  substance  of  the  shell.  The  shell  occurs  in  the 
collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  labeled,  in 
Conrad's  writing,  Temesa  JEufalensis,  but  corresponds  to  the  figure  of  Tellina 
JEufalensis  given  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  as 
above  cited,  except  that  it  is  a  right  instead  of  a  left  valve,  and  is  slightly 
imperfect  at  the  anterior  end.  The  shell  cannot  be  mistaken  for  a  species 
of  Tenera,  and  I  find  no  reference  to  the  genus  Temesa.  There  can  be  no 
question,  however,  in  regard  to  the  identity  of  this  specimen  with  that 
described  as  ^nona  JEufaulensis. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Conrad's  type  of  the  species  Tellina 
JEufaulensis  (afterward  changed  to  ^nona  JEufaulensis)  was  from  Eufaula, 
Alabama.  There  are  casts  of  small  shells  of  a  character  similar  in  form  to 
this  among  collections  from  Mr.  Schanck's  pits  near  Marlborough,  but  it  is 
difficult  to  identify  positively  such  imperfect  material. 

.ZBnona  papyria. 
Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  4. 
^nona  papyria  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74. 

Mr.  Conrad's  description  of  this  species  is  as  follows:  " SubeUiptical, 
inequilateral,  extremely  thin  in  substance,  convex,  anterior  side  narrowed ; 
posterior  end  obliquely  truncated  ;  ventral  margin  regularly  curved ;  surface 
marked  by  microscopic  concentric  lines.     Length,  §  inch." 

A  single  right  valve,  marked  with  the  name  Tellimera  papyria  Conrad, 
exists  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia, 
which  agrees  closely  with  the  above  description.  As  I  can  find  no  descrip- 
tion or  reference  to  such  a  species  under  that  generic  name,  I  am  led  to 
suppose  this  shell  was  at  first  considered  as  a  Tellimera,  but  subsequently 
placed  and  described  under  JEnona  without  changing  the  label.  The  spec- 
imen has  now  lost  all  the  beak  and  cardinal  parts,  and  I  can  only  give  a 
restored  figure  of  the  outside  of  the  valve.  It  is  very  much  elongated 
transversely,  and  of  an  elliptical  form,  as  well  as  extremely  thin  in  substance. 


170  PAL^OISITOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

The  sm-face  markings  are  very  fine,  and  represent  lines  of  growth  only.  It 
is  piobable  that  some  of  the  many  small  indistinct  casts  from  the  micaceous 
clays  beneath  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  near 
Marlborough,  N.  J.,  may  belong  to  this  species ;  but  so  far  I  have  not  seen 
anything  so  transversely  elongated. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  above  described  is  from  Had- 
donfield,  New  Jersey,  from  the  micaceous  clays  at  that  place. 

Genus  COEIMYA  Agassiz. 

Corimya  tenuis,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  9-11. 

Shell  small  in  size,  the  largest  individual  cast  observed  measuring 
scarcely  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length.  Form  triangularly-elliptical, 
with  nearly  central  beaks,  from  which  the  cardinal  margins  slope  rapidly 
on  each  side,  the  extremities  being  nearly  equally  rounded,  but  the  posterior 
narrower  than  the  anterior,  and  the  postero-cardinal  margin  very  slightly 
contracted  near  the  beaks.  The  valves  have  been  depressed  convex,  unequal 
and  slightly  twisted,  the  i-ight  valve  less  convex  than  the  left,  and  its  basal 
margin  concave  as  viewed  on  the  basal  edge.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked 
by  concentric  undulations,  indicating  a  somewhat  distinctly  undulated  shell 
surface.  Muscular  scars  as  indicated  on  the  casts  rather  large,  the  posterior 
one  bounded  on  its  inner  side  by  a  depressed  groove  indicating  a  ridge  on 
the  inside  of  the  shell;  much  the  strongest  on  the  right  valve.  No  evidence 
of  a  pallial  sinus  has  been  seen  on  any  of  the  specimens.  The  surface  of 
the  disk  of  the  cast,  on  those  which  indicate  a  thickening  of  the  shell,  is 
marked  by  radiating  vascular  lines,  most  distinct  on  the  posterior  side  of  the 
beaks,  and  evidences  of  a  few  radii  on  the  anterior  third. 

The  internal  casts  of  this  species  are  not  uncommon  at  several  locali- 
ties of  the  Lower  Marls,  and  are  extremely  Tellina-Vike  in  their  characters 
and  appearance.  They  occur  of  all  sizes,  from  half  an  inch  in  length  to 
that  of  the  largest  one  above  mentioned,  and  are  usually  thin,  flattened 
specimens,  often  with  but  little  character  by  which  they  can  be  recognized. 
The  more  ventricose  and  larger  individuals  closely  resemble  casts  of  Peri- 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  171 

jylomya  elliptica,  which  I  think  ought  also  to  be  placed  under  the  genus 
Corimya,  but  they  are  never  so  ventricose  and  never  so  much  consti'icted 
behind  the  beaks  as  are  casts  of  that  species,  so  that  their  triangularly- 
elliptical  outline  will  always  readily  distinguish  them.  They  also  bear 
considerable  resemblance  to  casts  of  Linearia  metastriata  Conrad,  from 
which  it  will  be  difficult  to  distinguish  them  if  ever  found  associated.  The 
slope  of  the  cardinal  margin  and  the  impressed  groove  bordering  the  mus- 
cular impression,  as  well  as  the  inequality  and  twisting  of  the  valves,  will  be 
a  guide  in  determining  their  relations.  There  can  be  no  question,  I  think, 
about  the  generic  reference  of  the  species,  as  they  correspond  in  every  par- 
ticular with  both  description  and  figures  of  the  species  referred  by  Prof. 
Agassiz  to  his  genus  Corimya. 

Fonnation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marl  Beds,  Upper  Freehold,  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Bruere,  and  at  Marshallville,  Salem  County,  New  Jersey.  I 
have  also  seen  quite  a  number  of  these  casts  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  from  several  localities. 

DONACINID^. 

Genus  DONAX  Linn. 

Donax  Fordii. 

Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  1. 
Bonax  Fordii  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  102,  PI.  IX,  Pig.  27. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size  for  the  genus,  triangularly  cuneate,  very 
inequilateral,  the  anterior  end  being  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  opposite. 
Valves  ventricose,  the  extremities  sharply  rounded,  the  anterior  broadest  at 
the  end.  Surface  of  the  shell  polished  and  marked  by  fine  radiating  im- 
pressed lines,  which  strongly  and  deeply  crenulate  the  margin  of  the  shell. 

This  shell  is  so  exactly  a  representative  of  the  living  species  common 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  that  it  would  be  extremely  hazardous  to  its  specific 
distinction  to  institute  comparisons.  The  specimen  is  very  imperfect  in 
form,  having  had  the  beaks  crushed  in  and  the  shell  partially  exfoliated ; 
but  the  characters  are  sufficiently  preserved  to  establish  at  once  its  relations. 


172  PALAEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  figure  given  by  Mr.  Conrad,  cited  above,  is  much  too  equilateral,  and 
does  not  represent  the  specimen  in  hand,  which  is  the  only  one  known,  and 
that  from  which  his  figure  was  made. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marl, 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Natu- 
ral Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

MACTRIDiE. 
Genus  VELEDA  Conrad,  1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.) 

Veleda  lintea. 
Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  18-21. 

Cardium  {Frotocardium)  linteum  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  278, 

PL  XLVI,  Fig.  17. 
C.  linteum  (Con.)  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  107. 

Veleda  lintea  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.    Geol.  Surv.  N.  Car.  (Kerr's), 

p.  9,  of  Appendix,  PI.  I,  Fig.  26. 
Gymhopliora  lintea  (Con.)  Gabb.     P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  306. 

Shell  small,  subtriangular  in  outline  or  somewhat  transversely  elongate- 
triangular.  Valves  (left  ones  only  seen)  moderately  ventricose,  most  prom- 
inently so  on  the  umbones  and  anterior  to  the  middle;  beaks  proportionally 
large,  situated  a  little  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  length;  anterior  end  of 
the  valves  largest,  rounded  on  the  margin;  basal  line  having  a  broad  regu- 
lar curve,  and  the  posterior  end  obliquely  sloping  from  the  apex  of  the 
valve,  and  a  little  more  squarely  truncate  just  above  the  basal  angle.  Um- 
bonal  ridge  angular,  but  not  carinate,  rather  decidedly  marked,  and  the  pos- 
terior slope  somewhat  abrupt.  Surface  of  the  left  valve  marked  by  very 
fine,  but  regularly  increasing,  even  concentric  ridges,  which  are  separated 
by  very  naiTOW  deep  lines.  Along  the  posterior  umbonal  angle  there  is 
one  or  possibly  two  faint  radiating  lines,  one  forming  the  crest,  the  other 
posterior  to  it,  but  faint. 

The  form  and  general  appearance  of  these  shells,  in  the  only  two  im- 
perfect examples  which  I  have  seen,  is  much  like  the  smaller  valve  of  a 
Corbula,  and  would  be  commonly  considered  as  such  unless  the  hinge  were 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  173 

observed.  Mr.  Conrad  at  first  supposed  it  to  be  a  Protocardium,  but  subse- 
quently made  it  the  type  of  his  new  genus,  Veleda.  The  hinge  features  on 
the  specimens  which  I  have  before  me  are  very  imperfect,  although  I  am 
inclined  to  think  they  furnished  the  material  for  his  generic  diagnosis.  He 
describes  them  as  follows :  "Equivalved.  Hinge  character;  left  valve  with 
a  V-shaped  cardinal  tooth  under  the  apex,  and  three  compressed  teeth,  pos- 
terior one  elongated  and  parallel  with  the  dorsal  margin,  cardinal  plate 
channeled,  deeply  so  anteriorly."  I  have  drawn  the  features  of  the  hinge 
as  near  as  practicable,  enlarged,  from  the  best  individual  of  the  two,  just  as 
it  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Conrad,  and  shall  offer  no  comments  as  to  the  value 
of  his  genus.  Among  some  imperfect  casts  which  I  have  referred  to  the 
same  genus  there  is  one  which  shows  the  cardinal  margin  to  have  been 
strongly  grooved  in  front  and  behind,  and  on  one,  which  is  of  a  right  valve, 
the  posterior  side  shows  two  ridges,  representing  a  double  groove  on  that 
side,  the  outer  one  the  smallest  of  the  two. 

Mr.  Gabb  (loc.  cite.)  says  there  is  no  difference  between  this  species  and 
the  typical  form  of  his  genus  Cymbophora,  described  in  the  Paleontology  of 
California,  except  that  of  size  and  the  peculiar  cross-striations  of  the  lateral 
teeth,  the  latter  feature  not  having  been  observed  in  the  California  speci- 
mens. As  there  would  appear  to  have  been  some  doubt  in  his  own 
mind  as  to  their  absolute  identity,  and  as  his  observations  were  made  on 
specimens  identified  from  Georgia,  I  think  it  best  to  leave  it  as  Mr.  Conrad 
placed  it  until  more  positive  information  is  obtained. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad's  original  type  of  the  species  was 
from  Tippah  County,  Miss.,  Dr.  Tourney's  collection,  while  his  generic 
types  are  marked  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  The  internal  casts  mentioned 
under  the  remarks  above  are  from  the  micaceous  clays  beneath  the  Lower 
Marls,  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schank's  pits  near  Marlborough;  New  Jersey  State 
cabinet, 

Veleda  Tellinoides,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  23. 

Shell  large  for  the  genus,  the  cast,  the  only  form  under  which  it  is 
known,  being  fully  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length;  form  transversely 
ovate,  largest  at  the  anterior  end,  and  two-thirds  as  high  as  long.     Valves 


174  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

depressed  convex  with  small  appressed  beaks  and  a  slight  angulation  pass- 
ing from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity,  forming  a  narrow  posterior 
cardinal  slope.  Surface,  as  shown  on  the  east,  marked  by  fine  concentric 
lines  of  growth.  Muscular  scars  proportionally  large  and  moderately  dis- 
tinct, and  an  indication  of  a  rather  deep  sinus  in  the  pallial  line. 

This  species  differs  from  V.  lintea  in  the  more  transverse  form,  less  an- 
gular umbonal  ridge,  which  is  also  situated  nearer  to  the  cardinal  border; 
in  the  less  elevated  form  and  more  arcuate  basal  ma.rgin,  and  also  conspic- 
uously in  want  of  the  coarse,  regular,  concentric  markings  of  the  surface 
seen  on  that  one.  In  regard  to  its  generic  affinities  there  may  be  a  little 
doubt,  as  the  hinge  has  been  much  less  thickened  and  consequently  the  im- 
pressions of  the  teeth  are  less  conspicuous  and  consequently  less  certain. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schank's  pits  near  Marlborough,  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey.     From  Professor  Lockwood's  collection. 

Veleda  transversa,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  22. 

Shell  transversely  elliptical,  about  three-fifths  as  high  as  long  and  very 
depressed  convex;  beak,  as  seen  on  internal  casts,  rather  prominent  and 
pointed,  situated  at  or  a  little  behind  the  anterior  third  of  the  entire  length 
of  the  shell;  umbonal  angle  very  distinct  but  not  elevated;  basal  and  car- 
dinal margins  nearly  equally  arcuate,  the  anterior  end  broadly  rounded  and 
the  posterior  obliquely  truncate,  being  longest  at  the  point  where  the  um- 
bonal ridge  cuts  the  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  regular,  even, 
concentric  ridges,  about  five  of  which  occupy  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  width 
near  the  basal  margin  of  the  specimens  figured.  Hinge-line  unknown, 
except  the  short  lateral  teeth  on  each  side  of  the  beak  shown  by  the  linear 
depressions  on  the  cast. 

This  species  is  nearly  of  the  form  of  V.  tellinoides,  but  is  less  pointed  behind, 
has  a  more  prominent  and  more  angular  umbonal  ridge,  and  the  beak  is  some- 
what more  distant  from  the  anterior  end,  and  the  surface  more  coarsely  striate. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Marlborough,  New  Jersey,  in  Mr.  Lockwood's  collections  from  that 
place. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OP  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  175 

ANATINID^. 
Genus  PHOLADOMTA,  Sowerby. 

Pholadomya  occidentalis. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  1-3. 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  68,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  3.    Gabb,  Synop.  Cret. 
Form.,  Meek,  Smithson.  Inst.  Gheck-list,  etc. 

Shell  of  rather  more  than  medium  size,  ovate  in  outline  and  very  ven- 
tricose,  and  as  far  as  can  be  safely  determined  from  all  the  specimens  which 
I  have  seen  the  valves  closely  meet  at  both  extremities.  Beaks  large  and 
broad,  incurved  so  as  to  be  nearly  in  contact,  but  not  prominent,  resting 
only  moderately  above  the  hinge-line,  and  situated  well  forward.  Hinge- 
line  straight,  nearly  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  shell  and  bounded  by  a  rather 
distinct  and  broadly  excavated  cardinal  area,  the  limit  of  which  near  the 
beaks  on  each  side  of  them  is  distinctly  angular.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell 
obliquely  truncated;  posterior  end  more  narrowly  rounded,  and  the  basal 
margin  strongly  curved,  being  a  little  gibbous  in  its  curvature  near  the 
middle  of  its  length. 

Surface  of  the  specimens,  the  shell  never  being  preserved,  is  marked 
by  strong  radiating  ribs,  which  are  most  numerous  and  most  closely  arx'anged 
near  the  middle  of  the  valves  and  gradually  become  more  distant  toward 
each  extremity,  those  on  the  extreme  anterior  end  and  those  near  the 
postero-cardinal  border  being  nearly  or  quite  twice  as  far  apart  as  those  on 
the  middle  of  the  valve.  On  many  individuals  every  other  ray  along  the 
central  section  of  the  valve,  and  sometimes  extending  well  toward  the  pos- 
terior, is  seen  to  die  out  before  reaching  the  beak.  By  this  arrangement 
the  disk  of  the  shell  has  been  divided  indistinctly  into  three  sections,  marked 
by  the  simple  spaces  between  the  rays  on  each  end,  and  by  having  inter- 
calated rays  between  on  the  central  space.  On  the  most  perfect  individual 
used,  figured  on  the  plate,  which  is  about  three  and  a  half  inches  in  length, 
there  are  about  thirty  ribs  determinable,  and  on  the  smaller  one  figured 
only  about  twenty-seven  can  be  counted.  The  casts  also  show  strong  con- 
centric lines  of  growth,  which  in  crossing  the  rays  gives  them  a  strongly 
wrinkled  or  nodose  and  sometimes  a  distorted  and  flexuose  character. 


176  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

It  is  even  more  than  probable  that  the  shells  of  this  species,  when  per- 
fect, have  been  gaping  at  the  posterior,  if  not  at  each  end;  but  all  those 
which  I  have  seen  have  been  more  or  less  compressed  and  imperfect,  so 
that  their  closed  character  cannot  be  said  to  be  certainly  determined.  As 
they  appear  to  possess  all  the  features  of  the  typical  forms  of  the  genus  in 
other  respects,  it  would  be  safe  to  assume  they  have  been  somewhat  gaping, 
at  least  posteriorly.  On  the  large  specimen  figured,  which  is  the  property 
of  the  Am.  Mus.  of  Nat.  History,  New  York,  the  anterior  muscular  imprint 
is  seen  to  be  of  large  size  near  the  anterior  end,  but  only  faintly  marked. 

Formation  and  localities. — The  species  is  found  at  Monmouth,  Burling- 
ton, and  other  localities  in  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  New  Jersey,  and  is 
credited  by  Mr.  Gabb  to  Delaware  and  to  Mississippi.  The  original  figure 
given  by  Morton,  loc.  cii,  is  very  erroneous  in  all  its  details,  having  but  little 
resemblance  to  any  specimen  which  I  have  ever  seen. 


Fholadomya  Roemeri  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  4. 

Shell  rather  small  for  the  genus,  being  only  about  two  inches  long. 
Valves  very  convex,  with  moderately  tumid  beaks,  which  are  nearly  termi- 
nal ;  form  obliquely  ovate  in  outline,  somewhat  wider  behind  the  middle 
than  in  front,  exclusive  of  the  beaks.  Hinge-line  rather  long.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  thirteen  radiating  ribs,  which  are  sharp  and  elevated, 
and  are  separated  by  broad  concave  interspaces.  Those  on  the  anterior 
end  of  the  shell  are  distant  and  curved  forward,  while  those  on  the  body  of 
the  shell  gradually  decrease  in  distance  as  they  progress  backward.  There 
are  also  very  distinct  and  proportionally  distant  concentric  striae  marking 
the  shell,  forming  slight  nodes  on  the  radii  where  crossing  them. 

This  species,  so  far  as  seen,  is  smaller  than  P.  occidentalis  Morton,  and 
is  less  regularly  oval  in  outline,  being  more  elongate.  The  radii  are  much 
less  numerous,  in  fact  are  less  than  half  as  numerous  as  is  usual  on  that 
species.  It  approaches  much  more  nearly  in  form  and  character  to  P.  peder- 
nalis  Eomer,  from  Texas,  but  does  not  possess  the  prominent  beaks  of  that 
species,  and  has  rather  more  radii,  that  one  having  only  six  or  seven. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  177 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marl 
Bed,  at  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Schank's  pits,  near  Marlborough,  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey. 

Genus  PERIPLOMYA  Conrad. 

Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  76  :=  Leptomya  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  15. 

Periplomya  elliptica. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  14  and  15. 

Anatina  elliptica  Gabb.     P.  A.  IST.  S.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  324.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  15.    Geol. 

Surv.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 
Periplomya  elliptica  Gabb.     P.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  305. 

Shell  small,  inequivalve,  and  very  inequilateral,  subovate  in  outline, 
largest  across  the  anterior  side  of  the  beaks,  and  strongly  constricted  just  be- 
hind them,  the  posterior  end  being  narrowed  on  the  hinge-line  and  excavated 
at  this  point.  Valves  somewhat  ventricose,  the  right  one  less  convex  than 
the  left,  and  very  decidedly  depressed  in  the  central  region  and  toward  the 
basal  line,  showing  a  decided  twist  or  arcuation  of  the  valves  as  seen  in  a 
basal  view.  Anterior  end  broadly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  pointedly 
rounded.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  incurved,  and  apparently  directed  back- 
ward, as  is  usual  in  this  group  of  shells,  from  the  expansion  or  inflation  of 
the  anterior  side  of  the  hinge-line.  Cardinal  margin,  as  seen  on  the  cast, 
inflected  both  in  front  and  behind  the  beaks,  forming  an  apparent  lunule 
and  escutcheon  on  the  cast,  probably  produced  mainly  from  a  thickening 
of  the  hinge-plate  within.  Muscular  imprints  and  pallial  line  and  hinge  not 
observed. 

This  appears  to  be  a  rare  form  of  shell  in  the  Cretaceous  strata  of 
America,  only  a  very  few  individuals  having  been  observed  by  any  one. 
I  have  seen  only  two  individuals  besides  Mr.  Gabb's  type,  but  the  latter 
author  speaks  of  Mr.  Conrad  having  seen  three  specimens.  The  generic 
relations  of  the  species  are  somewhat  obscure,  as  none  but  internal  casts 
have  been  found,  which  do  not  retain  the  features  of  the  hinge.  Mr.  Con- 
rad appears  to  have  identified  it  positively  with  his  genus  Periplomya  for 
Mr.  Gabb,  but  I  can  see  no  valid  reason  why  it  sliould  not  be  placed  under 
Agassiz's  genus  Corimya,  1843,  a  genus  wliich  occurs  in  Europe  in  the  Cre- 
taceous and  Jurassic.  There  certainly  seems  to  be  no  difference  in  the  form 
4418  MON  9 12 


178  PAL^Ol^rTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

of  the  casts,  unless  it  be  in  the  absence  of  the  internal  rib,  which  is  described 
as  occurring  in  the  right  valve  of  some  specimens  of  that  genus,  bordering- 
the  muscular  impression.  Prof.  Agassiz  refers  Corimya  to  the  Isocardes,  but 
its  affinities  are  certainly  with  Anatina,  as  they  have  been  placed  by  later 
authors. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mullica  Hill  and 
Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  GERCOMYA  Agassiz. 

Cercomya  peculiaris. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  24  and  25. 

Inoceramus  peculiaris  Courad.    Aui.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  43,  PI.  I,  Fig.  13. 
Cercomya  peculiaris  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  76. 

A  single  fragment  of  a  cast  of  one  valve  only  has  been  seen  of  this 
•species,  and  that  altogether  too  imperfect  to  afford  means  for  positive  ge- 
neric reference.  The  form  somewhat  resembles  species  of  Cercomya  Agassiz, 
but  is  by  no  means  unquestionable,  and  is  fully  as  much  like  Thracia. 
The  form  has  been  subtriangular,  with  an  obliquely  truncated  anterior  end, 
slightly  gaping;  the  posterior  part  of  the  shell  more  elongated,  slightly 
curved,  and  more  widely  gaping.  Valves  moderately  convex  and  strongly 
furrowed  concentrically.  On  the  left  valve  there  is  evidence  of  a  propor- 
tionally wide  hinge-plate,  with  a  large  deep  ligamental  cavity  beneath  the 
apex.  No  evidences  of  teeth  or  teeth-like  projections  are  preserved,  as  only 
the  impression  of  the  under  surface  of  the  plate  is  shown. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  portion  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls 
at  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 

CORBULID^. 

Genus  CORBULA  Brugui6re. 

Corbnia  crassipUca. 

Plate  XXni,  Fig.  30. 

Corbula  crassipUca  Gabb.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  394,  PL  LXVIII,  Fig.  25. 

Synopsis,  p.  110.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  15.    Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  186S,  p.  727. 
Corbula perbrevis  Conrad.    Kerr's  Geol.  Eept.  N.  Car.,  Appendix,  p.  17,  PL  II,  Fig.  5. 

The  shells  upon  which  this  species  is  identified  from  New  Jersey  are 
very  small,  scarcely  exceeding  a  fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  the  height 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  179 

being  about  the  same.  Very  ventricose  on  the  right  valve  and  of  a  sub- 
triangular  form.  Beak  large,  inflated  and  enrolled,  nearest  the  anterior  end. 
Anterior  umboual  ridge  subangular,  and  marked  by  a  narrow  groove,  which 
divides  the  concentric  ridges  at  this  point.  Posterior  end  short,  with  a  very 
marked  fold  separating  the  postero-cardinal  slope  from  the  body  of  the  valve. 
Body  of  the  valve  marked  by  coarse,  strong,  and  rounded  concentric  folds, 
varying  in  number  according  to  the  size  of  the  shell.  Left  valve  less  ven- 
tricose than  the  right,  and  destitute  of  the  strong  folds,  or  marked  only  by 
irregular  concentric  lines. 

The  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  C.  Murcliisoni  Lea,  from 
the  Eocene  sands  of  Claiborne,  Alabama.  In  fact  it  is  quite  difficult  to  point 
out  characters  by  which  they  can  be  distinguished  as  seen  on  the  imperfect 
specimens  which  I  have  examined  from  New  Jersey.  These  are  scarcely  half 
the  length  of  the  one  figured  by  Mr.  Gabb  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  unless  that  figure  be  an  enlargement.  I  have  not  seen  a 
left  valve  in  a  condition  for  illustration,  and  none  of  the  examples  show  the 
interior  in  a  condition  to  be  described,  as  they  are  extremely  fragile  and 
will  not  bear  handling.  The  small  specimen  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad  as  C. 
perhrevis  from  North  Carolina  loc.  cit.  is  so  exactly  Hke  the  New  Jersey  forms 
both  in  size  and  general  appearance,  that  the  figure  would  answer  perfectly 
for  an  illustration  of  one  of  these.  In  Mr.  Conrad's  remark  on  the  generic 
relations  of  this  group  of  Cretaceous  Corhuloe  he  appears  to  consider  them 
as  pertaining  to  the  genus  Pachydon  Glabb  on  account  of  their  spiral  beaks; 
and  in  the  same  connection  one  obtains  an  explanation  of  Mr.  Conrad's 
reasons  for  the  formation  of  so  many  genera  by  that  author,  in  his  intima- 
tion of  a  belief  "that  all  life  was  destroyed  at  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous 
era;"  a  belief  not  warranted  by  facts,  and  one  intended  to  lead  a  paleon- 
tologist into  any  amount  of  excess  in  the  formation  of  genera  and  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 


180  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Corbula  Foulkei. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  27-29. 

Corhula  Foulkei  Lea.     Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861,  p.  149.    Pamph'.,  p.  41.    Meek, 
Check-list,  p.  15.    Geo!.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell  of  small  size,  elliptically  triangular  in  outline,  posterior  end  short- 
est and  acutely  pointed;  anterior  end  rovxnded,  the  left  valve  more  extreme 
in  form  than  the  right,  which  is  more  ventricose  and  higher  than  the  left. 
Beaks  tumid  and  incurved,  that  of  the  larger  valve  most  distinctly  so.  Sur- 
face marked  by  moderatel)^  strong  concentric  strise  and  very  strong  varices 
of  growth.  Substance  of  the  shell  thick;  teeth  only  moderate  in  size; 
muscular  markings  distinct. 

As  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  the  original  specimens  described  by 
Mr.  Lea,  I  can  only  infer  from  his  description  that  I  have  rightly  identi- 
fied the  form,  as  he  does  not  figure  it  The  form  here  described  varies  some 
from  the  somewhat  general  characters  given,  but  it  is  the  most  common 
form  found  at  Haddonfield,  and  as  both  the  others  recognized  at  that  local- 
ity have  been  figured  by  their  author,  I  think  there  can  be  but  little  doubt 
of  the  accuracy  of  the  refereiace  here  made. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  soft  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Corbula  subcompressa. 

Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  26. 

.Corlula  suicompressa  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  new  ser..  Vol,  IV,  p.  394,  PI.  LXVIII, 
Fig.  24.     Synopsis,  p.  111.    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell  small,  transversely  triangular,  and  nearly  equilateral.  Left  valve 
moderately  convex,  most  inflated  along  the  umbonal  ridge  and  on  the  an- 
terior third;  beak  small,  incurved,  appressed;  posterior  slope  moderate  and 
the  ridge  angular.  Surface  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines.  Shell  thin. 
Interior  not  observed. 

Only  a  single  imperfect  left  valve  has  fallen  inider  my  observation,  and 
it  so  mutilated  that  the  hinge  features  cannot  be  obtained. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MARES.  181 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  soft  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Hacldonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

SAXICAVID^. 
Genus  PANOPEA  M6nard. 

Panopea  decisa. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  5-8. 

Panopea  decisa  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  II,  2d  ser.,  p.  215,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig, 

19.    Meek,  Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  15. 
Glycimeris  decisa  (Con.)  Gabb.     Synop.,  p.  125.    Meek,  Geol.  Eept.  K".  Jersey,  1868,  p. 

727. 

Shell  moderately  large  and  ventricose,  with  moderately  large  project- 
ing' beaks,  which  are  situated  a  little  nearest  the  anterior  end,  widely  gaping 
at  the  posterior  end  and  closed  anteriorly.  Anterior  extremity  rounded, 
longest  below  the  middle,  anterior  end  truncated,  projecting  near  the  cardi- 
nal line  and  receding  below.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very  strong, 
broad,  concentric  undulations  most  strongly  developed  on  the  middle  of  the 
valves  and  becoming  nearly  obsolete  on  some  specimens  both  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly.  The  valves  are  also  often  depressed  along  the  posterior  umbo- 
nal  slope,  showing  a  distinct  furrow  at  the  bending  of  the  undulations  of 
the  surface  at  this  point. 

The  internal  features  of  the  species  are  not  easily  made  out  from  the 
imperfect  casts  under  examination,  the  shell  having  been  too  fragile  to  leave 
the  impressions  of  pallial  line  or  muscular"  scars  so  as  to  be  ti'aced  with  any 
degree  of  certainty.  The  hinge,  however,  has  been  considerably  thickened 
and  has  left  the  imprint  of  its  features  on  some  of  the  specimens,  so  that  by 
the  use  of  gutta-percha  its  features  have  been  fairly  shown.  There  is  posi- 
tive evidence  of  only  a  single  projecting  tooth  in  each  valve,  which  has 
been  long  and  incurved,  but  showing  that  the  shell  was  not  indented  or 
excavated  for  their  reception,  as  should  be  the  case  in  Glycimeris,  to  which 
genus  Messrs.  Gabb  and  Meek  have  referred  it.  In  the  right  valve,  how- 
ever, the  hinge-fold  recedes  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  tooth,  but  not  in  the 


182  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

form  of  a  notch  for  the  reception  of  the  tooth,  as  it  leaves  the  tooth  entirely 
free  and  uncovered,  while  in  the  left  valve  the  hinge-fold  is  entirely  straight 
on  the  face.  The  folds  or  plates  for  the  reception  of  the  ligament  have 
been  quite  large  and  distinct.  Considering  the  above  features  I  have  con- 
cluded to  place  the  species  back  under  Panopea,  where  Mr.  Conrad  origi- 
nally placed  it,  as  the  evidence  seems  to  be  more  in  favor  of  that  reference 
than  to  Ghjcimeris.  Dr.  Stoliczka  also  considers  it  as  not  belonging  to  the 
genus  Glycimeris,  judging  only  from  Mr.  Conrad's  figure. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holland,  Mon- 
mouth County,  and  near  Burlington  and  elsewhere  in  New  Jersey. 

SOLENID^. 

Genus  SOLYMA  Conrad.    1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  YI,  p.  75.) 

Solyma  liueolata. 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  11-13. 

Solyma  lineolatus  Conrad.   Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  75,  PL  IH,  Fig.  9.   Gabb,  Proc. 
A.  N.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  305. 

Shell  transversely  elongate-elliptical,  about  twice  as  long  as  high,  with 
subparallel  dorsal  and  basal  margins,  the  anterior  end  rounded  and  the  pos- 
terior end  subtruncate,  a  little  longer  above  than  below.  Valves  convex, 
with  a  very  sHght  angulation  along  each  umbonal  slope;  beaks  large,  prom- 
inent, nearly  centrally  situated  and  projecting  somewhat  strongly  above  the 
cardinal  line.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  fine  concentric  lines  of 
growth.  Hinge-plate  very  narrow  and  teeth  short.  Muscular  scars,  the 
anterior  only  seen,  small,  obscure,  and  somewhat  elongate. 

The  shell  resembles  in  its  general  expression  a  species  of  Soleairtus, 
with  Avhich  genus  Dr.  Stoliczka  feels  inclined  to  associate  it.  There  is  but 
a  single  imperfect  right  valve  in  the  collection,  and  this  appears  to  be  the 
only  one  Mr.  Conrad  used  in  formulating  his  genus.  The  pallial  line  is  not 
visible  nor  is  the  posterior  muscular  impression,  and  the  hinge  characters 
are  all  that  are  given  as  generic  characters.  I  know  of  no  other  New  Jer- 
sey Cretaceous  shell  with  which  it  can  be  confounded. 


LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  183 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  micaceous  clays  of  the  Lower  Marls  at 
Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Genus  LEPTOSOLEN  Conrad. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  15  and  p.  188.) 

Leptosolen  biplicata. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

-Siliquaria  biplicata  Conrad.  J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  324,  PI.  XXXIV, 
Fig.  17.     Gabb,  Synop.,  p.  170.    Meek,  Smith.  Inst.,  Check-list,  p.  15. 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill, pp.  15,188.  Meek,  Geol.  Eept. 
K  Jersey,  1868,  p.  727.     Gabb,  P.  A.  N.  S.,  1861,  p.  304. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  two  and  a  half  to  three  times  as  long  as  wide, 
with  parallel  dorsal  and  basal  margins.  Valves  quite  convex  when  not 
compi'essed,  and  gaping  at  each  extremity;  beaks  small  and  inconspicuous, 
situated  within  the  anterior  third  of  the  length;  posterior  extremity  truncate, 
a  little  the  longest  below  the  center;  anterior  end  more  distinctly  rounded, 
longest  above  the  middle.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  concentric  lines 
of  growth,  which  are  wiry  and  distinct  upon  the  impressions  in  the  marls, 
but  indistinct  on  the  internal  casts.  On  the  anterior  part  of  the  shell  there 
•  are  two  indistinct  plica  extending  from  in  front  of  the  beaks,  one  to  the 
anterior  basal  angle  and  the  other  to  the  margin  of  the  valve  about  midway 
between  the  first  and  the  antero-dorsal  angle.  On  the  casts  there  is  a  strong- 
groove  extending  obliquely  across  the  valve  from  the  beaks  to  near  the 
base,  gradually  widening  from  its  origin  and  passing  gently  backward  in  its 
extension,  marking  the  position  of  an  internal  rib  on  the  shell.  The  hinge 
features  cannot  be  determined  from  either  of  the  two  imperfect  specimens 
before  me.  The  larger  of  the  specimens  would  indicate  a  shell  of  nearly 
"two  inches  in  length  with  a  width  of  almost  five-eighths  of  an  inch. 

This  species  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Leptosolen,  the  principal  generic 
feature  resting  upon  the  single  direct  tooth  of  the  right  valve,  a  featui-e 
which  cannot  be  seen  on  the  internal  casts  found  in  this  State;  and  as  Con- 
rad has  not  figured  this  feature  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  I  am  not  able  to 
judge  of  the  validity  of  the  characters. 


184  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Formation  and  locality. —  The  casts  which  I  have  described  are  from  the 
micaceous  clays  vmder  the  Lower  Marl  Bed,  at  the  pits  of  the  Rev.  G.  C. 
Schanck,  near  Marlborough,  N.  J.,  in  Mr.  Lockwood's  collection.  There 
are  also  t\i'o  fragments  of  shell  which  are  apparently  of  this  species  from 
the  white  limestone  nodules  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marl  Bed  at  Marl- 
borough, in  Mr.  Schanck's  collection.  These  latter  specimens  shoAv  a  strong 
posterior  umbonal  ridge  and  a  thickness  of  shell  which  one  would  scarcely 
deem  compatible  with  the  characters  and  tenuity  of  the  shell  indicated  on 
the  casts,  and  may  possibly  belong  to  a  distinct  form. 

Genus  LEGUMEN  Conrad,  1858. 

(Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  277.) 

Legumen  planulatum. 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  3  and  4. 

Solemya planulata Con.  J.  A.KS.,Phil.,2dser.,VoLII,p.  274, PI. XXIV, Fig.  11.  Gabb, 

1859,  Cat.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  16. 
Legumen  plantdaf a  (Cou.)  Gabb.     Synop.,  p.  133. 
L.  planata  (Gabb.)  Meek.     Check-list  Smith.  Inst.,  p.  15. 

L.  elliptica  and  L.  appressa  (Con.)  Gabb.     P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  ]S76,  p.  304. 

Comp.  L.  appressus  Conrad.     J.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  2d  ser..  Vol.  Ill,  p.  325. 

Shell  of  small  size,  transversely  elongate,  about  twice  and  a  half  as 
long  as  high,  and  elongate-elliptical  in  outline  with  the  extremities  rather 
sharply  rounded.  Valves  very  compressed  or  flattened,  especially  so  on  the 
posterior  part.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  not  projecting,  situated  within  the 
anterior  third  of  the  length.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  proportionally 
strong  regular  concentric  striae.  The  internal  cast  shows  a  well  marked 
gash  behind  the  anterior  muscular  imprint,  the  result  of  an  internal  rib 
similar  to  that  existing  in  Machcera. 

In  Mr.  Meek's  list  of  New  Jersey  fossils,  given  in  the  report  for  1868, 
p.  727,  he  cites  two  species  of  this  genus  as  occurring  in  the  State,  but  does 
not  mention  this  one.  Mr.  Conrad's  type  of  this  species  was  from  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey,  and  is  the  only  one  originally  described  from  this 
State.  Among  the  fossils  from  the  State  which  I  have  examined  I  have 
found  none  corresponding  to  the  figure  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  of  L.  eUijMcum, 
but  to  L.  appresswn,  which  is  not  figured,  it  seems  to  be  very  nearly  related, 


LAMELLIBEAlSrCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MARLS.  185 

but  is  less  contracted  in  front,  giving  a  wider  anterior  end,  which  makes  it 
appear  proportional! 5^  longer.  As  compared  with  shells  of  L.  ellipticmn,  from 
Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  this  one  has  been  more  slender  in  proportion 
to  its  length,  with  extremities  less  broadly  rounded,  and  the  shell  not  so 
high  posteriorly.  Mr.  Gabb  considers  all  these  forms  as  only  stages  of 
growth  of  L.  planulatum,  to  which  I  do  not  agree. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Freehold,  and 
from  the  marl  pits  of  G.  C.  Schanck,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

Legumen  appressum. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  6-8. 

Legumen  appressa  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  325.    Gabb,  Synopsis,  p. 

133.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  15.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 
See  Legumen  appressa  Conrad.    Kerr's  Geol.  Eept.  IST.  C,  appendix,  p.  10,  citing  J.  A. 

N.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  325,  PI.  XXXIV,  Fig.  19,  as  this  species;  also  the  same 

figure  given  as  L.  ellipticus,  J.  A.  K.  S.,  loc.  cit. 

Shell  transversely  elliptical,  about  twice  and  a  half  as  long  as  high, 
with  depressed  convex  valves  and  small,  appressed  beaks,  which  are  situated 
just  within  the  anterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  valves.  Thickness  of  the 
shell  through  the  valves,  in  an  uncompressed  specimen,  equal  to  two-fifths  of 
the  height  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  margin.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell 
narrowed  in  front  of  the  beaks  and  narrowly  rounded  at  the  extremity;  pos- 
terior end  also  sharply  rounded,  the  longest  part  being  above  the  middle  of 
the  height;  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  parallel,  but  each  moderately  curved. 
Ligament  proportionally  long,  imbedded  in  a  narrow,  deep  escutcheonal 
area;  lunular  depression  very  slight.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine, 
regular,  even,  step-like  concentric  ridges,  strongest  on  the  posterior  part  of 
the  shell. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  point  out  distinctions  between  the  species  of 
this  genus  where  they  are  preserved  as  internal  casts  only,  the  markings  of 
the  sui-face  being  only  partially  or  not  at  all  preserved,  and  the  form  of  the 
shell  scarcely  indicated  in  the  parts  where  most  distinct  when  the  shell  itself 
is  examined.  So  far  as  I  can  distinguish,  the  casts  which  I  have  figured 
belong  to  the  L. planulatum,  and  appear  to  ditferfrom  the  shell  here  used  in  the 


186  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JBESEY. 

form  of  the  posterior  end,  and  in  the  narrowing  of  the  anterior  portion  in  front 
of  the  beaks.  The  specimen  here  used  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  marked  L.  apxwessus  in  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting,  and  is 
accompanied  by  another,  without  mark,  which  agrees  nearly  enough  with  his 
figure  of  L.  elUpticum  (J.  A.  N.  S.,  Vol.  Ill,  PL  XXXIV,  Fig.  1 9)  to  have  been 
the  one  used  in  making  that  figure.  The  two  differ  not  only  in  the  propor- 
tional length  and  height,  but  in  the  form  of  the  anterior  ends  and  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  surface  markings,  the  latter  one  not  having  the  regular  ridges,  but 
irreo-ular  and  fasciculate  lines.  By  reference  to  the  citations  at  the  head  of 
this  description  it  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Conrad  has  at  different  times  referred 
to  Fig.  19  of  PL  XXXIV,  J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Vol.  Ill,  both  as  L.  appressus  and  L. 
ellipticus.  The  latter  name  being  first  applied  to  it,  I  suppose  to  have  been 
correct,  and  the  reference  later  made  to  have  been  an  error.  Mr.  Gabb,  in 
the  Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1876,  p.  304,  cites  all  these  species  under  L.  xMmilata, 
and  considers  them  identical,  considering  the  variations  as  different  stages  of 
growth  only.  It  would  be  difficult  to  account  for  the  contraction  of  the  an- 
terior end  in  front  of  the  beaks  on  this  hypothesis 

Formation  and  locality.  — In  the  dark  micaceous  clay  below  the  Lower 
Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New^  Jersey.  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

Genus  SILIQUA  Muhlfeld. 

Siliqua  Cretacea. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  9  and  10. 

Oultellus  cretacea  Gabb.    Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  303,  PI.  XL VIII, 

Pig.  25  in  text  (24  on  plate). 
Siliqua  cretacea  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  170.     Meek,  Check-list,  p.  15.     Stoliczka,  Pal. 

ludica.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  100. 
Ospriasolen  cretacea  (Gabb)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  the  internal  cast,  and  the  only  one  known,  being 
nearly  one  and  three-fourth  inches  long,  and  for  the  genus  very  convex,  rather 
strongly  curved,  and  widely  gaping  at  each  extremity,  the  valves  only  com- 
ing in  contact  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin;  posterior  end  most  widely 
.gaping.  Beaks  distinct,  but  not  elevated,  situated  a  little  within  the  anterior 
::third  of  the  shell's  length.     On  the  cast  they  slightly  project  above  the 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWER  MAELS.  187 

general  line  of  the  hinge.  Hinge  slightly  concave  posterior  to  the  beaks, 
and  the  margin  considerably  thickened,  as  indicated  by  the  form  of  the  cast. 
Anterior  to  the  beaks  the  cardinal  line  declines  at  a  low  angle  from  the 
direction  of  the  posterior  side.  Basal  line  very  strongly  curved ;  extremi- 
ties rounded,  the  anterior  the  most  sharply  so.  Anterior  muscular  scar 
*'  moderately  large,  triangularly  ovate,  bordered  by  a  rounded  furrow  on  the 
posterior  side,  indicating  a  slightly  thickened  rib  on  the  interior  of  the  shell. 
Posterior  scar  larger,  triangular,  and  faintly  marked.  Pallial  sinus  deep 
and  extending  to  near  the  middle  of  the  shell's  length.  Hinge  features  un- 
known. Indications  exist  on  the  cast  of  a  divided  tooth-like  projection  on 
the  left  valve,  with  a  socket-like  plate  on  the  right. 

The  species  appears  to  be  a  very  rare  one  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of 
New  Jersey,  only  one  individual  cast  having  been  seen  so  far  as  I  can  learn. 
Mr.  Gabb  originally  described  it  as  a  species  of  CuUellus,  but  soon  after 
referred  it  to  the  genus  Siliqua,  under  which  most  authors  agree  in  classing 
it.  Mr.  JMeek,  in  his  list  of  New  Jersey  fossils,  first  referred  it  to  the  genus 
Ospriasolen,  a  reference  to  or  a  description  of  which  I  have  not  been  able 
to  find  in  any  other  work,  and  do  not  know  what  characters  it  includes,  or 
if  he  intended  it  for  this  individual  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  G-reen  Marls  (?)  in  Burlington 
County,  New  Jersey.  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
Philadelphia. 

PHOLADID^. 

Genus  PHOLAS  Linn. 

Pholas  cithara. 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  14-16. 

Pholas  eitliara  Morton.    Synopsis,  p.  68,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  10.  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  166.  Meek,* 

Check-list,  p.  16.     Geol.  Surv.  N".  J.,  1868,  p.  728. 
P.         pectorosa  Conrad.     J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  299,  PI.  XXVII,  Fig.  9. 
Glavipholan  eitliara  (Morton)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  728. 
Martesia  cithara  (Mort.)  Gabb.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  304. 

Shell  triangularly  ovate,  acutely  pointed  behind  and  subtruncate  in 
front.     Valves  very  ventricose,  the  depth  and  thickness  when  united  about 


188  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

equal,  giving  a  nearly  round  section.  Anterior  umbonal  ridge  inflated 
and  nearly  subangular  in  some  cases,  always  sharply  rounded,  and  the 
anterior  surface  somewhat  flattened  or  but  little  convex.  Central  region 
of  the  valves  sulcated  obliquely,  more  or  less  constricting  the  front  margin 
at  about  or  just  behind  the  center.  Hinge-line  straight,  deeply  sunken 
between  the  large,  inflated,  and  enrolled  approximate  beaks.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  strong  radiating  ribs,  numerous  but  somewhat  irregular 
posterior  to  the  umbonal  angle,  but  few  and  distant  in  front;  also  by  com- 
paratively strong  concentric  ridges,  which  are  distinctly  deflected  at  the 
mesial  sulcus  and  pass  obliquely  upward  in  front  of  it.  These  concentric 
ridges  form  flattened  nodes  of  the  radiating  ribs  by  crossing  them  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  shell. 

I  have  seen  several  casts  of  this  species,  and  notice  considerable  varia- 
tion in  their  characters,  especially  in  the  strength  of  the  surface  markings, 
in  the  form  of  the  anterior  end,  and  in  the  strength  of  the  mesial  sulcus  of 
the  valves,  and  especially  in  the  strength  and  character  of  a  sometimes 
deeply  impressed  but  narrow  line  marking  the  bottom  of  the  sulcus  and 
dividing  the  anterior  and  posterior  sections  of  the  shell,  it  being  in  some 
instances  almost  obsolete.  Mr.  Morton's  type  specimen,  which  I  have  not 
seen,  seems  to  have  been  very  small,  and  to  have  had  the  anterior  end 
rounded  from  below,  while  Mr.  Conrad's  type  of  P.  pedorosa  is  full  and 
round  below  and  sloping  above,  while  a  cast  of  a  single  valve  which  is 
figured;  appears  to  have  been  quite  sharply  truncate  in  front  and  angular 
on  the  umbonal  ridge.  There  is  also  much  difference  in  the  proportional 
strength  of  the  two  sets  of  ribs  in  the  different  examples. 

Formation  and  locality. — Li  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mr.  G.  C. 
Schanck's  marl  pits  near  Marlborough,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Conrad's  example, 
which  isthe  largest  and  most  perfect  individual  observed,  was  collected  at  Tin- 
ton  Falls,  Monmouth  County,  by  Prof  L.  Vanuxem.  A  single  specimen  of 
medium  size  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Phila- 
delphia, placed  with  the  type  of  P.  pedorosa  under  the  same  label,  appears, 
from  its  lithological  character,  to  have  come  from  the  yellow  limestone  of 
the  Middle  Marl  Beds,  but  may  be  deceptive  in  this  respect. 


LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  189 

Fholas  ?  lata,  n.  sj). 
Plate  XXV,  Fig.  17. 

Shell  large  and  proportionally  very  broad  between  the  dorsal  and 
basal  margins,  the  relative  height  and  length  being  about  as  two  to  three, 
respectively.  The  general  outline  is  slightly  ovate,  widest  at  the  anterior 
end  and  gradually  narrowing  posteriorly,  the  beak  being  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  middle  and  showing  somewhat  above  the  cardinal  line  in  the  slightly 
compressed  and  somewhat  crushed  specimen  of  an  internal  cast  of  a  left 
valve,  the  only  one  yet  seen.  Anterior  and  posterior  ends  rounded,  the 
latter  one  most  narrowly  so;  basal  line  slightly  emarginate  just  behind  the 
middle  of  its  length ;  cardinal  line  apparently  arcuate  throughout.  Surface 
of  the  shell,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  convex,  with  a  broad  sulcus  passing 
across  the  valve  from  beak  to  base,'  reaching  the  latter  behind  the  middle. 
Anterior  to  the  sulcus  the  surface  is  radiately  ribbed,  the  rays  being  some- 
what alternate  in  size  over  a  portion  of  the  space.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
broad  sulcus  there  is  a  single  larger  and  stronger  rib,  which  passes  from 
the  beak  directly  to  the  base  of  the  shell,  which  it  reaches  at  the  point  of 
greatest  emargination.  Posterior  to  this  larger  rib  the  surface  is  destitute 
of  radiating  lines,  the  surface  being  marked  only  with  broad,  irregular, 
concentric  sulci,  which  extend  over  the  entire  surface  parallel  to  the  margin 
of  the  shell. 

This  is  a  peculiarly  formed  shell,  and  does  not  appear  to  belong  strictly 
to  the  genus  Pholas.  The  only  figure  of  a  similar  species  which  I  have 
been  able  to  find  in  any  work  to  which  I  have  access  is  that  given  on  Plate 
603,  Sow.,  Mineral  Conch.,  under  the  name  Pliolas?  compressa^  and  so  given 
and  retained  in  all  the  lists  and  catalogues  to  which  I  have  access.  The 
species  is  from  the  Kimmeridge  clays  of  Shotover  Hill,  England,  and  is  not 
quite  half  as  large  as  the  New  Jersey  specimen,  while  it  is  much  broader 
proportionally  and  also  more  strongly  ribbed  on  the  posterior  part.  The 
shell  undoubtedly  belongs  to  the  PJwIadidce,  but  certainly  cannot  be  a  true 
Pliolas ;  but  as  there  are  none  of  the  hinge  features  present  on  the  specimen, 
or  even  the  entire  external  form,  I  do  not  think  it  prudent  to  suggest  a 
generic  name. 


190  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Marlborough, 
New  Jersey.  In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  New 
Jersey. 

Genus  MAETESIA  Leach. 

Martesia  (Pholas)  cretacea, 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  20-23. 

Pliolas  cretacea  Gabb.    Jour.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  393,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  18. 

Proc.  A.  K  S.,  1861,  324. 
Martesia  cretacea  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  1876,  p.  304. 

The  tubes  or  casts  of  tubes  from  which  this  species  was  described  are 
from  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length  by  about 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  larger  end  of  the  largest.  The 
basal  end  is  convex  and  the  shaft  of  the  tube  regularly  tapering.  These 
perforations  have  been  in  wood,  which  is  now  replaced  by  pyrite,  and  none 
of  them  show  any  indications  of  the  shell  or  markings  by  which  its  nature 
can  be  determined.  There  is,  however,  a  specimen  in  the  Academy's  collec- 
tion, marked  as  of  the  same  species  in  what  appears  to  be  Mr.  Gabb's  hand- 
writing, which  not  only  shows  the  general  form  of  the  shell  but  also  some 
slight  remains  of  the  surface  marking.  The  former  is  extremely  ventricose, 
clavate  in  front,  and  gradually  but  rapidly  tapering  behind,  with  distinct 
incurved  beaks  and  a  slightly  marked  mesial  line  of  perceptible  width  sep- 
arating the  anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  the  valves.  The  antero-basal 
area  is  triangular,  and  indistinctly  marked.  Anterior  section  of  the  valves 
marked  with  strong  undulations  which  have  a  strongly  upward  direction 
from  the  mesial  constriction  towards  the  anterior  end,  while  on  the  posterior 
section  they  are  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  shell.  The  shell  is  somewhat 
exfoliated,  and  therefore  the  surface  markings  cannot  be  so  distinctly  made 
out  as  it  would  be  desirable. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  tubes  used  in  the  original  description  and 
figured  on  our  plate  came  from  Raritan  Bay,  New  Jersey.  The  shell,  how- 
ever, is  simply  marked  "Cret.  N.  J.,"  like  so  many  of  the  specimens  used 
by  Mr.  Gabb,  so  that  one  is  left  in  some  degree  of  doubt  as  to  what  bed  they 
may  have  been  obtained  from 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  191 

TEREDID^. 
Genus  TEEEDO  Lina 

Teredo  irregularis. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  18  and  10. 

Teredo  irregularis  Gabb.  J.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  393,  PI.  LXVIH,  Fig, 
19.  Synopsis,  p.  174.  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  16 ;  Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  1868, 
p.  727. 

Comp.  T.  {Uperotis?)  contorta  Gabb.    Proc.  A.  K  Sciences,  1861,  p.  323. 

Polorthus  irregularis  Gabb.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1861,  p.  366. 

Tube,  as  known  by  the  casts,  of  rather  large  size,  often  exceeding  half 
an  inch  in  diameter  and  of  an  undetermined  length,  extremely  contorted  and 
irregular  in  its  direction,  and  frequently  strongly  annulated.  Shell  of  pro- 
portionally large  size,  extremely  ventricose,  and  inflated  along  the  dividing 
ridge,  the  band  on  which  is  proportionally  broad.  Valves  very  short  and 
truncated  at  each  end,  the  basal  part  being  rather  sharply  pointed.  Pallets 
unknown. 

The  only  examples  representing  the  shells  of  this  species  are  two  imper- 
fect casts  of  single  valves  found  at  the  bottom  of  casts  of  tubes,  and  both 
represent  the  markings  of  the  inside  of  the  valve.  One  of  them  is  that 
described  by  Mr.  Gabb,  and  is  figured  on  the  plate.  The  other  is  too 
obscure  to  furnish  any  characters  whatever.  The  casts  of  the  tubes  only 
are  known  beyond  these,  and  are  all  very  fragmentary.  Some  of  them 
show  evidences  of  having  been  divided  by  vesiculose  partitions  at  irregular 
distances,  and  others  are  strongly  annulated  with  strong  projecting  lamella 
at  the  annulations  on  the  outside  of  the  tube,  as  if  it  had  been  fringed  at 
regular  intervals ;  the  fringes  projecting  into  the  surrounding  material, 
which,  judging  from  the  longitudinally  fibrous  character  of  several  of  them 
may  have  been  of  a  woody  nature,  impregnated  in  some  instances  to  a 
depth  of  an  eighth  of  an  inch  by  mineral  matter,  which  has  hardened  and 
preserved  a  coating  to  that  depth.  None  of  the  tubes  yet  observed  preserve 
the  outer  extremity,  to  show  if  it  has  or  has  not  been  divided  by  a  septum. 


192  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

This,  with  the  absence  of  all  evidence  of  pallets  or  accessory  parts,  leave  no 
chance  of  determining  to  which  of  the  subdivisions  of  the  genus  Teredo  the 
species  properly  belongs. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey,  and  from  the 
appearance  I  should  suppose  from  the  Lower  Marls,  but  no  evidence  exists 
on  the  labels  or  in  Mr.  Gabb's  original  description  of  any  definite  locality. 


GASTROCH^NID^. 

Genus  OLAVAGELLA  Lam. 

Clavagella  armata. 

Plate  XXV,  Fig  24. 

Clavagella  armata  Mortou.     Synopsis,  p.  69,  PL  IX,  Fig.  11.     Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  109. 
Meek,  Clieck-Ust,  p.  15.     Gabb,  Proc.  A.  N".  Sci.,  1861,  p.  364. 

Shell  small,  the  valves  being  transversely  oval,  moderately  convex, 
with  proportionally  large  and  tumid  beaks;  their  disks  marked,  especially 
the  right  valve,  by  strong  concentric  undulations.  Right  valve  free,  and 
the  left  somewhat  distorted  in  the  only  specimen  which  I  have  before  me. 
Tube  small  and  compressed. 

The  specimen  which  I  have  figured  does  not  show  the  tubular  spines 
on  the  anterior  margin  as  mentioned  by  Dr.  Morton.  But  a  small  specimen 
in  the  collection  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York, 
shows  several  spines,  and  I  presume  they  vary  considerably  in  this  respect. 
Dr.  Morton's  figure  shows  the  existence  of  these  spines  on  the  cast,  but  the 
form  of  the  shell  as  shown  there  is  remarkably  elongated  and  narrowed,  as 
compared  with  any  of  those  which  I  have  observed.  On  that  which  I  have 
figured  the  muscular  impressions  are  quite  marked,  showing  the  shell  to 
have  been  very  much  thickened.  Judging  from  Dr.  Morton's  figure,  as  well 
as  from  the  evidence  furnished  by  the  specimen  here  figured,  I  should  infer 
that  the  present  species  would  be  properly  classed  under  Stirpulina  Stoliczka, 
a  subdivision  of  Clavayella,  in  which  the  tubular  spines  are  confined  to  the 
anterior  portion  of  valves,  and  not  scattered  along  the  basal  margin  also, 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  OF  THE  LOWEE  MAELS.  193 

as  in  those  left  under  the  original  name  Clavagetta,  although  I  cannot  see 
where  the  line  of  separation  between  the  two  sections  can  be  drawn.  I 
should  prefer  to  call  them  all  Glavagella. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Walnford,  Monmouth 
County,  and  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  Dr.  Morton's  specimen  was 
collected  at  Arneytown,  N.  J.,  by  Mr.  Conrad,  and  it  has  also  been  recog- 
nized at  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama.  Mr.  Gabb  speaks  of  it  as  occurring  at 
Mount  Holly,  New  Jersey. 

4418  MON  9 13 


SECTION  IV. 

LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  MIDDLE  MAEL  BEDS. 

OSTREID^. 

Genus  GEYPHJEA  Lam. 

Gr3rphaea  vesicularis  Lam. 

Plate  SXVI,  Fgs.  9  ami  10. 

{For  reference  and  synonymy  see  ante,  page  36.) 

The  form  of  this  species,  which  occurs  principally  in  the  Middle  Marl 
Beds,  is  that  which  is  described  on  page  37,  under  the  varietal  name  of  G. 
micella  Roemer,  or  at  least  very  similar.  The  Kew  Jersey  examples  do 
not  often  have  so  straight  a  hinge-line  as  Dr.  Roemer  figures.  For  other 
remarks  see  description  of  G.  vesicularis,  as  above  referred  to. 

Gryphsea  Bryani,  var.  precedens,  n.  var. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  7  and  8. 

This  shell  resembles  Oystrea  {Oryplicea^  Bryani  Gabb  in  many  of  its 
features,  but  differs  veiy  generally  in  being  prolonged  laterally  on  the  left 
side  of  the  shell  as  one  looks  on  the  smaller  valve.  Considering  this  fact,  the 
shells  may  be  said  to  be  obliquely  ovate  in  general  outline,  but  with  the  left 
side  extended  laterally  in  the  lower  half.  The  lower  valve  is  deeply  concave, 
and  the  beak  usually  shows  a  moderately  large  cicatrix  of  attachment.  The 
upper  valve  is  concave  and  similarly  extended  as  the  lower.  The  muscidar 
imprint  is  of  moderate  size  and  irregularly  circular,  situated  back  of  the 
middle  of  the  length,  usually,  and  near  the  side.  Cartilage  area  fairly 
developed.  Lateral  margins  of  the  valves  strongly  crenulated  in  the  upper 
thii'd  of  the  length  and  deeply  sunken  on  the  larger  valve.     This  variety  is 

194 


LAMELLIBRANGHIATA  FROM  THE  MIDDLE  MAEL  BEDS.        195 

not  restricted  to  the  Middle  Beds,  but  is  perhaps  more  strongly  marked 
there  than  among  the  true  0.  Bryani  at  tlie  base  of  the  Upper  Beds.  It 
seems  quite  difficult  to  arrange  all  these  forms  under  Gryphma  vesicularis 
Lam.,  and  still  it  is  very  difficult  to  point  out  constant  characters  of  differ- 
ence. After  much  study  of  them  with  the  other  forms  I  am  as  undecided 
in  my  own  mind  as  to  their  true  specific  distinction  as  when  I  first  examined 
them,  and  shall  therefore  retain  them  as  varieties. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  particular  form  here  indicated  is  associated 
with  the  small  round  form  of  G.  vesicularis  in  the  yellow  sands  of  the  Middle 
Beds  throughout  Monmouth  County,  and  also  particularly  so  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  GRYPH^OSTREA  Conrad. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  15.) 

Grypheeostrea  vomer. 
Plato  XXVI,  Figs.  11  and  12. 

Gryphwa  vomer  Morton.     Synopsis,  p.  54,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  5.     Stoliczka  Pal.  Ind.,  Vol.  Ill, 

p.  457. 
Uxogyra  lateralis  (ISTeils.)  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  123.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  6. 
Grypheeostrea  lateralis  (Neils.)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,1868,  p.  724, 

Shell  of  only  moderate  size,  narrowly  elongate-oval  or  elongate-ellipti- 
cal in  outline,  strongl}^  arcuate  from  beak  to  base,  and  generally  more  or  less 
twisted  laterally.  Right  or  lower  valve  deeply  concave  internally,  and  the 
upper  one  flat  or  a  very  little  arching  with  the  other.  Apex  of  the  lower 
valve  distinctly  twisted  and  often  decidedly  coiled,  and  that  of  the  upper 
distinctly  curved  anteriorly,  although  flat.  Surface  of  the  lower  valve 
smooth  or  only  slightly  lamellose  over  the  larger  part  of  the  body  of  the 
shell,  but  often  strongly  lamellose  near  the  apex,  and  particularly  on  the 
anterior  cardinal  portion,  where  it  is  frequently  distinctly  auriculate.  Sur- 
face of  the  upper  valve  marked  by  distant  and  somewhat  regular,  elevated, 
concentric  ridges,  formed  by  the  free  margins  of  the  lamella.  Cardinal  or 
ligamental  area  very  small  or  subobsolete. 


196  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

This  shell  has  been  variously  referred  to  Ostrea,  Gryphcea,  and  Exogyra 
by  difFerent  authors,  but  its  general  characters  do  not  correspond  with  the 
generally  accepted  features  of  any  of  these  forms.  In  Vol.  I,  p.  15,  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Conchology,  Mr.  Conrad  proposes  for  a  similar  Eocene  spe- 
cies the  generic  name  GrypJiceostrea,  and  in  the  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Geolog- 
ical Survey  of  the  Territories,  p.  11,  Mr.  Meek  oflFers  a  generic  diagnosis  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Conrad,  and  mentions  this  species  as  a  typical  form  on  Mr.  C.'s 
authority.  He  also  mentions  in  a  foot-note  that  on  well-preserved  speci- 
mens of  this  species  he  has  seen  long,  slender,  auricular  appendages  on  each 
side  of  the  hinge.  I  have  not  seen  these  appendages,  to  my  positive  knowl- 
edge, except  on  the  anterior  side,  although  they  are  not  uncommon  on  the  an- 
terior side  of  the  lower  valve.  I  think  the  generic  separation  of  the  group 
of  which  this  may  be  considered  a  typical  form  a  necessary  one,  as  it  has  a 
decidedly  spiral  or  twisted  beak,  but  without  the  hinge  features  of  Exogyra. 
This  might  be  said  to  be  an  evidence  that  Exogyra  and  Gryplicea  ought  to  be 
included  under  one  generic  division,  as  this  is  an  intermediate  form,  which 
may  be  quite  true,  but  where  there  are  groups  of  species  having  such  dis- 
tinctive characters  as  this  possesses,  convenience  demands  some  considera- 
tion ;  whereas  many  generic  divisions  are  recognized  in  cases  where  it  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  point  out  specific  differences.  The  species  has  been  re- 
ferred to  Ostrea  lateralis,  Neils.,  by  several  authors.  I  have  not  been  abk' 
to  examine  specimen  of  that  species,  but  from  the  figures  which  I  have 
seen  I  should  be  led  to  doubt  their  identit}^  Oysters,  however,  are  so 
variable  that  if  one  takes  the  extremes  of  any  of  the  species  from  a  given 
locality  they  would  be  likely  to  pass  beyond  the  typical  form  of  one  or 
more  other  species,  so  that  if  we  were  to  follow  it  out  we  should  soon  have 
but  one  species  in  all. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  species  is  very  abundant  in  the  Middle 
Marl  Beds,  at  Timber  Creek,  and  near  New  Egypt,  associated  with  Tere- 
bratula  Harlani.  It  also  occurs  as  casts  at  Mullica  Hill,  and  at  localities  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  in  beds  which  I  suppose  to  be  in  the 
Lower  Green  Marls. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  PEOM  THE  MIDDLE  MAEL  BEDS.        197 

MYTILID^. 

Genus  MODIOLA  Lam. 

Modiola  ovata. 

Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  13  and  14. 

ModMa  ovata  Gabb.    Jour.  Acad.  'Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  4,  uew  ser.,  p.  396,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig. 

31.     Synopsis,  p.  143.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 
Perna  ovata  (Gabb)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  K  J.,  1868,  p.  736. 

Shell  ovate  in  outline,  or  elono'ate  ovate,  of  about  a  medium  size,  some- 
what alate  at  the  extremity  of  the  short  hinge-line.  Valves  very  ventricose, 
with  nearly  terminal  beaks,  which  are  small,  incurved,  and  not  conspicu- 
ously raised  above  the  cardinal  line.  Umbonal  ridge  prominently  rounded, 
and  the  surface  of  the  shell  in  front  of  it  slightl}'  sinuate,  giving  a  slight 
sinuosity  to  the  basal  line;  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  broadl3^  rounded, 
and  the  anterior  end  narrow.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very  fine, 
obscure  lines  of  growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Middle  Marl  Bed,  at  Timber  Creek, 
New  Jersey. 

Genus  MODIOLA  Lam. 

Modiola  (Lithodomus  ?)  inflata,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Shell  small,  cylindrically  ovate,  with  large,  tumid,  anterior  beaks,'an3'^ 
parallel  dorsal  and  basal  margins.  Anterior  and  posterior  ends  nearly 
equally  rounded  in  a  general  view,  as  the  beaks,  from  their  downward 
direction  of  curvature  as  seen  in  a  lateral  view,  are  blended  with  the 
anterior  margin  so  nearly  as  to  give  almost  the  same  form  as  the  posterior 
end.  In  a  dorsal  view  the  form  is  strongly  cune'atel)^  ovate  from  the  rapid 
attenuation  of  the  shell  posteriorly.  Hinge-line  rather  short  and  the  liga- 
ment slender. 

This  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  Modiola  Johnsoni,  but 
never  attains  so  great  a  size,  is  more  cylindrical,  with  a  difiPerently  formed 
beak,  and  a  different  surface  structure,  being  smoother  and  destitute  of  the 


198  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

strong  concentric  markings  so  prominent  on  that  one,  and  is  also  more 
attenuated  behind.  There  are  some  features  about  the  shell  in  its  general 
expression  which  are  almost  indescribable,  but  which  give  it  more  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  species  of  Lithophagus  than  that  of  a  true  Modiola,  and  leave 
an  uncertainty  about  its  true  generic  relations,  the  specimens  being  only 
casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — From  Mr.  Ware's  pits,  near  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Jersey.     In  the  Middle  Mai-ls. 

PTERIID^  Meek. 

Geuus  PINNA  Linn. 

Pinna  rostriformis. 
Plate  XVI,  Figs.  3  and  4. 

Pinna  rostriformis  Morton.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phil.,  1st  ser.,  Vol.  YIII,  p.  214,  PI. 
X,  Fig.  5.  Gabb,  Syn.,  p.  166.  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  9.  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jer- 
sey, 1868,  p.  725. 

P.        Morton.    Synopsis,  p.  63. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  elongate-triangular  in  form,  with  a  some- 
what attenuated,  nearly  pointed  beak;  hinge-line  straight  and  extending 
nearly  the  length  of  the  shell ;  basal  margin  broadly  sinuate  along  the  ros- 
tral third  of  its  length,  and  gently  convex  beyond  that  line ;  posterior  mar- 
gin rounded  below  and  gradually  receding  above  to  the  extremity  of  the 
hinge.  Valves  very  ventricose,  subangular  along  the  middle,  marked  by 
moderately  prominent  radii  on  the  upper  two-thirds  of  the  surface,  and  by 
strong  concentric  undulations  parallel  to  the  lines  of  growth,  becoming 
quite  strong  on  the  basal  unradiated  area. 

All  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  have  been  imper- 
fect, and  all  with  the  external  prismatic  layers  of  the  shell  exfoliated,  so 
that  the  absolute  surface  markings  have  not  been  observed.  The  species 
bears  a  very  strong  resemblance  to  P.  laqueata  Conrad,  but  is  more  slender 
toward  the  apex,  giving  a  decided  sinuosity  to  the  basal  line  along  the  ros- 
tral portion  of  the  valves. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Middle  Marl  Beds,  at  Timber  Creek, 
New  Jersey. 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  FEOM  THE  MIDDLE  MAEL  BEDS.        199 

AUGIBM. 

Genus  IDONEAEOA  Conrad. 

Idonearca  medians,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  5  and  6. 

This  species  veiy  closely  resembles  /.  vulgaris  in  its  internal  casts,  and 
is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  in  some  of  its  conditions;  but  the  fillings  of 
the  cavities  of  the  beaks  are  very  much  more  elevated,  showing  that  the 
beaks  have  been  larger  and  more  prominent,  and  that  the  cardinal  area  has 
lieen  very  much  wider.  The  inner  line  of  the  hinge-plate  seems  to  have  been 
more  arched  also  than  in  that  species.  At  some  localities  this  species  shows 
the  posterior  muscular  ridges  to  be  extremely  large;  while  the  line  of  the 
pallial  attachment  aroiind  the  posterior  end  is  remarkably  strong,  and  shows 
strong  cicatrices  of  attachment  in  the  form  of  short  elevated  ridges  on  the 
cast,  crossing  a  prominent  boss,  which,  of  course,  represents  a  deep  depres- 
sion, with  still  deeper  pits,  in  the  shell  at  this  point.  This  feature,  although 
existing  to  some  degree  in  nearly  all  species  of  the  genus  as  well  as  in  most 
Areas,  is  in  this  one  remarkably  developed.  Exterior  and  shell  so  far  un- 
known. 

Formation  and  locality. — This  species  is  characteristic  so  far  as  yet  known 
of  the  Middle  Marl  Beds.  The  most  marked  specimens  are  from  Mr.  J.  S. 
Cook's  marl  pits  at  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey. 


Idonearca  compressirostra,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  15  and  16. 

Cast  of  small  size,  subquadrangular  in  outline  and  only  moderately 
-convex;  beaks  small,  situated  near  the  anterior  end,  but  very  slightly  ele- 
vated and  approximate;  anterior  end  of  the  shell  broadest,  the  margin 
abruptly  declining  from  the  beaks  to  near  the  basal  line;  basal  line  moder- 
a,tely  arcuate;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  and  narrower  than  the 
anterior  end;  cardinal  line  highly  arched  between  the  beaks  and  gently 
■declining  posteriorly.      Muscular  scars  faintly  marked,  the   anterior  one 


200  PALJilONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Sttiall  and  indistinct,  and  the  posterior  one  defined  by  a  faintly  impressed 
line  on  the  lower  side,  indicating  a  rather  low  ridge  on  the  inside  of  the 
shell.  Pallial  line  well  marked.  Hinge  features  unknown.  The  median 
portion  on  a  cast  used  indicates  the  existence  of  several  small  teeth  on  this 
portion.     Exterior  features  unknown. 

This  is  a  small  and  but  slightly  convex  species,  and  is  distinguished  by 
these  features  from  any  other  of  the  genus,  and  also  by  the  very  small 
space  between  the  fillings  of  the  beaks  as  well  as  by  their  small  size  and 
slight  prominence.  The  faintly  marked  muscular  imprints  might  indicate  a 
young  shell,  but  the  other  features  are  not  what  would  exist  on  small  speci- 
mens of  any  of  the  other  species  known. 

Formation  and  locality.  —In  the  Middle  Marl  Beds,  at  Mr.  J.  S.  Cook's 
pits,  Tinton  Falls,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

ISOCARDIID^. 

Genus  ISOCARDIA  Lamarck. 

Isocardia  Conradi. 

Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  3  and  4. 

Isocardia  Conradi  Gabb.    J.  N.  A.  Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  392,  PI.  LXVIII,  Figs.  21  and  21a. 
Glossns  Conradi  Gabb.     Synopsis,  p.  162.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  12. 
Bucardia  Conradi  (Gabb)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 

Mr.  Gabb  describes  this  shell  as  follows :  "Triangular,  equi valve ;  beaks 
large,  inclined  anteriorly;  umbones  large;  anterior  margin  nearly  straight, 
basal  sinuate,  posterior  subangular  below,  nearly  straight  above;  surface 
marked  by  fine  concentric  lines."  The  localities  he  gives  as  "  Prairie  Bluff, 
Ala.,  and  Timber  Creek,  N.  J." 

The  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  is  that  figured 
as  stated  above.  The  specimen  is  a  cast  of  the  interior,  and  agrees  well 
with  the  above  description.  It  corresponds  quite  closely  in  form  with 
I.  Washita,  Marcou  (Geol.  North  America,  p.  37,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  2),  but  is  more 
pointed  at  the  anterior  extremity  and  more  angular  on  the  umbonal  ridge. 
The  specimen  from  which  Mr.  Gabb's  figures  and  description  are  taken  is 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and 
although  labeled  as  coming  from  Alabama,  I  believe  to  be  the  one  he  cites 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  MIDDLE  MARL  BEDS.  201 

as  coming  from  "Timber  Creek,  N.  J,"  judging  from  the  lithological  char- 
acters of  the  specimen.  Consequently,  I  have  copied  his  figures  here,  and 
give  the  species  as  a  New  Jersey  form  for  this  reason. 

TEREDID^. 

Geniis  TEREDO  Linnfeus. 

Teredo  tibialis. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  19-22. 

Teredo  tibialis  Morton.    Synopsis,  p.  68,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2.    Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  174.    Meek, 

Check-list,  p.  16.     Geol.  Surv.  IST.  J.,  1868,  p.  727. 
Polortlms  tibialis  (Morton)  Gabb.    P.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1861,  p.  366.    Ibid.,  1872,  p.  259,  Plate 

VIII,  Figs.  1-7. 

The  remains  for  which  this  specific  name  was  proposed  by  Dr.  Morton 
consist  of  long,  flexible  shelly  tubes,  varying  in  thickness  from  more  than  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  at  the  lower  end  to  often  less  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  at 
the  aperture.  They  are  usually  compactly  massed  together,  and  form  a  layer  of 
from  foiir  to  six  inches  in  depth  and  of  considerable  lateral  extent  at  Timber 
Creek,  New  Jersey.  When  densely  packed  together  they  are  comparatively 
straight  in  their  direction,  but  when  more  loosely  arranged  they  are  often  bent 
and  distorted  into  every  conceivable  shape.  Often  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
layer  the  tubes  are  bent  and  appear  to  have  had  a  nearly  horizontal  direction, 
as  though  they  had  come  in  contact  with  some  hard  substance  into  which  it 
was  difficult  for  the  mollusk  to  penetrate,  and  it  had  consequently  taken  a 
direction  parallel  to  its  surface.  When  the  tubes  are  carefully  examined  they 
are  found  to  be  rounded  at  the  bottom,  and  in  rare  cases  appear  to  have  addi- 
tional septa,  as  if  the  animal  had  for  some  reason  partially  withdrawn  from 
the  lower  end  of  its  length  and  formed  a  new  bottom  to  its  burrow.  I  have 
never  seen  more  than  one  of  these  septa  in  a  tube,  but  have  often  seen 
tubes  broken  at  a  septum  near  the  middle  of  its  original  length.  Mr.  Gabb 
figures  one,  however,  in  which  he  represents '  three  of  these  septa  besides 
the  terminal  one.  The  tubes  are  more  or  less  irregularly  constricted 
throughout  their  entire  length,  giving  them  a  somewhat  wrinkled  appear- 
ance.    At  the  upper  end  of  the  tube  there  is  also  a  series  of  partial  septa, 


202  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

very  closely  arranged,  convex  upward,  and  perforated  b)'  an  elliptical  slit 
of  greater  or  less  size.  Six  to  eight  of  these  dome-like  septa  are  found  in 
the  upper  quarter  of  an  inch  of  the  tube,  while  the  extremity  is  often  con- 
stricted longitudinally,  so  as  to  form  a  double  opening.  Below  the  lower 
dome-like  septum  there  is  seen  on  the  casts  a  double  U-shaped  or  saddle- 
shaped  muscular  impression,  forming  a  continuous  scar,  but  with  two  pro- 
longations upward  on  the  opposite  sides  and  depressions  between,  the  reced- 
ing parts  corresponding  to  the  flattened  side  of  the  septal  slit. 

Mr.  Gabb  first  described  the  genus  Polorthus  supposing  it  to  be  near 
Yermdus,  and  remarks  that  "It  has  never  been  found  burrowing,  but  gi-ows  in 
aggregated  masses  of  cylindrical  tubes,  almost  always  parallel  and  straight, 
sometimes  five  inches  long,  slightly  variable  in  diameter  from  irregular 
constrictions,  contains  no  shell,  but  the  tube  is  divided  at  certain  distances 
by  transverse  septa,  convex  and  thin,  the  convexity  pointing  toward  the 
widest  (or  newest]  portion  of  the  tube,  as  if  the  animal  progressed  along 
the  tubes,  closing  the  spaces  behind  it,  as  in  the  manner  of  the  Cephalopoda, 
but  hermetically."  (Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil,  1861,  p.  366.)  In  1872,  in  the 
same  journal,  p.  259,  he  again  discussed  the  genus  Polorthus,  and  refej's  it 
to  the  Cephalopoda,  under  the  impression  that  its  relations  were  with  that 
-group  of  mollusks,  and  considers  it  nearly  related  to  Orthoceras,  etc.,  from 
Ihe  existence  of  the  septa  in  the  lower  end  of  the  tube  and  the  absence  of  a 
•shell  like  that  of  Teredo.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remark  that  the  refer- 
ence is  very  erroneous,  and  that  its  relations  to  the  Cephalopoda  is  entirely 
imaginary.  The  genus  Kuphus,  a  form  of  Teredo,  does  not  possess  shelly 
valves,  and  Teredo  Norvegica,  Spengler,  which  Tryon  quotes  as  a  synonym 
Tinder  Teredo  navium  Sellius,  in  his  list  of  the  Teredidce,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 
Vol.  3,  possesses  the  septa  at  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  to  a  much  greater 
-degree  than  does  T.  tibialis;  neither  do  these  forms  always  burrow  in 
wood,  but  frequently  in  sand,  as  these  have  done;  still  I  have  seen  sev- 
eral specimens  of  T.  tibialis,  which  have  burrowed  into  a  black  substance 
resembling  lignite,  which  may  have  been  originally  woody.  One  of  these 
is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Kunz,  of  Hoboken,  New  Jersey.  Con- 
sidering all  these  circumstances,  I  see  no  reason  for  separating  the  present 
ispecies  from  Teredo. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  MIDDLE  MAEL  BEDS.        203 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Middle  Marls  at  Timber  Creek  perhaps 
most  abundantly,  but  also  found  near  New  Egypt  and  many  other  localities 
in  New  Jersey. 

GASTROCHtENID^. 

Genus  GASTEOCH^NA  Spengl. 

Gastrochaeua  Americana. 
Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  17  and  18. 

lErOStroehmna  Americana  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.  Phil.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  393,  PI.  68, 

Fig.  20.     Synopsis,  p.  124.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  15. 
Polortlms  Americana  Gabb.    P.  A.  K  Sci.,  1861,  p.  366.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  16.     Sto- 

liczka.  Pal.  Indica,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  15. 

This  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Gabb  as  follows:  "Elongated  coni- 
cal; transversely  wrinkled;  termination  of  widest  end,  round."  All  we  yet 
know  of  the  remains  of  it  consist  of  the  filling  of  the  tubes,  which  are  not 
uncommon  in  the  yellow  limestones  at  Timber  Creek,  N.  J.,  but  which 
form  extremely  unsatisfactory  material  for  description  or  comparison  with 
other  species.  These  bodies  vary  much  in  form  and  porportions,  both  in 
length  and  diameter,  as  would  be  natural  with  the  borings  of  any  species. 
The  extreme  in  size,  so  far  as  I  have  seen  them,  is  less  than  three  inches  in 
length  by  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  lower  end  They 
-are  very  irregular  in  outline,  being  marked  by  numerous  transverse  wrin- 
kles and  constrictions,  arising  from  what  has  been  the  rounded  base  of  the 
tube  at  diff"erent  stages  of  growth,  being  partially  absorbed  or  worn  away 
during  the  increase  of  the  tube  downwards  with  the  increase  growth  of  the 
shell.  Some  of  the  casts  appear  almost  as  if  septate,  like  an  Orthoceras,  and 
are  very  regularly  tapering;  while  others  are  irregularly  contorted  and  con- 
stricted so  as  to  resemble  an  irregular  series  of  cups  placed  so  as  to  project 
beyond  each  other  at  the  edges.  No  remains  of  the  shell  have  been  found, 
or  even  casts  of  it,  so  that  of  this  portion  we  are  entirely  ignorant.  But  I 
think  probable  were  a  large  collection  of  the  tubes  examined  by  carefully 
breaking  the  lower  or  larger  ends,  some  representation  of  the  shell  would 
^be  detected.     This  species  has  been  included  by  Gabb,  Meek,  and  Stoliczka 


204  PAL.5:0^'T0L0GY  OF  ]S^BW  JEESEY. 

under  tlie  genus  Polorthus  (by  the  two  last  authors  Avritten  Polarthus),  but 
I  see  no  evidence  from  any  of  the  remains  which  I  have  examined  of  its 
generic  identity  with  the  Teredo  tibialis  of  Morton,  which  is  the  species  upon 
which  the  genus  Polorthus  was  founded,  and  I  have,  therefore,  retained  it 
under  the  genus  Gastrochcena. 

Formation  and  localities. — In  the  Middle  Marl  Beds  at  Timber  Creek, 
New  Jersey.  Mr.  Gabb  also  cites  it  from  the  "brown  marls"  of  Burlington 
County,  New  Jersey,  from  which  place  I  have  not  seen  them. 


SBCTIOISJ^  V. 

LAMELLIBEANOHIATA   PEOM    THE   LOWER   LAYERS   OF   THE   UPPER 

MARL  BEDS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

OSTEEID^. 

Genus  OSTREA  LiniiiBus. 

Ostrea  glandiforinis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXVII,  Figs.  1-5. 

Shell  small,  uaiform,  lower  valve  proportionally  deep,  sometimes  pro- 
foundly so,  and  the  upper  one  flat  or  convex,  seldom  concave.  Cardi- 
nal area  narrow,  but  of  considerable  length  and  divided  by  a  distinct  con- 
cave ligamental  pit  which  occupies  about  one-third  of  the  width  in  each 
valve;  muscular  imprints  small  and  usually  inconspicuous.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  concentric  ridges  of  growth  of  greater  or  less  strength, 
but  seldom  presenting  free  lamellose  edges.  Very  faint  indications  of  radi- 
ating plicae  are  sometimes  visible  on  the  lower  valve,  but  never  to  a  degree 
sufficiently  marked  to  be  called  plicated.  Inner  margins  of  the  valves  not 
crenulate. 

The  species  is  usually  represented  only  by  the  internal  casts  of  the 
cavity  of  the  shell,  in  which  condition  they  are  small,  nearly  planocon- 
vex, elongated  ovate  bodies,  having  the  left  postero-lateral  margin  bent 
upward  and  are  somewhat  bean-like  in  form.  The  upper  side  of  the  cast 
is  usually  depressed  convex  over  the  central  area,  and  the  margins  usually 
bent  upward,  while  the  lower  side  is  gibbously  convex  and  irregular,  pre- 
senting a  rather  humped  appearance. 

There  are  a  number  of  described  species  which  present  some  resem- 
blance to  this  one,  but  none  sufficiently  similar  to  be  considered  as  spe- 
cifically identical ;  0.  congesta  Conrad  is  perhaps  as  near  as  any,  but  that 
one   is   almost   invariably  fixed  to  foreign  bodies,   while  this    has  been 

205 


206  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

usually  free,  tlie  casts  being-  found  scattered  free  through  the  marl,  and 
where  the  shells  are  found  they  present  but  Httle  evidence  of  having  grown 
attached,  except,  perhaps,  in  their  very  early  stages.  Many  of  them  are 
so  convex  on  the  lower  valve  as  to  be  almost  gryphsea-like  in  form. 
Still  the  internal  and  hinge  features  are  those  of  a  true  oyster. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  laj^ers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at 
Farming-dale,  Squankum,  Shark  River,  and  near  New  Egypt,  as  cast  of 
the  interior;  and  near  Vincentown,  New  Jersey,  preserving  the  shell.  Speci- 
mens of  the  shell  preserved,  but  highly  pyritous,  sometimes  occur  also  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  but  rarely,  and  are  soon  destroyed  in  collections 
by  the  decomposition  of  the  pyrite. 

Genus  GRYPHEA  Sow. 

Gryphaea  Bryani. 

PlateXXVII,  Figs.  6-9. 

Ostrea  Bryani  Gabb.     Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  321. 
Coiiip.  Gryplicea  vesicularis  Lam. 

The  examples  upon  which  this  species  was  established  do' not  appear 
to  me  to  differ  very  materially  from  many  of  the  small  forms  referred  to 
GnjpJicea  vesicularis,  as  it  occurs  in  the  Terebratula  beds  of  the  middle 
marls;  and  it  certainly  does  not  appear  reasonable  to  place  them  under  the 
genus  Ostrea,  if  we  recognize  Gryphcea  as  a  good  generic  group,  as  they 
appear  to  possess  all  the  essential  features  of  that  genus.  The  shells  which 
I  find  marked  as  the  types  of  "Mr.  Gabb's  species  are  elongated  and  very 
generally  somewhat  regularly  increasing  in  width  from  the  upper  part  for- 
ward, with  sometimes  a  tendency  to  lateral  extension  to  the  left  as  one  looks 
on  the  smaller  valve.  The  lower  valve  is  strongly  convex  and  rather 
strongly  arcuate,  while  the  upper  is  slightly  concave  on  the  exterior.  The 
larger  valve  has  usually  a  well  marked  cicatrix  of  attachment  and  a  mod- 
erately developed  cartilage  area,  and  the  smaller,  the  latter  feature  corre- 
spondingly large,  but  nearly  vertical  to  the  plane  valve.  In  the  feature  of 
lateral  extension  these  shells  somewhat  resemble  the  G.  Pitbheri  of  the  South 
and  Southwest,  and  on  some  of  the  specimens  obscure  indications  of  radia- 
ting plications  occur  on  the  lower  valve. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  THE  UPPER  MARLS.     207 

Formation  and  locality. — The  type  specimens  are  marked  Vincentown, 
New  Jersey,  and  are  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  There  are  also  specimens  from  the 
same  locality  in  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College.  These  are  from  the 
lower  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls;  but  the  same  form  occurs  in  the  yellow 
sands  of  the  Middle  Beds,  and  similar  forms  are  given  in  many  European 
works  as  occurring  in  the  chalks  of  Europe  vmder  the  name  Qryphaza  vesi- 
cularis. 

MYTILID^. 

Genus  MODIOLA  Lam. 

Modiola  Johnsoni,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  8,9. 

Shell  small,  measuring,  in  the  only  perfect  example  of  a  cast  seen,  but 
little  more  than  an  inch  in  its  extreme  length.  Form  ovate,  widest  behind 
the  middle,  and  somewhat  narrowed  anteriorly,  while  the  posterior  end  is 
acutely  rounded;  beaks  large,  tumid,  nearly  anterior,  slightly  enrolled  and 
approximate.  Anterior  end  narrow,  the  projection  scarcely  extending  be- 
yond the  beaks.  Valves  very  ventricose,  the  umbonal  ridge  very  full  and 
rounded.  Ligament  short,  slender,  but  distinctly  marked;  a  slight  con- 
striction or  sulcus  marks  the  basal  half  of  the  width  of  the  shell  anterior 
to  the  middle  of  its  length.  Surface  of  the  shell  as  seen  in  casts  marked 
by  very  fine  concentric  lines  parallel  to  the  margin,  and  also  by  several 
varices  of  growth  at  irregular  intervals. 

This  species  somewhat  approaches  M.  Julia  Lea's  sp.,  but  is  not  alate 
posteriorly  as  is  that  species,  and  the  posterior  end  is  much  more  narrowly 
rounded.  It  also  presents  much  the  appearance  of  the  enlarged  figures  of 
LitJwphagus  inflatus  herein  described,  but  is  less  cylindrical,  being  fuller  or 
more  convex  on  the  basal  margin  and  the  beaks  are  not  so  broad.  It  also 
holds  a  difPerent  geological  position. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Dark  Green  Marls  below  the  Eocene 
beds  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey. 


208  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

ARCID^. 

Genus  ARCA  Linn, 

Area  quindecimradiata. 

Plate  XXVII,  Figs.  10-13. 

Area  quindecemradiata  Gabb.  P.  A.  N.  S.,  1860,  p.  95,  Plate  II,  Pig.  2.     Synopsis,  p. 

97.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  9. 
A.    1 (Gabb)  Meek.     Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  725. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  very  inequilateral,  transverse,  and  extremely 
ventricose,  with  large,  tumid,  projecting  beaks,  situated  anterior  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  length ;  sliglitly  enrolled  and  very  distant,  leaving  a  very  broad 
flattened  cardinal  area,  even  in  the  internal  casts.  Hinge-line  nearly  as  long 
as  the  shell.  Posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate  and  the  anterior  end  rap- 
idly receding  from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line,  passing  with  an  almost 
regular  cvirvature  into  the  very  broadly  curved  basal  line ;  posterior  basal 
angle  obtusely  pointed  and  situated  near  the  lower  side.  On  the  casts  the 
projecting  keel,  formed  along  the  junction  of  the  valves  by  the  thickening 
of  their  borders,  is  very  distinctly  marked.  Muscular  imprints  moderately 
large  and  well  marked ;  no  distinct  ridge  borders  the  posterior  one,  but  the 
cast  shows  evidence  of  a  decided  thickening.  Surface  of  the  cast  showing 
evidence  of  a  few  strong  radiating  ribs,  the  exact  number  undeterminable. 

The  casts  of  this  species  are  very  well  marked,  and  are  not  readily 
confounded  with  those  of  any  other  species.  In  the  transverse  form  they 
correspond  with  Idonearca  transversa,  but  the  muscular  ridge  does  not  ap- 
pear ;  the  beaks  are  larger  and  more  distant  and  the  valves  more  ventri- 
cose. The  largest  specimens  which  I  have  observed  do  not  exceed  one 
inch  and  one-quarter  in  extreme  length. 

Formation  and  localities. — Mr.  Gabb  cites  his  specimens  as  coming  from 
MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.  All  others  which  I  have  seen  are  from  the  base 
of  the  Upper  Marls  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey,  and  were  mostly  ob- 
tained by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton.  Others  were  in  the  old  collections  of  the  State 
Survey,  and  are  marked  as  from  John  Iron's  pits,  near  New  Egypt,  and 
are  from  the  same  horizon. 


LAMELLIBEANGHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPEE  MAELS.    209 

ASTARTIDJ3. 

Genus  OAEDITA  Brug. 

Cardita  interraedia,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  14  and  15. 

Form  of  cast  transversely  elliptical,  or  transversely  ovate,  exclusive  of 
the  beaks,  largest  at  the  posterior  end.  Valves  veiy  ventricose,  with  strong 
projecting  beaks,  which  in  this  condition  are  moderately  distant.  Hinge- 
line  arcuate.  Anterior  end  narrowly  rounded;  posterior  end  more  broadly 
rounded;  basal  margin  strongly  curved.  Muscu.lar  scars  on  the  cast  small 
but  distinct:  margin  of  the  cast  showing  indications  of  ten  or  twelve  rather 
strong  radiating  ribs  between  the  muscular  scars. 

This  is  a  very  ventricose  form,  and  has  had  strong,  enrolled,  subanterior 
beaks,  which  have  been  directed  slightly  upwards  as  well  as  forward.  The 
surface  has  been  marked  by  strong  radiating  ribs  corresponding  nearly  to 
those  of  C.  perantiqua  of  the  Eocene  marl  in  strength  and  number.  The 
form  of  the  shell  has  been  somewhat  like  that  of  that  species,  so  far  as  can 
be  determined  from  the  beautifully  preserved  cast  figured;  but  the  beaks 
have  not  been  directed  so  decidedly  anteriorly,  nor  has  the  shell  been  so  sub- 
quadrangular  in  outline.  These  features  will  serve  readily  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  two. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  layers  of  the  Upper  Marl  Bed, 
at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  The  specimen  is  from  the  collection  at 
Columbia  College. 

Genus  CEASSATELLA  Lamarck. 

Crassatella  Conradi,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  1-5. 

Comp.  Crassatella  curta  Conrad?     Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  1802,  p.  578.     Am.  Jour.  Conch., 
Vol.  II,  p.  104,  PI.  VIII,  Fig-.  2. 

Shell,  as  known  from  internal  cast,  small,  and  of  a  quadrangular  form, 
with  ventricose  valves  and  moderately  prominent  beaks,  which  are  situated 
4418  MON  9—14 


210  PALAEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  shell,  and  are  somewhat  in- 
curved and  appressed.  Anterior  end  of  the  casts  short,  rounded,  but  not 
wide;  posterior  end  much  broader,  almost  squarely  truncate  or  a  little 
oblique  to  the  axis,  being  longest  at  the  posterior  basal  angle;  basal  margin 
broadly  curved.  Disk  of  the  valves  convex,  most  prominent  near  the  um- 
bones,  and  with  a  prominently  angular  umbonal  ridge  and  abrupt  posterior 
umbonal  slope.  Muscular  scars  proportionally  strong  and  of  moderate  size; 
pallial  line  strongly  marked. 

I  at  first  thought  these  casts  might  be  the  same  specifically  as  that 
described  by  Conrad  as  C.  curta^  above  cited,  although  he  doubtfully  sup- 
posed his  specimen  to  have  come  from  Virginia.  The  form  is  so  closely 
similar,  although  in  a  different  condition,  that  it  seems  difficult  to  separate 
them.  The  specimens  are  subject  to  but  little  variations  among  them- 
selves in  form.  They  appear  a  little  longer  or  shorter,  and  with  a  more  or 
less  sharply  angular  umbonal  ridge.  On  a  single  individual  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  which  I  have  referred  to 
this  species  with  some  doubt,  there  is  preserved  a  small  fragment  of  shell 
which  shows  the  exfoliated  shell  at  least  to  have  been  finely  but  distinctly 
radiated.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  it  represents  a  distinct  form,  as  it  is 
somewhat  more  transverse  than  any  other  one  examined.  Mr.  Conrad's  G. 
curia  is  usually  referred  to  the  Miocene,  but  as  the  locality  is  very  doubtful 
the  formation  probably  is  also. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  layers  of  the  Upper  Marl  Bed,  at 
Shark  River,  near  New  Egypt,  and  at  Squankum,  New  Jersey. 

CrassateUa  Delawarensis. 
Plate  XXVII,  Figs.  14  and  15. 

CrassateUa  Belawarensis  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  303,  PI.  XLVI,  Pig. 

20  (  =  21  of  text).     Synopsis,  p.  112.    Meek,  Obeck  list,  p.  11.     Geol.  Surv. 

K  J.,  1868,  p.  726. 
Etea  Belawarensis  (Gabb)  Conrad.     P.  A.  IST.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1876,  p.  275. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  cuneately-ovate  or  subtriangular  in  out- 
line; beaks  moderately  elevated  and  situated  considerably  within  the  ante- 
rior third  of  the  entire  length.     Plinge-line  rapidly  declining  toward  the 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPEE  MAELS.         211 

posterior  extremity,  which  is  narrow  and  obliquely  truncate.  Basal  margin 
rather  long,  straight,  or  perceptibly  hollo w"ed;  anterior  end  short,  rapidly 
declining  from  the  beaks  to  below  the  middle  of  the  height,  where  it  has  a 
somewhat  tumid  appearance.  Valves  somewhat  convex,  most  elevated  on 
the  umbones  and  slightly  sinuous  just  anterior  to  the  umbonal  ridge.  This 
latter  feature  is  somewhat  subdued  and  rounded,  and  the  cardinal  slope 
narrow.  On  the  internal  casts  the  muscular  scars  are  rather  small  and  not 
so  distinctly  marked  as  on  most  species,  and  on  the  cardinal  slope  there  is 
present  a  faint  ridge  between  the  vimbonal  angle  and  the  cardinal  margin. 

The  above  features  are  taken  from  internal  casts.  I  have  not  seen  the 
shell,  but  Mr  Gabb  figures  it  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  above  cited,  and  gives  it  as  strongly  marked  by  concentric  undu- 
lations, while  in  general  form  it  accords  perfectly  with  the  form  of  the  casts 
which  I  have  seen.  Mr.  Gabb  says  it  differs  from  C.  Monmouthensis  in  its 
greater  proportional  length,  smaller  umbones,  less  distinctly  marked  umbo- 
nal ridge,  which  is  lost  in  the  general  curvature  of  the  shell  before  reaching 
the  posterior  extremity,  and  in  the  secondary  ridge,  which  is  seen  on  the 
cardinal  slope  in  the  internal  cast.  There  is  a  very  close  general  resem- 
blance in  form,  however,  between  the  two  species,  but  still  they  are  suffi- 
ciently distinct  to  be  readily  recognized,  even  in  the  condition  of  internal 
casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  internal  casts,  which  are  quite  numerous  in 
the  State  collection,  are  mostly  from  the  pits  of  John  Irons,  New  Egypt,  and 
other  places  near  by,  and  also  from  Poke  Hill,  and  are  marked  as  coming 
from  the  lower  layer  of  the  "  third  bed  of  marl,"  while  Mr.  Gabb's  specimens 
were  iJrom  the  deep  cut  on  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal,  in  the  State 
of  Delawai-e,  which  would  be  from  the  Lower  Marl  Bed.  It  is  possible  the 
species  may  have  this  great  vertical  range,  but  if  so  it  is  very  different  in 
this  respect  from  most  of  the  associated  species,  and  especially  those  of  this 
genus.  All  specimens,  however,  which  I  have  seen  with  authentic  localities 
have  been  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls. 


212  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Crassatella  littoralis.  .  . 

Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  6  and  7. 

Crassatella  littoralis  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  41,  PI.  I,  Fig.  3. 

G.  (Conrad).     Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.  1868,  p.  731. 

C.  pleuronema  Conrad.     On  label  with  specimens  in  A.  N.  Sci.  Philadelphia. 

Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  transversely  oval  or  ovate,  with 
moderately  convex  valves  and  small  inconspicuous  beaks,  which  are  near 
the  anterior  end  of  the  shell  and  are  directed  forward.  Anterior  end  wider 
than  the  opposite,  the  greatest  width  of  the  valves  being  across  the  shell  at 
the  position  of  the  beaks.  Hinge-line  long  posteriorly,  slightly  curved; 
posterior  end  narrowed  and  slightly  truncate;  basal  line  gently  curved 
throughout  its  entire  length.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  moderately 
fine,  even,  concentric  ridges  parallel  to  the  margin,  which  are  moi'e  abruptly 
bent  in  crossing  the  position  of  the  umbonal  ridge,  tliis  latter  feature  being 
very  subdued. 

In  the  condition  of  internal  casts,  which  is  the  most  frequent,  the  form 
is  transversely  ovate,  with  more  prominent  beaks,  situated  considerably 
within  the  anterior  third  of  the  length  and  directed  forward,  incurved  and 
approximate;  a  perceptible  umbonal  angle,  or  with  the  disk  nearly  evenly 
convex;  very  inconspicuous  muscular  scars,  and  a  moderately  marked  fur- 
row along-  the  line  of  the  pallial  attachment.  The  most  perfect  casts  show 
the  margin  of  the  valves  to  have  been  finely  crenulated. 

I  have  not  seen  perfect  shells,  and  only  a  few  fragments  preserving 
their  substance  to  any  extent,  the  best  one  observed  being  that  figured;  there- 
fore the  hinge  features  are  unknown  to  me.  In  form  the  casts  are  quite 
distinct  from  any  of  the  others  recognized  in  the  State  and  will  not  be 
readily  mistaken,  the  transverse  oval  form,  with  small  incurved  beaks,  serv- 
ing to  distinguish  it.  Its  nearest  allied  form  is  C.  Conradi,  with  which  it 
is  associated  in  the  same  beds.  From  that  it  may  be  distinguished  by 
its  greater  length,  less  angular  umbonal  ridge,  less  erect  beaks,  and  nar- 
rower and  rounded  posterior  end. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mr.  Conrad  describes  the  species  as  from  Shark 
River,  and  places  it  under  the  head  of  ^'JEocene  species."    It,  however,  occurs, 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPEE  MAELS.         213 

SO  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  only  in  the  lowest  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  asso- 
ciated with  the  forms  referred  to  the  Cretaceous.  It  is  known  from  Shark 
River  and  Squankum,  and  doubtfull}^  from  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey. 


Crassatella  rhombea,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVII,  Figs.  16-19. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size  for  the  genus;  transversely  rhomboidal 
in  outline  and  proportionally  ventricose ;  the  length  rather  more  tha,n  one- 
fourth  greater  than  the  extreme  height.  Beaks  large,  prominent,  and  rather 
distant,  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  Cardinal  margin 
on  the  posterior  side  rapidly  declining  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-cardinal 
angle,  and  in  front  veiy  rapidly  declining.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell  neatly 
rounded  from  the  lower  margin  of  the  lunule-like  depression  to  its  blending 
with  the  regularljr  curved  basal  line.  Posterior  end  broadly  and  obliquely 
truncate,  but  with  a  slightly  rounded  margin,  which  unites  with  the  basal 
line  without  ]3erceptible  angulation.  Umbonal  angle  scarcely  marked, 
although  somewhat  prominent.  Surface  of  the  shell  concentrically  marked, 
and  also  characterized  by  indistinct  radiating  lines,  which  are  most  distinct 
near  the  outer  margin.  About  ten  of  the  radii  occupy  a  space  of  half  an 
inch  on  the  posterior  border  of  the  shell.  The  largest  internal  cast  of  the 
species  which  I  have  observed  is  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length 
by  nearly  one  and  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  height  from  the  basal  line 
to  the  extremities  of  the  filling  of  the  beaks.  The  outline  of  the  cast  is 
transversely  ovate  exclusive  of  the  projections  of  the  beaks,  and  widest  at 
the  posterior  end,  which  is  somewhat  obliquely  truncate,  although  slightly 
rounded  on  the  margin.  Basal  line  broadly  curved  and  the  anterior  end 
narrowly  rounded.  Beaks  situated  a  little  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the 
length,  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  and  projecting  considerably  beyond 
the  line  of  the  hinge;  projections  thin,  very  distant,  and  not  incurved,  indi- 
cating very  ventricose  valves  with  erect  beaks,  as  shown  in  the  example 
which  retains  the  shell,  and  which  is  figured  on  the  plate.  Muscular  scars 
moderately  large,  strongly  elevated  on  the  cast,  showing  deeply  impressed 
scars  in  the  shell;  pallial  line  very  strongly  marked. 


214  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  shell  differs  in  its  general  form  and  outline  from  any  American 
species  hitherto  described,  but  quite  closely  resembles  C.  pliimbea  Desk., 
from  the  Paris  basin  Eocene,  but  is  rather  more  ventricose  and  somewhat 
shorter.  The  internal  cast  differs  from  all  American  species  in  its  trans- 
verse form  and  broad  posterior  end.  It  most  nearly  resembles  C.  vadosa, 
Morton,  among  those  from  New  Jersey,  but  is  higher  posteriorly;  has 
larger,  broader,  and  more  erect  as  well  as  more  distant  beak  projections, 
and  the  valves  have  been  very  much  more  ventricose.  The  shell  appears 
to  be  more  thickened  than  is  indicated  in  any  of  the  other  New  Jersey 
species 

Formation  and  locality. — The  specimen  preserving  the  shell,  a  rare  case 
in  the  marls,  is  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  at  New  Egypt,  and 
the  casts  are  from  Squankum,  New  Jersey.  The  former  is  in  the  State  col- 
lection at  Rutgers  College,  and  the  latter  at  Columbia  College,  New  York. 


CARDIID^. 
Genus  GEIOOAEDIUM  Conrad. 

Criocardium  nucleolus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  10  and  11. 

Shell  small,  less  than  half  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter,  very  ventri- 
cose, obscurely  quadrangular  in  outline,  with  nearly  central,  erect  beaks, 
which  are  moderately  incurved  and  closely  approximate.  Hinge-line  arcu- 
ate; anterior  and  basal  margins  united  in  a  single  regular  curve;  posterior 
end  obliquely  truncate,  a  little  longer  below  than  above.  Surface  of  the 
valves  somewhat  regularly  curved  from  the  subangular  umbonal  ridge  to 
the  anterior  margin;  posterior  slope  narrow,  but  abrupt.  Muscular  im- 
pressions distinct  and  proportionally  large.  Surface  structure  and  hinge 
characters  unknown,  as  only  casts  are  known,  but  the  margin  shows  cren- 
ulations  indicating  radiating  ribs. 

This  species  is  peculiar  among  the  New  Jersey  fossils  for  its  small  size 
and  rotund  form,  and  I  know  no  described  species  from  other  localities  that 
is  sufficiently  near  it  in  character  to  be  confounded  with  it.     I  am  by  no 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  FROM  BASE  OV  UPPEE  MAELS.  215 

means  positive  that  it  is  a  Criocardium  except  from  its  general  form,  as  there 
are  no  remains  of  surface  markings,  either  radiating  or  concentric,  visible 
on  any  of  the  casts  examined.  There  are,  however,  almost  positive  indica- 
tions of  crenulations  around  the  margin,  on  the  posterior  and  postero-basal 
portions,  which  would  indicate  the  existence  of  radii  on  the  shell.  For  this 
reason,  principally,  I  have  placed  it  under  this  genus.  Criocardium  speciosa 
M.  and  H.,  from  the  Upper  Missouri  and  far  western  regions,  is,  perhaps,  the 
nearest  allied  form,  but  this  one  is  rather  more  rotund,  a  little  broader  lat- 
erally, and  the  angularity  of  the  umbonal  ridge  will  at  once  distinguish  it. 
This  latter  feature  would  have  induced  me  to  place  the  species  under  the 
genus  Protocardia  were  it  not  for  the  evidence  of  crenulations  on  the  basal 
margins  of  the  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — All  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  are  from, 
the  lower  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  at  the  Buckelew  and  Corliss  pits,  at 
Farmingdale,  New  Jersey,  and  are  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  L.  Johnson,  of 
New  York  City. 

CYPRINID^, 
Genus  VEOTELLA  Stoliczka. 

VenieUa  rhotuboidea. 

Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  12  and  13. 

Venilia  rhomhoidea  Conrad.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser.,  Vol.  II,  p.  275,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  7. 
Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  178.    Meek,  Check-list,  p.  13. 

Shell  rather  small,  transversely  rhomboidal  or  transversely  quadran- 
gular, dorsal  and  basal  margins  subparallel,  and  the  posterior  extremity 
obliquely  truncate,  longest  at  the  postero-basal  angle,  anterior  end  rounded. 
Valves  very  ventricose,  extremely  inflated  at  the  anterior  and  umbonal  re- 
gion; beaks  very  large  and  inflated,  strongly  enrolled,  and  reaching  almost 
to  the  line  of  the  anterior  border.  Posterior  cardinal  slope  very  abrupt, 
the  hinge-line  imbedded  in  a  broad  depressed  escutcheon.  Umbonal  ridge 
sharply  angular.  Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  a  few  concentric  ridges 
of  growth. 

This  species  is  represented  by  two  very  perfect  internal  casts,  very  neat 
and  clean  in  outline  and  character,  but  not  preserving  any  remains  of  the 


216  PALiEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

hinge  sti-ucture,  or  other  generic  features.  In  its  general  appearance  it 
very  closely  resembles  V.  trapesoidea  Conrad,  and  I  am  extremely  doubtful 
of  their  specific  difference.  But  that  one  I  only  know  from  a  single  crushed 
cast  which  represents  more  properly  the  exterior,  while  these  are  strictly 
internal  casts.  The  onlj-  differences  which  I  can  see  are,  that  this  form  is  a 
pttle  shorter  and  much  more  ventricose,  with,  perhaps,  larger  beaks. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Green  Marls  in  Burlington  Countj^,  New 
Jersey,  according  to  Mr.  Conrad.  The  specimen  figured  is  Mr.  Conrad's 
type,  and  is  borrowed  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia.  Other  specimens,  having  the  same  lithological  char- 
acters precisely,  in  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College,  are  from  the  lower 
layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  below  the  Eocene  layers,  and  it  is  probable  that 
.the  above  example  is  also  from  the  same  horizon. 

PETRICOLID^. 

Genus  PETEICOLA  Lam. 

Petricola  Nova-.SIgyptica,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  22. 

A  single  cast  of  a  right  valve  of  this  species  has  fallen  under  my  no- 
tice. It  indicates  a  shell  of  onl)^  medium  size,  and  proportionally  broad 
from  the  hinge  to  the  basal  margin,  with  moderately  large  but  not  promi- 
nent beaks,  which  have  been  situated  near  the  anterior  end  and  are  directed 
anteriorly,  and  which  do  not  rise  much  above  the  cardinal  line.  The  shell 
has  been  widest  anteriorly,  and  narrows  moderately  toward  the  posterior 
end,  which,  although  the  cast  is  somewhat  imperfect  at  this  part,  shows  it 
to  have  been  about  three-fourths  as  wide  as  the  anterior,  and  more  narrowly 
rounded.  The  cast  shows  no  evidence  of  surface  markings  on  the  shell 
other  than  irregular  concentric  undulations;  although,  from  the  distinctness 
of  the  marginal  line  anteriorly,  it  would  appear  to  have  been  considerably 
thickened.  The  posterior  muscular  scar  on  the  cast  is  small,  moderately 
distinct  and  elongated  in  the  direction  of  its  advancement  during  the  growth 


LAMELLIBEANGHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPER  MAELS.  217 

of  the  shell.  The  anterior  scar  is  not  distinctly  marked,  and  its  limits  are 
not  well  defined.  Pallial  line  distinct,  the  sinus  very  deep  and  rounded  at 
the  end,  which  is  projected  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper  Marls,  near 
New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

MACTRIDiE. 

Genus  VELEDA  Conrad.     1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.) 

Veleda  nasuta,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  23. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transverse,  about  twice  as  long  as  high,  and 
moderately  convex.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  rising  but  a  little  above  the 
hinge  line,  and  situated  very  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  shell 
Cardinal  line  arched,  and  declining  almost  equally  on  each  side  of  the  beak, 
the  posterior  side,  if  either,  being  the  most  abrupt  and  less  arcuate,  the 
angle  formed  by  the  opposite  sides  being  about  135°;  basal  line  less  arched 
than  the  dorsal,  and  a  little  the  most  ventricose  opposite  the  beaks,  while  it 
becomes  almost  straightened  near  the  posterior  extremity.  Anterior  end  of 
the  shell  sharply  rounded,  but  a  little  wider  than  the  posterior,  which  is 
narrow  and  vertically  truncate  on  the  margin.  Disk  of  the  valves  most 
ventricose  on  the  umbones  and  along  the  anterior  slope,  where  it  is  abruptly 
rounded.  Posterior  umbonal  ridge  slightly  angular,  and  the  posterior  car- 
dinal slope  narrow  and  abrupt.  Surface  of  the  shell  only  partially  pre- 
served, but  so  far  as  it  exists  is  seen  to  be  marked  by  fine  irregular  lines  of 
growth,  with  a  few  stronger  undulations  of  the  surface.  Interior  unknown. 
Shell  substance  very  thin  and  fragile. 

This  species  closely  resembles  V.  irawsversa  Whitfield  in  general  form, 
but  is  not  quite  as  high  in  proportion  to  the  length  ;  it  appears  to  have  been 
more  ventricose,  and  lacks  the  even,  regular,  concentric  lining  of  the  surface. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  green  marls  at  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Marls,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collections  of  the  State 
survey  at  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 


218  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

VENERIDJE. 

Genus  OAEYATIS  Eoemer. 

Caryatis?  veta,  a.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  16-19. 
Bucardia  veta  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Couch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  41,  PI.  I,  Pigs.  2  aud  3. 

Shell  small,  seldom  an  inch  in  extreme  length  and  somewhat  less  in 
height,  broadly  ovate  in  outline  and  quite  ventricose,  with  large,  prominent, 
shghtly  incurved,  approximate  beaks,  which  are  placed  at  or  just  within 
the  anterior  third  of  the  length.  Hinge  line  arcuate,  rapidly  declining  from 
the  beaks  backward;  posterior  end  of  the  shell  obsoletely  truncate  and 
narrowed  as  compared  with  the  middle  of  the  valve  ;  anterior  end  narrowly 
rounded,  or  obtusely  pointed,  and  with  an  imperceptibly  marked  lunule 
beneath  the  overhanging  beaks ;  basal  line  curved,  but  with  an  almost  in- 
appreciable flattening  in  the  middle.  Body  of  the  valves  ventricose,  with- 
out perceptible  umbonal  angle.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  con- 
centric lines  of  growth.  The  species  is  seldom  seen  except  as  internal  casts, 
in  which  condition  it  still  retains  its  general  form,  but  the  hinge  cavity 
between  the  beaks  is  then  quite  depressed  and  broad,  and  sometimes,  from 
the  retention  of  a  part  of  the  shell  on  the  anterior  end,  presents  the  appear- 
ance of  having  a  deeply  marked  lunule.  On  these  casts  the  muscular  mark- 
ings are  extremely  faint,  but  of  large  size,  and  the  pallial  line  is  deeply 
sinuate  and  the  sinus  broad,  pointed,  and  directed  obliquely  upward  in  the 
direction  of  the  lunular  area  at  the  anterior  end.  The  hinge  features  I  have 
not  been  able  to  determine  any  further  than  that  there  is  evidence  of  at 
least  two  teeth  in  each  valve,  and  other  corrugations  representing  other 
features  in  advance  of  the  beaks.  In  the  only  example  on  which  the  shell 
is  preserved  the  ligamental  area  is  coated  with  foreign  matter,  so  that  it  is 
impossible  to  determine  if  there  is  an  external  ligament  or  not.  The  pre- 
sumptive evidence,  however,  is  that  if  external  at  all  it  was  extremely  minute. 

This  is  one  of  several  species  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marl  Beds  of 
New  Jersey,  which  have  usually  been  indiscriminately  referred  to  Cyprina 
Morrissi  Sowerby,  an  European  species,  from  the  lower  Eocene ;  but  as 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPEE  MAELS.  219 

there  are  two,  and  most  probably  three,  distinct  species  among  them,  prob- 
ably generically  distinct,  there  is  but  Httle  likelihood  of  any  of  them  being 
specifically  identical  with  that  one.  The  form  originally  described  by  Mr. 
Gabb  as  Dione  Delawarensis  differs  from  this  one  in  its  more  elongate  and 
more  regularly  oval  form.  Mr.  Conrad,  in  the  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V, 
PI  I,  Fig.  6,  gives  a  figure  of  a  shell  which  he  identifies  with  Mr.  Gabb's 
species,  but  I  think  wrongly,  although  the  figure  is  too  poor  to  afford  con- 
clusive evidence.  This,  and  at  least  one  other  associated  form,  appears  to 
me  most  likely  to  prove  to  possess  the  features  of  Eoemer's  genus  Caryatis; 
in  fact  Mr.  Conrad  has  stated  that  the  other  one  which  he  refers  to,  C.  Dela- 
warensis=zDione  Delawarensis  Gabb,  possesses  the  hinge  structure  of  that 
genus,  and  certainly  the  general  form,  rotundity,  muscular  and  pallial  mark- 
ings correspond  very  closely.  They  might  also  with  nearly  equal  propriety 
be  placed  under  Sowerby's  genus  Thetis,  except  for  the  want  of  the  notch 
in  the  pallial  sinus. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  species  appears  to  be  common  in  the 
lower  (Cretaceous)  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at  Farmingdale,  Squankum, 
New  Egypt,  and  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  is  often  found  associated 
in  collections  with  the  fossils  from  the  upper  or  Eocene  layers,  but  I  cannot 
ascertain  that  it  is  ever  found  in  these  beds. 


SAXICAVID^.    • 

Genus  PANOPBA  Menard. 

Panopea  elliptica,  u.  sp. 

Plate  XXVIII  Figs.  24  and  25. 

Shell,  as  known  from  the  internal  cast,  transversely  elongate,  having 
been  fully  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  high,  with  narrowly  rounded  extrem- 
ities, very  ventricose  valves,  and  moderately  elevated  beaks,  which  appear  to 
have  been  directed  toward  the  posterior  end  of  the  shell.  Anterior  end  widest, 
and  rather  narrowly  rounded  on  the  extremity  ;  posterior  end  suddenly  nar- 
rowed on  the  dorsal  line  near  the  beaks,  the  line  of  the  hinge  being  con- 
cave ;  extremity  of  the  valves  narrow  and  scarcely  truncate  on  the  margin, 


220  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

with  an  iudistinct  umbonal  geniculation  of  the  striae  ;  basal  line  convex,  with 
a  broad  and  undefined  sinuosity  behind  the  middle  of  the  valve.  The  ex- 
tremities seem  to  have  been  widely  gaping,  the  valves  only  bfeing  in  contact 
near  tlie  middle  of  the  basal  margin.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  broad 
undulations,  indicating  similar  undulations  on  the  surface  of  the  shell  par- 
allel to  the  margin  of  the  valves.  Hinge  features  and  muscidar  markings 
unknown. 

Only  very  imperfect  fragments  of  internal  casts  of  this  species  have 
been  seen ;  the  best  of  which  is  that  illustrated.  The  species  differs  from 
P.  decisa  Conrad,  which  occurs  in  the  lower  beds,  in  the  narrower  extremi- 
ties, especially  the  posterior  end,  which  lacks  the  broad  oblique  truncation 
so  characteristic  of  that  species.  The  beaks  are  also  proportionally  larger, 
and  the  posterior  cardinal  line  more  deeply  excavated  behind  them. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  dark  green  sands  at  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Marls,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey,  and  is  apparently  an  uncom- 
mon species. 

ANATINID^. 
Genus  PEEIPLOMYA  Conrad. 

Periplomya  truncata,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  20  and  21. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  elliptical  in  general  outline,  and  pro- 
portionally ventricose,  with  subequal  valves  ;  in  the  cast,  the  condition  under 
which  the  species  is  known,  the  beak  of  the  right  valve  appears  the  largest 
and  most  prominent.  Beaks  full,  but  of  small  size,  turned  toward  the  pos- 
terior extremity,  and  not  projecting  much  beyond  the  hinge  margin,  their 
location  being  perhaps  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  shell's  length. 
Length  of  the  shell  about  twice  the  height ;  anterior  end  rather  sharply 
rounded  and  wider  than  the  opposite,  the  anterior  cardinal  border  being 
very  slightly  arched ;  basal  line  broadly  and  evenly  curved ;  posterior  end 
narrowed  from  behind  the.  beaks,  and  the  posterior  cardinal  margin  concave, 
abruptly  so  near  the  beaks  ;  posterior  extremity  truncate.  Umbonal  ridge 
angular,  the  disk  of  the  valve  in  front  of  it  being  full  and  ventricose,  while 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  BASE  OF  UPPER  MARLS.         221 

the  posterior  cardinal  slope  is  concave.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by 
a  few  undulations  of  growth.  Muscular  impressions  small  and  faintly 
marked. 

This  species  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  a  cast  of  Periplomya  elliptica 
Gabb,  from  the  Lower  Marls,  as  it  very  closely  resembles  it,  but  on  close 
comparison  it  is  seen  to  be  wider  posteriorly,  and  not  so  pointed  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  the  anterior  end  is  proportionally  less,  and  the  beaks  situated 
nearer  the  middle  of  the  length,  while  the  valves  are  more  ventricose, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  beaks. 

Forination  and  locality. — In  the  dark-colored  marls  at  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Marls,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.    Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


SECTION^  VI. 

LAMELLIBRAls^CHIATA   FEOM   THE  EOCENE  MAELS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

OSTREIDiE. 

Genus  OSTREA  Linnaeus. 

Ostrea  glauconoides,  n.  sid. 
Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  2. 

Shell  small,  obliquely  ovate,  lower  valve  rather  shallow,  narrow  at  the 
apex  on  the  body  of  the  valve,  but  with  a  proportionally  large  wing  on  the 
inner  (anterior  1)  side,  which  gives  the  cast  a  somewhat  Avicula-like  aspect. 
Lower  part  of  the  valve  abruptly  curved  to  one  side,  which,  if  the  larger 
valve  shall  be  called  the  right,  would  be  anterior,  the  same  as  the  alated 
side  of  the  hinge,  and  is  somewhat  prolonged  at  this  point.  Muscular  im- 
pression faintly  marked,  but  broad,  and  near  the  middle  of  the  valve.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  cast,  marked  by  rather  strong,  rounded, 
radiating  ribs. 

Only  a  single  cast  of  a  valve  of  this  species  has  been  noticed,  but  it 
differs  so  greatly  from  any  other  one  in  these  beds,  or  even  in  the  New  Jer- 
sey formations,  that  it  cannot  be  easily  mistaken.  It  seems  to  have  an  ex- 
tension of  the  hinge  on  each  side  of  the  beakj  but  this  point  cannot  be  very 
well  determined  from  the  specimen  under  examination.  There  are  several 
small  species  of  Ostrea  in  the  Eocene  which  more  or  less  resemble  this  one, 
like  0.  Alabamiensis  Lea,  from  Claiborne,  but  none  of  them  are  near  enough 
to  be  mistaken  for  it,  and  as  this  one  is  so  marked  and  quite  uncommon,  it 
is  well  that  attention  shoiild  be  called  to  its  existence  in  these  layers. 
This  same  species  occurs  in  the  white  marly  limestone  at  or  near  the 
base   of   the   Eocene    beds   at    Claiborne,    Ala,    where   it   attains   a  size 

222 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  223 

nearly  twice  the  length  of  that  here  figured,  and  presents  the  features 
indicated  on  this  cast,  but  intensified ;  the  ribs  being  strong  and  rounded, 
and  the  alation  of  the  hinge  well  marked ;  the  curving  of  the  shell  toward 
the  front  is  also  very  marked.  I  cannot  find  that  the  Claiborne  shell  has 
ever  been  described  or  indicated  by  name.  It  may  have  been  confounded 
with  the  young  of  0.  sella;formis  Conrad,  to  which  it  bears  considerable  re- 
semblance, but  that  species  in  its  young  state,  and  even  in  its  more  advanced 
stages,  never  has  the  lateral  curvature  nor  the  strong  ribs ;  although  the 
hinge  alation  is  quite  strongly  marked  and  the  surface  ribbed  The  ribs, 
however,  are  much  finer  and  the  shell  proportionall)^  broader  and  shal- 
lower. The  species  differs  from  all  other  oysters  of  the  Eocene  to  which  I 
can  find  reference  in  the  curving  shell,  combined  with  the  alation  of  the  hinge. 
Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  bed  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey. 

Ostrea  (Alectrionia?)  linguafelis,  b.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  1. 

This  single  cast  of  the  lower  valve  of  an  oyster-like  shell  is  figured  from 
the  Eocene  marls.  At  first  I  was  inclined  to  refer  it  to  0.  larva  Lam.,  but 
on  close  observation  I  find  that  it  possesses  characters  which  are  incompati- 
ble with  that  species,  and  which  make  it  necessary  to  distinguisli  it  by  a 
distinct  name,  although  from  the  poor  material  in  hand  I  was  disinclined 
to  do  so. 

The  form  is  very  obliquely  elongate-oval,  with  a  comparatively  long- 
cardinal  line,  apparently  auriculate  on  one  side,  which,  although  imperfect, 
seems  to  have  been  extended  in  the  form  of  a  wing.  Body  of  the  valve 
convex,  and  the  surface,  as  shown  on  the  margin  of  the  cast,  marked  by 
comparatively  small  radiating  plicgp..  Cardinal  area  small  and  the  liga- 
mental  ai-ea  narrow  and  obscui'e.  Muscular  scar  rather  small,  and  situated 
above  the  middle  of  the  shell's  length. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  Green  Marl  at  Shark 
River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


224  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Genus  GEYPHEA  Lam. 

Sryphsea  vesicularis  Lam. 

Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  7  and  8. 

For  references  and  synonyms  see  page  36. 

It  is  generally  supposed  that  the  genus  Grrypheea  does  not  occur  in  beds 
above  the  true  Cretaceous,  hence  I  have  hesitated  somewhat  before  referring 
the  single  specimen  of  an  internal  cast  figured  on  Plate  39,  Figs.  7  and  8,  to 
G  vesicularis  Lam.  But  on  critical  examination  I  can  find  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  truth  of  the  reference.  The  form  and  character  of  the  specimen 
are  precisely  those  which  would  be  given  by  the  internal  cast  of  one  of  the 
small  variety  of  the  species  as  they  occur  in  the  marls  of  the  middle  beds, 
with  the  exception  of  the  more  marked  extension  of  the  siphon-like  protu- 
berance on  the  side,  in  which  respect  it  corresponds  more  closely  to  the  form 
of  the  larger  individuals  from  the  Lower  Marls.  The  muscular  scar  on  the 
specimen  is  well  marked,  and  all  the  features  are  those  of  an  old  and  much- 
thickened  shell  in  which  the  rostral  cavity  has  become  filled  by  excess  of 
thickening;  and  I  can  see  no  reason  whatever  for  not  considering  it  as  iden- 
tical generically  and  specifically  with  the  shells  from  the  Cretaceous  marls 
below.  There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  authenticity  of  its  locality  and 
position,  as,  fortunately,  the  specimen  bears  on  the  under  surface  an  im- 
print of  Cardita  perantiqua  Con.,  which  at  once  fixes  the  position  beyond 
question.  It  is  possible  that  this  may  be  a  Cretaceous  specimen  broken 
from  its  original  bed  and  redeposited  in  the  Eocene  seas.  If  so,  however, 
it  is  the  only  case  yet  known  in  the  State. 

The  example  is  from  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Marl  at  Shark 
River,  New  Jersey. 

PECTENID^. 

Genus  PECTEN  Klein. 
Pecten  Eueiskerai. 
Plate  XXIX,  Figa.  3-5. 
Pecten  Kneiskerni  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Goucli.,  Vol.  V,  p.  40. 

Mr.  Conrad's  description  of  this  shell  is  as  follows:  "Ovate,  convex, 
ribs  1.'*,  convex,  little  prominent;  anterior  and  posterior  submargins  witli- 
out  ribs;  ears  equal.     (Cast.)" 


LAMELLIBEANOHIATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  225 

Mr.  Conrad's  description  seems  to  have  been  made  from  a  cast  of  a 
small  left  valve,  on  which  the  radii  were  less  numerous  than  usual.  Among 
the  casts  and  impressions  which  I  have  examined  from  these  beds  in  New 
Jersey  I  find  no  evidence  of  more  than  one  species,  although  if  the  differ- 
ence in  number  of  ribs  be  taken  as  evidence  of  specific  characters,  there 
might  easily  be  two  or  even  three  species  founded  upon  those  which 
are  now  before  me,  as  one  individual,  an  external  imprint,  half  an  inch  long, 
shows  twenty-nine  ribs  on  the  body  of  the  shell,  while  another,  also  an  ex- 
ternal imprint,  only  two-thirds  as  large,  shows  thirty-eight.  The  larger 
right  valve  figured,  which  is  from  a  gutta-percha  impression  of  an  external 
imprint,  shows  fifty  ribs  when  those  on  the  submargins  are  counted.  An 
internal  cast  of  a  left  valve  of  nearly  equal  size  to  the  last  shows  only 
about  twenty-five  ribs  which  are  less  distinctly  elevated,  being  low  and 
flattened,  those  on  the  submargins  being  lost,  while  all  those  added  intersti- 
tially  on  the  exterior  are  lost  on  the  internal  cast. 

The  shell,  as  I  find  it  represented  by  casts  of  the  interior  and  imprints 
of  the  exterior,  is  subdiscoidal,  or  suborbicular  in  general  outline,  with 
moderately  and  generally  evenly  convex  valves,  and  moderately  sized  ears, 
the  anterior  one  on  the  right  valve  being  slightly  longer  than  the  posterior, 
distinctly  separated  from  the  bodj^  of  the  shell  by  a  deep,  narrow  sinus; 
posterior  ear  rapidly  sloping  from  the  hinge  line  and  joining  the  body  of 
the  shell  below  much  farther  from  the  central  line  than  its  length  on  the 
hinge  line.  Hinge  line  straight  on  both  valves  and  about  half  as  long  as 
the  antero-posterior  length  across  the  body  of  the  shell  below.  The  left 
valve  has  ears  about  equal  to  those  of  the  right  valve,  but  without  the  an  ■ 
terior  sinus.  Body  of  the  shell  abruptly  and  distinctly  elevated  above  the 
plane  of  the  auriculations  along  the  submarginal  slopes  Radii  sharply 
elevated,  rounded  on  top,  and  separated  by  equally  sharp,  rounded  de- 
pressions, increased  by  implantation,  but  not  frequently  enough  to  prevent 
this  rapid  increase  in  strength  as  tlie  shell  increases  in  size,  numbering 
from  fifteen  on  young  shells  to  fifty  on  larger  individuals  Surface  marked 
by  concentric  striae,  very  fine  and  even  on  the  bod}^  of  the  shell,  but 
stronger,  more  elevated,  and  more  distant  on  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
shell.  Ribs  stronger  in  the  middle  of  the  shell  and  finer  on  the  sides. 
Auriculations  marked  by  rays  and  strong  concentric  striae. 
4418  MON  9 15 


226  PAL^ONTOLO&Y  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

The  species  somewhat  resemble  P.  tenuitesttis  Gabb,  from  the  lower 
marls,  in  its  surface  markings,  but  is  proportionally  broader  across  the  body 
of  the  shell.  The  young  specimen,  especially  those  with  fewer  ribs,  are 
very  similar  in  form  and  general  appearance  to  P.  vemistus  Conrad,  also 
from  the  lower  marls,  but  they  have  usually  a  greater  number  of  ribs. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at 
Shark  River.  All  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  are  from  the  collection 
at  Rutgers  College,  except  one,  figured,  which  is  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Pecten  Rigbyi,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  6. 

Shell  small,  circular  in  outline  exclusive  of  the  auriculations,  and  mod- 
erately ventricose  on  the  right  valve;  ears  rather  large,  the  anterior  one 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide,  and  the  byssal  notched  below  it  deep;  pos- 
terior ear  nearly  or  quite  as  long,  but  shorter  on  the  hinge-line  than  where 
it  joins  the  body  of  the  valve,  making  the  hinge-line  a  little  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell  below.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  from  twenty-two  to  twenty-six  radiating  ribs,  which  are  strong 
in  the  middle  of  the  valve  and  gradually  decrease  in  strength  toward  the 
sides.  Surface  of  the  ribs  crossed  by  very  distinct,  imbricating,  concentric 
lamellae.  Auriculations  on  the  right  valve  both  marked  with  radiating  ribs 
and  comparatively  strong  concentric  lamellose  lines.     Left  valve  unknown. 

This  species  is  associated  with  Pecten  Kneisherni  Conrad,  but  may  be 
distinguished  from  that  one  by  the  comparatively  coarser  radiating  ribs. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Marls,  at  Shark 
River,  New  Jersey. 

Avicula  annosa  Conrad. 
Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  9. 

Ameula  annosa  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  214,  PI.  XX,  Fig.  16.     Smith- 
sonian Check-list,  Eocene  Fossils,  p.  4.    Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731, 

The  typical  specimen  of  this  species  is  before  me,  but  it  is  such  an 
imperfect  cast  that  it  is  difBcult  to  determine  satisfactorily  as  to  its  true 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  227 

nature.  In  some  lights  it  presents  the  appearance  of  a  cast  of  an  oyster, 
while  in  the  position  in  which  it  was  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad  it  may  readily 
be  viewed  in  the  light  of  an  Aviculaz=:Pteria.  But  after  studying  the 
specimen  and  examining  it  in  every  position  T  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  it  is  only  a  fragment  of  the  outer  volution  of  one  of  the  large  nodose 
Fasciolaria-VikQ  shells  common  in  the  same  beds.  If  one  hold  the  specimen 
in  a  position  so  as  to  bring  what  Mr.  Conrad  interpreted  as  the  extremity  of 
the  posterior  hinge-line  to  the  bottom  of  the  specimen,  this  is  at  once  seen 
to  be  the  true  interpretation  of  the  fragment,  that  part  being  a  portion  of  tlie 
beak  or  rostral  portion  of  the  shell,  and  the  protuberances,  which  in  the 
Avicula  interpretation  represent  the  beak  and  anterior  lobe  or  wing,  are 
only  two  of  the  nodes  on  the  body  of  the  volution.  The  name  Avicula 
annosa  Conrad  ought  therefore  to  be  dropped  from  zoological  nomenclature. 
The  specimen  was  from  Shark  River,  and  came  from  the  upper  layers 
of  the  marl  at  that  place. 

NUCULIDiE. 

Genus  NUCULA  Lam. 

Nuciila  Circe,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  12. 

Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size,  yerj  broadly  ovate  or  subtriangu- 
larly-ovate  in  outline,  with  subcentral  beaks,  and  the  hinge-line  sloping 
from  it  nearly  equally  on  each  side,  inclosing  an  angle  of  about  110°. 
Posterior  side  of  the  hinge  longest  and  somewhat  arcuate,  containing  four- 
teen teeth,  with  considerable  space  near  the  beak  unseen,  probabl}^  contain- 
ing about  six  additional  ones.  Teeth  regularly  increasing  in  size  posteri- 
orly. Anterior  side  not  observed ;  basal  line  gibbous  in  the  middle,  leaving 
the  anterior  and  posterior  ends  nearly  equally  pointed.  Muscular  imprints 
small,  but  moderately  distinct.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  radiat- 
ing striae,  most  strongly  marked  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  valve. 

The  only  specimens  of  the  species  observed  are  flattened  by  compres- 
sion, and  possibly  somewhat  distorted  also,  although  of  this  there  is  no  direct 
evidence.     The  valves  appear  to  have  been  quite  convex,  although  not  so 


228  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

now.  If  no  distortion  has  taken  place,  tlie  form  would  be  quite  different 
from  any  known  species.  In  size  it  corresponds  to  N.  Slackiana  Gabb,  from 
the  Lower  Marls,  and  also  to  N.  magnifica  Conrad,  from  the  Eocene  sands  of 
Claiborne,  Ala.,  but  in  its  proportions  of  form  it  differs  from  either  very 
materially. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  at 
Shark  liiver,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  NUGULANA  Morch. 

Nuculana  albaria. 
Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  15  aud  10. 

YoUia  protexta  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  VoL  I,  p.  213,  PL  XXI,  Fig.  2.     Meek, 

GeoL  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731.    Conrad,  Check  list.  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  4. 
T.         albaria  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  8. 
Not  Yoldia  protexta  Gabb. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  transversely  elongate-elliptical,  varying  from 
considerably  less  to  a  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  high,  and  the  oppo- 
site ends  of  the  shell  nearly  or  quite  of  equal  length,  although  differing 
materially  in  height.  Narrow  end  of  the  shell  recurved  and  obtusely 
pointed;  opposite  extremity  more  broadly  rounded;  base  nearly  equally 
curved  throughout.  Beaks  small  and  appressed.  Hinge-line  marked  by 
about  twenty  somewhat  curved  teeth  on  the  broad  side  of  the  shell,  and  by 
twenty-three  or  twenty-five  on  the  pointed  end;  ligamental  pit  of  consider- 
able size.     Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very  fine  even  strise  of  growth. 

Mr.  Conrad  first  described  this  shell  under  the  name  Yoldia  protexta,  but 
subsequently  changed  it  to  Y.  albaria  on  ascertaining  that  Mr.  Gabb  bad 
already  used  that  name  for  a  Cretaceous  species.  The  casts  very  closely  re- 
semble those  of  Y.  protexta  Gabb,  so  much  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  point  out 
difterences.  The  shell  is,  however,  more  equilateral  and  appears  to  have  been 
a  trifle  higher  and  to  have  been  less  recurved  at  the  narrow  end;  otherwise 
they  are  strikingly  similar.  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Conchology  is  very  poor,  and  represents  the  narrow  end  of  the  shell  as  much 
longer  in  proportion  to  the  other  than  in  any  specimen  which  has  come 
under  my  observation.     He  also  describes  it  as  "anterior  side  longest."     I 


LAMELLIBRANCniATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  229 

have  placed  this  and  the  others  under  the  genus  Nuculanairom  the  fa,ct  that 
I  have  not  been  able  to  detect  any  ^'■largely  sinuate pallial  line"  on  any  of  the 
casts,  and  because  the  carriage  pit  beneath  the  beak  is  small  instead  of 
large.  These  two  features  appear  to  be  about  the  only  distinction  there  is 
between  Nuculana  and  Yoldia,  and  as  these  agree  most  nearly  with  the  for- 
mer, which  is  also  the  oldest  genus,  I  have  adopted  that  name  in  preference 
to  the  other.  The  cartilage  pit  in  the  present  species  is  reduced  to  its  min- 
imum size,  being  so  small  as  to  require  magnifying  in  order  to  see  it  dis- 
tinctly, while  the  teeth  near  the  center  of  the  line  are  also  extremely  minute. 
Formation  and  locality. — In  the  top  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls,  at 
Shark  River,  Farmingdale,  and  Squankum,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  NUOULAEIA  Conrad. 

Nucularia  secunda,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  13  and  14. 

Shell  small,  very  inequilateral,  transversely  elongate,  and  very  elon- 
gate-ovate or  subelliptical  in  outline.  Cardinal  and  basal  lines  subparallel, 
the  anterior  end  being  a  little  the  widest.  Beaks  small,  situated  at  about 
one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  end.  Anterior  extremity 
of  the  shell  sharply  rounded;  posterior  end  narrower  and  rounded;  basal 
line  broadly  but  regularly  curved ;  posterior  hinge-line  very  slightly  con- 
cave. Disk  of  the  valve  gently  depressed-convex,  the  shell  apparently 
somewhat  gaping  posteriorly.  Hinge-line  marked  by  a  moderately  large 
triangular  pit  beneath  the  beak,  and  by  about  eight  pectenoid  teeth  on  the 
anterior  side  of  the  beak,  and  about  thirteen  or  fourteen  on  the  posterior 
side;  those  of  both  parts  gradually  increasing  in  size  from  the  beak  out- 
ward.    Surface  of  the  shell  unknown. 

The  shell  is  known  only  by  interntil  casts,  in  which  condition  it  very 
closely  resembles  N.  pajjyridea  Conrad,  from  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous 
marls  at  Haddonfield,  N.  J.;  the  form  is,  however,  not  quite  so  robust, 
being  narrower  in  proportion  to  its  length,  and  the  posterior  end  is 
I'ounded  instead  of  being  obliquely  truncate,  as  in  that  one,  which  gives  a 


230  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

more  regular  curve  to  the  basal  line.  This  species  throws  a  little  more  light 
on  the  characters  of  this  genus  than  was  known  from  the  Cretaceous  spe- 
cies, as  in  the  example  figured  on  the  plate,  the  entire  hinge  features  can 
be  made  out.  These  show  that  it  is  so  very  closel}^  related  to  Nuculana  as 
herein  used  that  it  becomes  a  question  if  Nuculana  should  be  retained  as  a 
distinct  genus.  It  is  possible  there  may  bo  some  more  distinctive  feature  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  muscles,  or  in  the  form  of  the  pallia!  line,  as  these 
features  are  not  observable  on  the  specimens;  but  so  far  as  the  characters  of 
the  hinge-plate  can  be  relied  upon,  I  should  not  consider  it  a  vahd  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  at 
Shark  Eiver,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  AXINEA  Poli. 

Asinea  Conradi,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  10  and  11. 

Shell  small,  the  internal  cast  measuring  a  little  less  than  one  inch  in 
height,  and  is  a  trifle  narrower  than  high.  Valve  depressed-convex,  most 
strongly  convex  above  the  middle,  and  gradually  sloping  below.  Outline 
nearly  circular,  equilateral,  and  slightly  pointed  at  the  beak  in  the  cast,  but 
the  outline  of  the  hinge-plate  would  give  a  more  circular  form.  Hinge- 
plate  narrow,  marked  on  the  anterior  side  by  about  eight  short  oblique  teeth; 
opposite  side  unknown.  Muscular  scars  rather  small.  Exfoliated  surface 
marked  by  moderately  fine,  distinct,  rounded  strise.  The  margin  denticu- 
lated to  corresjDond. 

The  species  differs  from  A.  Mortoni  Conrad,  from  the  Lower  Marls,  in 
being  less  convex,  and  in  being  most  convex  above  the  middle,  whereas  that 
one  is  evenly  rounded.  It  also  differs  in  being  higher  than  wide,  that  one 
being  the  opposite,  and  in  being  more  finely  denticulate  on  the  margin  of 
the  cast.     These  differences  I  deem  quite  specific  in  forms  of  this  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper,  stony  layers  of  the  Upper  Marl 
Bed,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.    . 


LAMELLIBRANGHIATA  FROM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  231 


ASTARTID^. 

Genus  ASTARTE  Sowerby. 

Astarte  castanella,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Grassma?  veta  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  Y,  p.  41,  PI.  I,  Fig.  5. 
Not  Astarte  veta  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch,  Vol.  IV,  p.  279,  PL  XX,  Fig.  4,  or  Vol.  V, 
p.  227. 

Mr.  Conrad  describes  this  species  in  the  following  words :  "Triangular, 
inequilateral,  convex;  posterior  dorsal  margin  straight  and  oblique;  anterior 
extremity  angular  and  situated  much  a,bove  the  line  of  the  ventral  margin, 
which  is  crenulated  within ;  cardinal  pit  under  the  apex  of  the  left  valve, 
triangular,  wide,  oblique.     (Cast.)     Locality,  Shark  River,  N.  J." 

I  have  seen  only  casts  of  this  species,  and  do  not  think  it  has  been 
recognized  under  any  other  form.  There  are  two  forms  associated  with  each 
other  so  nearly  alike  that  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  distinguish  between 
them ;  yet  I  believe  them  to  form  two  distinct  species.  One  of  the  marked 
features  of  this  one  is  its  crenulated  basal  margin,  which  is  the  only  feature 
that  would  enable  one  to  say  to  which  Mr.  Conrad's  description  applies. 
The  form  is  more  transverse  than  that  of  the  other,  sometimes  becoming 
almost  elliptical  in  outline  inside  of  the  impression  of  the  beak  and  hinge- 
plate.  The  posterio]'  end  is  also  more  distinctly  truncate,  with  a  slight  um- 
bonal  angle,  and  the  anterior  end  somewhat  longer  proportionally.  The 
margin  of  the  valve  is  strongly,  and  for  so  small  a  shell  almost  coarsely 
crenulated,  while  that  of  the  other  is  smooth. 

This  being  a  true  Astarte,  and  Mr.  Conrad  having  previously  described 
an  Astarte  veta  in  Vol.  IV,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  p.  279,  and  Vol.  V,  p.  227, 
his  specific  name  veta  cannot  stand,  consequently,  from  its  very  close  resem- 
blance to  the  recent  A.  castanea,  I  change  it  to  A.  castanella. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  top  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
(Eocene)  at  Shark  River,  Farmingdale,  and  Squankum,  New  Jersey. 


232  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Astarte  planimarginata,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  3  aud  4. 

Shell  small,  triangular,  with  sharp,  pointed,  incurved  beaks,  which 
almost  overhang  the  anterior  end.  Length  seldom  exceeding  half  an  inch, 
with  about  an  equal  height.  Body  of  the  shell  below  the  beaks,  as  seen 
in  the  cast,  broadly  round-triangular,  and  most  convex  just  below  the  um- 
bonal  region.  Cardinal  margin  slightly  curved  behind  the  beaks  and  con- 
cave in  front;  basal  line  curved  and  passing  imperceptibly  into  both  the 
anterior  and  posterior  margins.  Imprint  of  the  hinge-plate  broad  and  pro- 
portionately large.  Muscular  imprints  of  moderate  size  and  faintly  marked. 
Inner  margin  of  the  valves  destitute  of  crenulations. 

This  species  differs  from  A.  castenella  Whitf  (z:zA.  veta  Conrad)  in 
being  more  distinctly  triangular  in  the  proportionally  larger  and  more  prom- 
inent beak  and  broader  hinge-plate,  in  the  want  of  the  posterior  truncation 
cf  the  margin,  and  the  absence  of  umbonal  angle,  and  in  the  smooth  inner 
margin  of  the  valves,  that  one  being  strongly  crenulate.  In  form  this  shell 
strikingly  resembles  young  specimens  of  Astarte  castanea  of  our.  Atlantic 
coast. 

Formation  and  locatity. — In  the  top  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  at 
Shark  River,  Squankura,  and  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey  (Eocene). 

Genus  CARDITA  Brug. 
Cardita  perantiqua. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  8-10. 

Cardita  subquadrata  Gabb.  J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  new  series.  Vol.  IV,  p.  303,  PL  XL VIII, 
Fig.  22  a,  h  (by  error  on  PI.  SXI).  Synopsis,  p.  105.  Meek,  Check-list,  p.  11. 
?  Lea,  Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1861,  p.  150. 

Venericardia  perantiqua  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  T,  p.  8.  Meek,  Geol.  Surv. 
N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731. 

Not  Cardita  subquadrata  Conrad.   J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  series,  Vol.  I,  p.  128,  PI.  XIV,  Fig.  9. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  with  moderately  convex  valves  and  an  obscurely 
subquadrangular  outline.  Beaks  fairly  large,  but  not  prominent,  and  scarcely 
projecting  above  the  cardinal  line,  but  directed  well  anterioi'ly  and  enrolled. 
Anterior  end  of  the  shell  excavated  in  front  of  the  beaks,  rather  sharply 
rounded,  and  somewhat  projecting  beyond  the  beaks  ;  basal  line  moderately 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FROM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  233 

arcuate,  and  subparallel  with  the  cardinal  margin,  which  is  straight  and 
only  a  little  shorter  than  the  length  of  the  shell  behind  the  beaks ;  posterior 
end  broad  and  squarely  rounded,  being  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  car- 
dinal line.  Umbonal  ridge  scarcely  marked.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  strong,  radiating  plications,  which  are  strongest  on  the  anterior  end  and 
faintest  and  more  closely  arranged  on  the  postero-umbonal  slope.  On  the 
shell,  or,  as  obtained  by  gutta-percha  casts,  in  an  outside  imprint  of  the  shell, 
the  surface  of  each  rib  is  seen  to  be  highly  crested,  and  to  be  composed  of 
three  ridges,  a  central  or  highest  one  and  a  smaller  and  more  obscure  one 
on  each  side,  with  a  moderately  concave  surface  separating  the  different 
sets.  The  ribs  on  the  body  of  the  shell  and  on  the  anterior  end  are  often 
covered  along  their  crests  with  a  series  of  nodes,  formed  by  the  concentric 
lines  of  growth  which  thickly  cover  all  parts  of  the  shell.  In  the  number 
and  strength  of  the  ribs  the  specimens  vary  greatly.  In  the  coarser  forms 
there  are  fifteen  to  twenty  ribs,  and  on  the  finer  ones  twenty-five  or  more, 
but  they  do  not  appear  to  be  distinctive  specifically,  as  there  are  all  grades 
between  them. 

The  species  is  very  abundant,  and  forms  the  most  common  and  most 
prominent  fossils  of  the  beds  in  which  it  occurs.  In  its  general  form  it  is 
perhaps  as  near  C.  rotundata  of  the  Claiborne,  Ala ,  beds  as  any  American 
species,  but  the  ribs  are  coarser,  and  it  differs  in  the  surface  markings  and 
in  its  more  distinctly  subquadrate  outline. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Green  Marls  at  the  top  of  the  third  bed, 
associated  with  other  Eocene  fossils,  at  Farmingdale,  Shark  River,  near 
Monmouth,  and  other  places.  Mr  Gabb  first  described  it  from  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  as  C.  suhquadrata,  but  as  Mr.  Conrad  had 
previously  given  this  name  to  a  ver}^  different  form  from  South  Carolina,  it 
became  necessary  to  change  it,  which  Conrad  did  in  his  list  of  Eocene  fos- 
sils pubhshed  in  Vol.  I,  American  Journal  of  Conchology. 

Cardita  Brittoni,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  11  and  12, 

Shell  somewhat  below  a  medium  size,  nearly  circular  in  outline,  but  in 
the  condition  of  internal  casts  broadly  oval  transversely  within  the  line  of 


234  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

the  beaks.  These  hxtter  are  very  large,  prominent,  moderately  distant,  and 
inclined  forward,  but  not  much  incurved,  and  are  placed  considerably  in 
advance  of  the  middle  of  the  shell.  Body  of  the  valves  very  ventricose, 
becoming  almost  inflated  on  the  nmbones,  and  destitute  of  anj^  angulation 
in  the  posterior  umbonal  region.  Anterior  end  moderately  projecting  and 
narrowly  rounded;  posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded,  and  the  l)asal  line 
forming  a  segment  of  a  regular  ellipse.  Surface  of  the  casts  destitute  of 
plications  when  found  in  hard  marl,  except  faint  indications  of  those  seen 
just  at  the  margin  along  the  basal  line.  On  casts  from  the  softer  marls, 
where  they  partake  partially  of  the  exterior  characters,  they  show  from 
twenty-two  to  twenty-six  radiating  ribs,  which  are  narrow  and  sharp,  with 
much  wider  interspaces;  and  in  these  specimens  the  beaks  are  sharper  and 
incurved,  being  nearly  in  contact.  On  tlie  internal  casts  the  muscular 
scars  are  small,  but  rather  well  marked. 

This  species  is  somewhat  smaller  than  C.  j^erantiqua  Conrad,  and  differs 
from  it  in  its  finer  ribs,  of  which  there  is  a  greater  number,  that  one  having 
from  sixteen  to  eighteen.  They  are  apparently  associated  together  in  the 
same  layers,  and  will  generally  be  looked  upon  as  one  unless  where  care- 
full}^  studied;  but  in  the  condition  in  which  the  external  ribs  are  shown 
these  are  so  much  finer  that  there  will  be  little  difficulty  in  separating  them 
It  is  possible  they  ought  to  be  considered  only  as  varieties  of  the  one 
species,  but  I  have  seen  no  intermediate  forms  as  yet  to  connect  them. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  topmost  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Squankum  and  Shark  River,  New  Jersey  (Eocene). 

Genus  CRASSATELLA  Lam. 

Crassatella  alta. 

Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  17. 

Crassatella  alta  Conrad.  Poss.  Shells  of  the  Tertiary,  p.  31,  PL  VII.  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
2(1  ser.,  Vol.  I,  p.  395,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  1.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  I,  p.  10. 
Check-list,  Eocene,  p.  5. 

A  single  very  imperfect  cast  which  appears  to  be  of  this  species 
occurs  in  the  collections  from  Shark  River.  Its  erect  form,  prominent  and 
nearly  central  beaks,   and  slight  posterior  umbonal  angle  all  agree  well 


LAMELLIBRANOHIATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  235 

with  the  same  features  on  the  specimens  from  Claiborne,  Ala.,  so  far  as  a 
cast  can  be  said  to  agree  with  the  external  shell.  The  regular  curvature 
of  the  anterior,  basal,  and  posterior  margins,  which  blend  into  each  other 
without  perceptible  angulation,  is  also  a  marked  feature,  and  one  not 
observed  in  any  other  American  species.  So  that  I  feel  no  hesitation  in 
considering  it  as  identical  with  the  Claiborne  examples. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey. 

Crassatella  obliquata,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  18,  and  PI.  XXX,  Figs.  13  and  14. 

Shell,  as  known  from  intei'nal  casts,  large  and  apparently  of  consider- 
able thickness,  especially  in  the  cardinal  portions,  sometimes  measur- 
ing nearly  three  and  a  half  inches  in  length  by  fully  two  and  a  half  in 
height.  Valves  moderately  convex,  although  the  casts  generally  show 
evidence  of  considerable  compression.  Outline  obliquely  ovate,  with  very 
broad  and  extended  beak  or  rostral  processes,  which  are  broadly  triangular 
in  form  and  pointed  obliquely  upward  and  forward.  Anterior  end  short 
and  narrow;  posterior  end  broader  and  obliquely  truncate,  much  longer  in 
the  postero-basal  region  than  above;  basal  margin  strongly  curved;  mus- 
cular scars  large  and  moderately  strong;  pallial  line  usually  distinct. 
Surface  of  shell  and  hinge  features  unknown. 

This  shell  in  its  form,  as  shown  by  the  casts,  has  differed  from  any 
other  species  of  the  genus  known  in  its  large  size,  ventricose  valves,  and 
oblique  form  combined.  The  beaks  must  have  been  very  prominent,  as 
shown  by  the  very  large  processes  which  have  filled  their  cavities,  much 
larger,  in  fact,  than  in  any  other  known  species,  while  at  the  same  time 
they  have  had  a  very  considerable  breadth.  Its  general  features  are  so  dis- 
tinctive that  when  found  presenting  anything  like  its  normal  form  it  can 
scarcely  be  confounded  with  any  other  species.  But  most  of  them  have 
suffered  distortion  in  the  marls  to  so  great  an  extent  as  to  almost  obliterate 
their  original  shape. 

A  cast  of  a  single  valve,  showing  the  imprint  of  the  hinge-plate  has 
been  obtained  since  the  above  description  was  written.  The  plate  is 
wider  in  proportion  than  that  of  G.  alia  Conrad,  from  the  Claiborne,  Ala., 


236  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Eocene  beds,  and  is  situated  nearer  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell  than  in 
that  species,  showing  the  obliquity  of  the  body  of  the  shell  to  be  its  normal 
condition,  and  proving  its  specific  distinction.  The  different  elements  of  the 
hinge  have  much  the  same  chax'acters  and  proportion  to  each  other  as  have 
those  of  C.  alta,  but  the  plate  is  higher  from  the  inner  margin  to  the  apex 
of  the  beak  in  proportion  to  the  antero-posterior  diameter.  This  feature, 
with  the  fact  that  a  much  larger  part  of  the  body  of  the  valve  is  posterior 
to  the  central  line  of  the  hinge-plate,  will  readily  serve  to  distinguish  the 
species  from  that  one  if  it  should  ever  be  found  with  the  shell  preserved. 

Formation  and  locality. — The  only  examples  which  I  have  seen  have 
been  from  the  top  layers  of  the  Upper  Marl  Beds  at  Shark  River,  New 
Jersey. 

CARDIID^. 

Genus  PEOTOCAEDIUM  Beyr. 

Protocardium  curtum. 

Plate  XXX,  Figa.  5-7. 

Protocardia  curia  Conrad.    Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  1870,  Vol.  V,  p.  42,  PI.  I,  Fig.  1.     Meek, 
Check-list,  p.  731.     (Antedated,  descrij)tion  first  published  1870.) 

Shell  of  medium  size,  subquadrangular  in  outline,  with  nearly  equi- 
lateral and  moderately  convex  valves.  Beaks  large,  prominent,  posterior 
to  the  middle  of  the  shell,  and  incurved ;  cardinal  line  strongly  arcuate,  par- 
allel to  the  basal  line,  and  nearly  equally  curved,  the  basal  line  curving 
abruptly  upward  at,  and  blending  imperceptibly  into  the  anterior  end,  this 
latter  being  narrower  than  the  posterioi'.  Posterior  margin  abrupt,  slightly 
oblique,  being  just  within  a  right  angle  with  the  postero-basal  line.  Um- 
bonal  angle  sharply  defined,  and  the  posterior  slope  narrow  and  abrupt. 
The  surface  of  the  shell  has  been  marked  throughout  by  fine,  radiating 
striae,  of  which  seven  or  eight  may  be  counted  in  the  space  of  an  eighth  of 
an  inch  on  the  margin  of  a  specimen  measuring  nearly  one  and  three- 
fourths  inches  in  height.  On  the  posterior  slope  the  striae  are  somewhat 
coarser  than  on  the  body  of  the  shell.  The  hinge,  as  seen  on  a  very  well- 
preserved  cast  of  a  right  valve,  has  been  characterized  by  a  strong  lateral 


LAMELLIBKANCHIATA  FROM  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  237 

tooth  on  each  side  and  a  single  strong,  hook-like  tooth  in  the  center  beneath 
the  beak,  with  a  similarly-shaped  cavity  in  front  of  it,  presenting  a  true 
Cardium  hinge.  The  plate  for  the  attachment  of  the  ligament,  however, 
cannot  be  made  out.  The  muscular  scar  on  the  anterior  side  has  been 
very  faint,  seldom  being  seen  on  the  cast,  but  the  posterior  scar  has  been 
deeper,  and  sometimes  leaves  a  deep  groove  bordering  it  on  the  cast,  repre- 
senting a  ridge  on  the  shell. 

The  species  presents  the  external  form  of  a  Protocardium,  but  differs 
somewhat  in  the  surface  markings,  as  it  is  striated  throughout.  Mr.  Conrad 
described  the  "ventral  margin  minutely crenulated,"  but  on  some  of  the  casts 
the  striae  on  the  body  of  the  shell  can  be  traced  to  near  the  middle  of  the 
valve,  showing  that  they  are  the  remains  of  external  striae,  and  not  merely 
the  crenulations  of  the  internal  margins  of  the  shell.  I  have  not  seen  the 
external  markings  in  imprints  of  the  shell,  as  there  appears  to  have  been 
none  of  these  preserved  in  collections.  The  representation  of  the  hinge  of 
a  left  valve  is  given  on  the  plate  as  nearly  as  it  could  be  obtained  from  a 
gutta-percha  impression  taken  in  the  best  cast  which  I  have  observed. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  Eocene  layer  of  the  Upper  Marls  at 
Farmingdale,  Squankum,  and  Shark  Eiver,  New  Jersey.  Apparently  not  a 
rare  species. 

VENEEID^. 

Genus  OARYATIS  Roemer. 

Caryatis  ovalis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  15  and  16. 

Caryatis  Belaioarensis  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V,  p.  41,  PI.  I,  Fig.  6. 
Not  Bione  Delawarensis  Gabb.    J.  A.  N.  Sci.,  new  ser..  Vol.  IV,  p.  312,  PI.  XL VIII, 
Fig.  18. 

Shell  transversely  short-oval,  very  oblique,  with  moderately-sized 
incurved  beaks  situated  near  the  anterior  end,  and  not  projecting  above 
the  cardinal  umbonal  surface  posterior  to  them.  Hinge-line  only  moder- 
ately arcuate,  and  about  parallel  to  the  basal  line,  which  is  also  only  mod- 
erately curved.  Anterior  and  posterior  ends  broadly  rounded,  the  former 
somewhat  more  sharply  so  than  the  latter,  owing  to  the  excavation  in  front 


238  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

of  the  beaks.  Surface  of  the  valves  as  seen  in  casts  only  moderately  con- 
vex, and  marked  by  fine,  even  lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the  margin  of 
the  valve.  Muscular  imprints  very  faint.  Pallial  line  too  indistinct  to  be 
described  with  certainty,  but  the  best  evidence  furnished  would  indicate 
that  it  was  not  very  deep  and  rounded  at  the  extremity.  Hinge  structure 
not  determined. 

This  I  suppose  to  be  the  shell  which  Mr.  Conrad  describes  as  Caryatis 
Delawarensis  (Gabb's  sp.)  in  the  American  Journal  of  Conchology,  and  of 
which  he  says  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  obtain  the  mold  of  a  hinge, 
"which  proves  it  to  be  a  Caryatis."  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  speci- 
mens showing  the  hinge  features,  so  shall  accept  his  generic  reference  with- 
out question.  He,  in  common  with  others,  had  identified  this  as  Cyprina 
Morrissi  Sowerby,  an  English  Lower  Eocene  species.  Mr.  Gabb's  Dione 
Delawarensis  is,  I  think,  a  distinct  species  from  this  one,  being  of  a  more  reg- 
ularly oval  form,  with  narrower  anterior  and  posterior  extremities,  a  larger 
and  more  prominent  beak,  which  is  placed  much  farther  from  the  anterior 
end  of  the  shell,  and  is  more  erect  than  that  of  this  one.  It  also  occurs  in 
the  Lower  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  system,  and  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen 
from  the  Eocene  beds  which  I  should  be  willing  to  consider  as  the  same 
with  those. 

Formation  mid  locality. — In  the  light-colored  clay  layers  known  as  the 
Stony  Marls,  at  the  top  of  the  Upper  Beds  of  Marls,  characterized  by  Eocene 
fossils,  at  Shai'k  River,  Squankum,  and  near  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey. 

MACTRID^.. 

Genus  VELEDA  Conrad.    1871. 

(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  74.) 

Veleda  equilatera,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Fig.  17. 

Shell  very  small,  transversely  elliptical  in  outline,  and  nearly  equi- 
lateral ;  length  a  little  less  than  twice  the  height,  and  both  extremities  some- 
what pointed  or  narrowly  rounded ;  basal  line  broadly  curved,  and   the 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  FROM  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  239 

cardinal  line  sloping  from  the  beak  nearly  equally  on  each  side,  the  margins 
forming  an  angle  of  about  one  hundred  and  thirtj^  degrees.  Beak  small, 
but  broad  and  compressed;  disk  of  the  valve  depressed,  convex,  or  almost 
flattened,  as  seen  in  casts.  Hinge  characters  known  only  by  the  imprint 
of  a  linear  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  beak,  situated  about  half  way  between 
the  beak  and  the  posterior  end  of  the  shell,  on  the  posterior  side,  and  still 
further  out  proportionally  on  the  anterior  end.  Muscular  markings  not 
seen.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  cast,  marked  by  faint  con- 
centric lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the  margin. 

This  species  differs  from  either  of  those  described  from  the  Lower 
Marls  in  its  transverse  and  equilateral  form.  Its  transverse  or  elliptical 
character  at  once  distinguishes  it  from  V.  lintea  Con.,  and  its  equilateral  form 
from  V.  tellinoides,  and  the  want  of  regular,  even,  concentric  ridges  on  the 
disk  of  the  shell,  and  small  beak,  from  V.  transversa.  So  far  as  it  is  yet 
known,  it  is  a  much  smaller  species  than  either  of  the  last,  but  the  examples 
known  may  be  small  individuals. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey. 

CORBULID^. 

Geuus  COEBULA  Brng. 

Corbula  (Nesera)  nasutoides,  u.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  18  and  19. 

Shell  of  moderate  size  or  larger,  transversely  ovate,  inequivalve,  an- 
terior end  longest  and  most  inflated,  and  the  left  valve  somewhat  larger 
than  the  right.  Valves  both  rather  ventricose,  the  left  inflated  on  the  um- 
bones.  Beaks  large,  full,  and  strongly  incurved,  directed  posteriorly  in 
appearance;  that  of  the  left  valve  more  incurved  than  the  right  one.  Pos- 
terior end  of  the  valves  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  extremity,  without 
posterior  umbonal  angle  or  truncation  of  the  extremity.  Surface  of  the 
valves  marked  only  by  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

The  species,  as  known  from  casts  retaining  part  of  the  external  features, 
bears  considerable  resemblance  to  C.  nasuta  Conrad  (zzC.  Alabamiensis  Lea) 


240  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

from  tlie  Eocene  sands  of  Claiborne,  Ala.,  both  in  form,  size,  and  surface 
markings,  but  differs  in  being  less  attenuated  behind,  is  rather  more  equi- 
valve,  with  more  prominent  beaks,  and  the  strise  is  somewhat  finer.  It  is 
possible  it  may  not  be  a  Corhula  or  that  it  may  be  a  smooth  species  of  Necera, 
but  it  resembles  Corhula  more  closely.  The  absence  of  angulation  along 
the  posterior  umbonal  ridge,  or  of  the  corresponding  truncation  of  the  pos- 
terior end,  is  against  it  being  a  true  Corhula. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Marls,  Shark 
River,  and  at  Dr.  Kneiskern's  pits.  New  Jersey. 

Genus  NEiERA  Grey. 

Neaera  cequivalvis,  ii.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  20  and  21. 

Shell  large  for  the  genus,  with  very  convex  or  almost  inflated  valves, 
very  nearly  or  quite  of  equal  size,  the  apex  of  the  beak  only  indicating  any 
inequality.  Outline  strongly  ovate,  large  in  front  with  a  sharply  rounded 
anterior  extremity  and  a  slightly  gibbous  basal  line;  posterior  end  pro- 
longed, narrow,  and  sharply  rostrate.  Beaks  placed  very  far  back,  large  and 
inflated  on  the  umbones,  directed  posteriorly,  incurved  and  minutely  pointed 
at  the  apices,  which  are  in  close  contact,  or  interlocking,  that  of  the  right  valve 
being  in  advance  of  the  other.  Lunule  obsolete,  but  the  escutcheon  area 
deeply  impressed  in  the  cast,  representing  a  strongly  inflected  cardinal  border 
in  the  shell.  Hinge-teeth  unknown ;  muscular  scars  and  pallial  line  too  faint 
to  be  observed  in  the  cast.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very  distinct,  but 
not  strong,  concentric  undulations  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  valves.  There 
are  very  faint  indications  of  radiating  lines  on  the  cast.  I  do  not  think, 
however,  that  they  indicate  radii  on  the  shell,  but  only  represent  vascular 
markings. 

The  cast  has  exactly  the  form  externally  of  Corhula  Carolinensis  Con- 
rad, as  figured  in  the  Appendix  to  the  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
North  Carolina,  W.  C.  Kerr,  Vol.  I,  page  11,  PI.  II,  Fig.  15,  and  is  almost 
of  the  same  size.  I  cannot  think,  however,  that  it  has  any  relatiolis  to  that 
shell,  for  it  certainly  is  not  a  cast  of  Corhula,  and  Mr.  Coni'ad  could  never 
have  considered  such  a  form  as  a  Corhula  when  examining  the  shell  itself. 


LAMELLIBEANCHIATA  FEOM  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  241 

He  also  describes  his  shell  as  inequivalve,  while  this  one  is  not  perceptibly 
inequivalve,  except  for  the  overlapping  of  the  beaks,  which  is  so  slight,  and 
only  at  the  exti'eme  point,  that  there  is  really  no  difference  in  size.  The 
posterior  prolongation,  moreover,  is  equally  large  on  each  valve,  which  it 
would  not  be  in  Corhiila.  Most  of  the  species  of  Necera  are  radiatingly 
ribbed,  but  there  are  species  known  which  are  smooth,  such  as  N.  hyalina 
Hinds ;  figured  in  Chenu's  Manuel  Conch,  et  de  Pal.  Conch.,  Vol.  II,  p.  50, 
Fig.  210.  Mr.  Conrad's  species  is  from  the  Cretaceous,  while  this  is  from 
the  beds  referred  to  the  Eocene.  Mr.  Meek  figures  a  somewhat  similar 
species,  N.  ventricosa,  from  the  Fox  Hills  group  of  Dakota,  in  the  Report  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories  (Hayden),  Vol.  IX ;  Report 
on  Invertebrate  Fossils  (Meek),  PL  XXX,  Fig.  3,  but  in  that  one  the  beaks 
are  erect,  while  these  have  a  strong  backward  direction  when  taken  in  a  lat- 
eral view  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls  at  Shark 
River,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collection  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  City.     (Eocene.) 

PHOLADID^. 

Genus  PAEAPHOLAS  Conrad.    1848. 

(Proc.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  1848,  p.  121.) 

Parapholas  Kneiskerni,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  22-24. 

An  internal  cast  of  both  valves  in  conjunction  represents  a  shell  of  an 
elongate-ovate  or  elongate-pyriform  shape,  measuring  seven-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  length  by  half  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  larger  end ;  is  all  that 
represents  this  species  among  the  collections  from  the  State.  The  anteiior 
end  is  globose  to  the  oblique  mesial  division,  behind  which  it  is  rapidly 
narrowed  to  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  at  the  posterior  extremity, 
which  appears  to  have  been  widely  gaping.  The  mesial  constriction  is 
deep  and  very  oblique,  reaching  the  basal  margin  somewhat  behind  the 
middle  of  the  entire  length.  Postei'ior  area  of  the  valves  concentrically 
marked;  anterior  section  of  the  valve  triangular  and  rather  small,  with 
faint  indications  of  a  few  radii;  antero-basal  pads  large  and  broad,  extend- 
4418  moN  9 16 


242  PALiEONTOLOaY  OF  NEW  JEESKY. 

ing  on  the  sides  of  the  anterior  end  to  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  and 
also  extending-  backward  beyond  the  mesial  sulcus  in  considerable  breadth, 
apparently  reaching  nearly  or  quite  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  valves 
Anterior  dorsal  plates  combined  apparently  of  only  medium  size,  quadi-an- 
gular  or  lozenge-shaped,  and  pointed  at  either  extremity,  placed  with  their 
longest  diameters  in  the  direction  of  the  junction  of  the  valves.  No  pos- 
terior dorsal  plates  appear  to  have  existed.  Posterior  dorsal  slope  concave, 
leaving-  the  hinge-line  sharply  elevated. 

The  specimen  being-  entirely  an  internal  cast  the  surface  characters 
of  the  sliell  can  only  be  approximately  determined.  As  no  other  species,  so 
far  as  I  can  ascertain,  is  known  from  this  formation  in  America,  I  can  draw 
no  compai'ison. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collected  by  Dr.  Kneiskern.  Collection  at 
Rutgers  College. 

TERIDIDtE. 

Genus  TEREDO  Liuu. 

Teredo  emacerata,   u.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Fig.  25. 

The  species  is  known  only  by  the  casts  of  tubes,  which  are  slender  and 
not  known  to  exceed  two  inches  in  length.  They  are  closely  crowded  in 
the  only  examples  observed,  and  liave  been  found  in  burrows  in  wood. 
Their  direction  is  much  contorted,  and  although  often  nearly  three-six- 
teenths of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  lower  extremity,  they  rapidly  taper  to 
within  one-half  of  that  size,  and  are  very  slender  for  the  greater  part  of  their 
length.  The  lower  extremity  is  rounded,  and  in  some  cases  bulbous.  The 
species  ditfers  from  T.  tibialis  Mort.  of  the  middle  beds,  in  having  burrowed 
in  wood  instead  of  in  sand,  and  in  being  much  smaller,  much  more  tortu- 
ous, and  more  densely  crowded  than  is  usual  with  that  species,  besides 
having  no  appearance  of  having  formed  a  shelly  lining. 

Formation  and  locality. — In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Marl,  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey. 


SECTION  V^II. 

UNIONIDiE  FEOM  THE  CLAYS  AT  FISH  HOUSE,  CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

The  species  of  Unionoid  shells  described  below  occur  in  bluish-black 
and  dove-colored  clays  a  few  miles  above  Camden,  N.  J.,  and  are  probably 
from  near  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous  series  of  the  State.  The  latest  evi- 
dence obtained  places  them  as  probably  equivalent  to  the  Lignite  clays 
near  the  top  of  the  Plastic  Clay  series,  and  below  the  Lower  Marls.  This 
makes  them  the  oldest  molluscan  Mesozoic  fossils  of  the  State,  excej)t  those 
from  the  Woodbridge  and  Raritan  Clays  described  in  Section  II.  The 
shells  appear  to  have  been  fii-st  discovered  by  Professor  Cope,  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  were  by  him  called  to  the  attention  of  Mr.  Isaac  Lea,  who  de- 
scribed ten  of  the  twelve  now  known  species.  Subsequently  others  col- 
lected numbers  of  them.  Prof.  J.  Carvill  Lewis,  of  Germantown,  Pa.,  has 
a  large  collection,  the  best  of  which  he  very  kindly  loaned  me  for  use 
in  the  following  descriptions,  and  he  also  has  placed  me  under  obligations 
by  the  trouble  he  took  to  obtain  for  me  the  use  of  Mr.  Lea's  type  speci- 
mens from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia. Dr.  L.  N.  Britton  has  also  collected  a  large  number  for  the  State  sur- 
vey, from  which  some  of  the  figured  examples  were  obtained. 

In  regard  to  the  geological  position  of  these  shells  I  shall  offer  no 
opinion,  not  having  visited  the  beds  myself.  Professor  Cope  appeared  to. 
consider  them  as  occurring  in  beds  actually  below  the  lowest  of  the  Green 
Marls,  and  others  with  whom  I  have  conversed  hold  the  same  opinion, 
while  still  others  consider  them  as  of  much  later  date.  Dr.  White  in  "A 
Review  of  the  Non-marine  Fossil  Mollusca  of  North  America,"  Third 
annual  report  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1883,  says  they  are  "almost  cer- 
tainly of  post-Tertiary  date."  So  far  as  the  shells  themselves  afford 
evidence  this  might  be  said  to  be  very  hkely;  still  they  do  not  afford 
any  positive  information  on  the  subject.     They  present  certain  differences, 

248 


244  PALJE ONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

observable  even  iu  their  very  imperfect  condition,  when  compared  with 
their  living  representatives,  which  are  certainly  as  great  as  differences  be- 
tween mauj'  of  the  western  Cretaceous  Unionidse  and  the  living  represent- 
atives of  the  same  species ;  and  I  am  not  at  all  prepared  to  say  that  any 
one  of  tlie  twelve  species  named,  if  it  could  be  obtained  in  condition  perfect 
enough  for  complete  comparison,  would  not  prove  quite  distinct  from  the  one 
whose  name  it  bears.  I  have  made  comparisons  with  these  living  forms, 
some  of  which  are  noted  under  the  descriptions  of  the  species. 

The  condition  of  preservation  of  these  shells  is  a  great  drawback  to 
their  satisfactory  study.  Their  remains  consist  mostly  of  internal  casts, 
much  distorted,  with  a  portion  of  the  epidermis  usually  preserved,  and 
occasionally  a  small  amount  of  the  calcareous  material.  The  cavities  left 
by  the  decomposition  of  the  teeth  are  sometimes  quite  characteristic,  but 
more  frequently  compressed  and  distorted  so  as  to  be  of  but  little  service 
in  comparison.  The  valves  have  usually  been  preserved  in  contact,  so 
that  the  hinge  features  do  not  show  on  tte  cast,  although  the  muscular  im- 
prints, and  often  the  pallial  line,  are  ver}^  handsomely  preserved.  But  the 
amount  of  compression  which  the  specimens  have  undergone  can  only  be 
judged  of  by  the  form  of  examples  which  have  been  imbedded  vertically  or 
obliquely  in  the  clays.  This  has  often  been  so  great  as  to  place  them  entirely 
beyond  the  possibility  of  determination.  Owing  to  the  differences  of  form 
and  the  difficulty  of  accurate  comparison  with  living  forms,  I  have  preferred 
to  leave  them  standing  as  distinct  species,  under  the  names  originally  used 
by  Mr.  Lea,  and  have  added  two  others  from  the  collection  of  Professor 
Lewis,  following  the  same  system  of  nomenclature. 

UNIONLD^. 

Genus  UNIO  Eetzius. 

TJnio  nasutoides^ 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  4  and  5. 
Utiio  namtoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  ]i.  163.     Pamphlet,  1868,  p.  30. 

Shell  very  ti'ansverse,  about  twice  and  a  half  as  long  as  high,  rounding 
from  below  anteriorly  and  pointed  behind,    with   the  beaks  within   the 


UNIONID^.  FKOM  THE  CAMDE^ST  CLAYS.  245 

anterior  third  of  the  length.  Surface  of  shell  smooth,  valves  compressed 
and  subangular  along  the  umbonal  ridge.  Muscular  scars  strong  on  the 
anterior  end,  and  rather  faintly  marked  on  the  posterior  sides;  lateral  teeth 
strong,  of  great  length,  and  nearly  or  quite  straight,  cardinal  teeth  propor- 
tionately small  and  strongly  striated. 

Mr.  Lea  remarks  of  this  species  that  it  "is  very  nearly  the  same  in 
outline  with  the  well-known  nasutus  Say,  but  is  more  acute  at  the  pos- 
terior margin,  in  which  character  it  is  more  nearly  allied  to  FisJierianus  " 
There  is  certainly  a  very  close  resemblance  between  these  fossil  forms  and 
the  ordinary  forms  of  U.  nasutus,  as  they  occur  in  the  Hudson  Eiver  and 
its  confluents,  especially  those  from  the  Mohawk  and  those  from  the  Erie 
Canal  in  its  eastern  parts.  Some  of  the  shells  which  I  have  seen  of  this 
species  preserve  the  form  very  perfectly,  though  much  of  the  shell  substance 
has  been  removed,  especially  along  the  hinge.  The  lateral  teeth  appear  to 
have  been  very  strong,  and  the  cardinal  ones  are  longitudinally  striate 
more  strongly  than  any  I  remember  to  have  seen  in  U.  nasutus ;  but  the 
shells  have  been  considerably  thickened,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  strong 
anterior  muscular  scars.  The  epidermis  has  also  been  strongly  ridged. 
Among  the  specimens  loaned  me  by  Prof.  H.  G.  Lewis  I  find  one  specimen 
which  is  more  broadly  truncate  posteriorly  and  Avould  seem  to  have  had  a 
much  greater  thickness,  especially  behind  the  middle  of  the  valve.  This 
one  I  have  been  somewhat  inclined  to  place  under  U.  prceanodontoides 
described  for  the  first  time,  but  it  lacks  the  cylindrical  form,  although 
partially  possessing  the  oblique  median  sulcus  of  that  one. 

ITnio  radiatoides. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-3. 
Unio  radiatoides  Lea.     Proc.  A.  N".  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  163.    Pamphlet  by  I.  Lea,  p.  30. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  broad-oval  in  outline  with  com- 
pressed or  gently  convex  valves,  generally  a  little  narrower  at  the  anterior 
than  at  the  posterior  end;  the  hinge-line  gently  arcuate  and  slightly  rising 
posteriorly.  Shell  surface  marked  by  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Anterior 
muscular  scar  large,  round;  posterior  scar  faint.     Cardinal  teeth  compara- 


246  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESBY. 

tivelj  small;  lateral  moderately  strong  and  but  slightly  curved.  The 
shells  which  I  have  identified  with  the  above  name  are  somewhat  broader 
or  higher  than  the  generality  of  specimens  of  U.  radiatus  as  they  occur  in 
the  Hudson  River  and  its  tributaries ;  and  the  cardinal  teeth  are  smaller  or 
more  compressed.  In  other  respects  they  correspond  very  closely  in  all 
general  particulars.  There  is  very  great  difficulty  in  distinguishing  be- 
tween this  and  TJ.  cariosoides.  In  fact  I  cannot  say  that  I  am  at  all  sure  I 
have  done  so.  Between  their  living  representatives,  if  we  take  casts  of  the 
interiors  and  throw  out  the  additional  convexity  of  U.  cariosus,  it  would  be 
very  difficult  to  say  wherein  they  differ,  and  among  these  fossil  specimens 
there  is  not  an  individual  but  that  is  more  or  less  distorted  as  well  as  other- 
wise imperfect. 

TTnio  subrotundoides. 

Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  5. 
TTnio  subrotundoides  La.     Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  163.     Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  30. 

Of  this  species  I  have  not  been  able  to  identify  any  individual  among 
the  collections  which  I  have  examined  and  have  therefore  figured  the  type 
specimen  used  in  the  original  description,  as  labeled  in  the  collection  at 
Philadelphia.  The  specimen  is  very  broad  ovate  in  outline,  being  longer 
than  high;  the  greatest  height  being  considerably  behind  the  beaks  but 
nearly  midway  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Valves  depressed  convex  with 
strong  concentric  strise;  hinge-line  strongly  arcuate  and  the  beaks  ap- 
pressed;  anterior  end  of  shell  short.  Cardinal  teeth?  Lateral  teeth  long, 
thin,  and  strongly  arched. 

Mr.  Lea  states  in  his  description  of  this  shell  that  the  cardinal  teeth  are 
"apparently  small."  The  space  for  the  cardinal  tooth  in  the  specimen  is 
filled  with  foreign  matter,  but  I  think  it  would  prove  to  be  of  considerable 
dimensions  if  cleaned  out.  The  form  of  the  shell  differs  more  from  U.  sub- 
rotundus  Lea,  as  figured  by  that  author  in  his  "Land  and  Fresh  Water 
Shells,"  Vol.  IV,  PI.  18,  Fig.  45,  than  any  other  species  of  this  group  of 
fossils  differs  from  the  one  after  which  it  was  named.  In  fact  it  differs  so 
much  that  if  left  entii'ely  to  my  own  judgment  I  should  not  have  thought 
of  referring  it  to  that  species  at  all.     The  measurements  as  given  with  Mr. 


UNIONIDiE  FE0M  THE  CAMDEN  CLAYS.  247 

Lea's  description  (length  2.6,  breadth  3.4  inches)  are  evidently  transposed 
from  what  he  intended,  the  length  being  nearly  three  and  a  half  and  the 
height  two  and  six-tenths  inches,  as  will  readily  be  seen  by  reference  to  the 
figure  given,  which  is  of  his  type  specimen. 

Unio  cariosoides. 
Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  3. 
Unio  cariosoides  Lea.   Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  163.    Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  31. 

"  Shell  smooth,  broadly  elliptical,  somewhat  inflated,  obtusely  angular 
behind,  rounded  before ;    beaks  somewhat  raised,  removed  from  medial ; 

•cardinal  teeth ;  lateral  teeth  long  and  shghtly  curved.     Length  2.5, 

breadth  4.8  inches."     (Lea.) 

Mr.  Lea's  type  specimen  is  the  only  one  of  this  species  which  I  have 
seen.  As  he  observes  in  his  remarks  following  the  above  description,  it 
rather  closely  resembles  the  elongated  males  of  U.  cariosus.     The  specimen, 

-has  apparent!}'-  been  imbedded  in  the  clay  vertically  and  has  been  slightly 
compressed  in  that  direction,  making  it  a  little  less  broad  between  the  car- 
dinal and  basal  margins  than  it  originally  was,  and  giving  greater  angu- 
larity to  each  of  the  extremities,  and  at  the  same  time  greater  rotundity 
to  the  valves.  If  this  had  not  been  the  case  the  shell  would  present  much 
the  same  proportions  as  those  which  I  have  referred  to  U.  radiatoides,  al- 
though it  maj^  never  have  been  quite  as  high  in  proportion  to  its  length. 

'The  specimen  is  mostly  an  internal  cast,  but  retains  a  small  portion  of  the 

•epidermal  layer,  as  do  most  of  the  specimens.     The  impressions  of  the  lat- 

-eral  teeth  are  slender,  rather  long  and  arcuate.  What  remains  of  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cavity  of  the  cardinal  teeth  would  indicate  that  the  principal 
one  had  been  large  and  thick,  but  there  is  very  little  of  it  left  to  judge  from. 
The  anterior  muscular  impression  is  large,  and  situated  well  forward.  The 
posterior  scar  is  not  visible.  The  pallial  line  on  the  anterior  half  is  well 
marked.  In  the  measurements  as  given  by  Dr.  Lea  the  "length"  refers  to 
the  distance  from  the  cardinal  line  to  the  basal  margin,  and  the  "breadth" 
from   anterior  to  posterior  extremity.     The  locality  for  this  and  U.  suhro- 

■tundoides,  as  given  on  the  labels  accompanying  them,  is  6  miles  north  of 

•Camden,  New  Jersey. 


248  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

TJnio  bumerosoides. 

Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  4. 

Unio  Immerosoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  IST.  Sci.  Phil.,  1868,  p.  163.    Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  131. 

"  Shell  smooth,  ovately  oblong,  very  much  compressed,  rounded  be- 
hind and  before ;  beaks  slightly  raised,  removed  from  medial ;  cardinal  teeth 
large  and  compressed ;  lateral  teeth  rather  long  and  slightly  curved. 
Length  2.6,  breadth  4.2  inches."     (Lea.) 

The  shell  marked  as  the  type  of  this  species  in  Mr.  Lea's  collection 
in  the  Academ}^  is  of  a  broad  oval  form,  being  longer  than  high,  as  indi- 
cated by  his  measurements.  It  resembles  so  closely  those  referred  to  U.  racli- 
atoides  as  to  be  not  easily  distinguished  in  the  imperfect  condition  in  which 
they  are  found.  On  close  examination  it  will  be  seen  not  to  round  forward 
so  rapidly  on  the  posterio-cardinal  border  as  does  that  species,  and  to  be 
somewhat  proportionally  broader  from  the  base  to  the  cardinal  line.  The 
,  surface  of  the  type  specimen  shows  evidence  of  having  been  rather  coarsely 
marked  with  concentric  undulations  on  the  posterior  part.  The  specimen 
figured  is  Lea's  type. 

TJnio  Roanokoides. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  1  and  2,  and  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  7. 

Unio  BoanoTcoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  164.     Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  31. 

Shell  transverse,  subquadrangular,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  high ;  arcu- 
ate on  the  hinge-line  in  the  cast,  and  broadly  rounded  on  the  base.  Ante- 
rior end  rather  sharply  rounded ;  posterior  end  truncate  and  a  very  little 
oblique ;  longest  below.  Beaks  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the 
length.  Valves  compressed,  more  particularly  so  on  the  anterior  side  of  the 
beaks.  The  teeth  have  been  strong ;  the  cardinals  wide  but  not  strongly 
elevated ;  the  laterals  long,  slightly  curved,  and  quite  thickened  in  some 
cases  toward  the  outward  end.  Muscular  scars  large,  well  marked,  and 
circular. 

This  species  closely  resembles  U.  Immerosoides  in  its  general  outlines, 
but  is  somewhat  longer  from  anterior  to  posterior,  and  the  latter  extremity 
is  possibly  a  little  more  strongly  truncate.  The  separation  is,  however, 
merely  arbitrary.     Among  older  forms  of  fossil  shells  I  should  not  think  of 


UNIONID^  FROM  THE  GAMDE:sr  OLATS.  249 

separating  them  as  species.  Mr.  Lea  remarks  of  this  species  that  its  form  is 
very  unusual,  and  that  it  is  allied  to  TJ.  Boanokoensis  and  U.  macer  Lea ;  also, 
that  it  is  remarkably  compressed  at  the  anterior  end  for  a  Unio,  but  that  the 
same  character  applies  to  others  from  the  same  locality. 

TJnio  ligatnentinoides. 

Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  4,  and  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  8. 

Unio  ligamentinoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  N.  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  164.    Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  31. 

Shell  longitudinally  ovate  and  somewhat  regular  in  outline ;  rather 
broader  behind  than  in  front.  Hinge-line  rather  strongly  arcuate,  more 
strongl)^  bent  just  in  front  of  the  beaks,  which  are  situated  nearly  at  the 
anterior  third  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Basal  margin  strongly  and  regu- 
larly curved.  Valves  compressed.  Lateral  teeth  comparatively  slender  and 
curved ;  cardinal  tooth  large  and  only  moderately  thick.  Anterior  mus- 
cular scar  comparatively  large,  moderately  deep.  Posterior  scar  very  faintly 
marked. 

The  shell  has  very  much  the  outline  of  the  male  of  U.  ligamentinus  Lea, 
and  is  readily  distinguished  from  specimens  of  U.  radiatoides  by  its  rounder 
form.  The  type  specimen  of  Dr.  Lea  is  more  pointed  posteriorly  than  others 
which  I  have  seen,  and  the  valves  rather  more  compressed.  Besides,  it  has 
some  appearance  of  a  slight  alation  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  car- 
dinal line,  and  might  readily  be  taken  for  a  vertically  compressed  individual 
of  U.  alatoides.    The  epidermis  is  also  less  rugose  than  in  some  of  the  others. 

XTnio  alatoides. 
Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  3  and  4,  and  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  6. 
Unio  alatoides  Lea.     Proc.  A.  K  Sci.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  164.    Pamphlet  by  Lea,  p.  32. 

Shell  compressed,  broadly  ovate,  very  much  wider  posteriorly  than  in 
front,  the  posterior  alation  giving  a  broader  form  and  a  more  direct  upward 
tendency  to  the  lines  of  growth,  even  when  the  alation  itself  is  not  pre- 
served. Umbones  very  much  compressed  and  the  beaks  hardly  perceptibly 
elevated.  The  teeth  are  not  visible  in  either  of  the  two*  specimens  before 
me  nor  are  the  muscular  scars  suihciently  well  marked  to  warrant  a  de- 


250  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

scription  of  their  characters,  though  the  anterior  scar  appears  to  have  been 
tolerably  large  and  well  marked.  The  surface  of  the  shell  has  been  marked 
by  rather  strong  concentric  wrinkles  for  one  of  this  usually  smooth  type. 

Mr.  Lea  mentions  in  his  original  description  of  this  species  that  the 
cardinal  teeth  are  "oblique  and  compressed,  lateral  teeth  long,  large,  lamel- 
lar, and  very  slightly  curved." 

ITuio  prceanodontoides,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  2. 

Shell  cylindrical,  a  little  less  than  three  times  as  long  as  high,  and 
about  four-fifths  as  thick  through  the  closed  valves  as  the  height  from  the 
hinge-line  to  the  base  of  the  shell.  Hinge-Hne  rather  straight  and  long, 
beaks  small  and  inconspicuous,  situated  a  little  less  than  one-third  of  the 
entire  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  end.  Anterior  end  narrowly 
rounded;  posterior  end  long  and  nasute;  the  point  of  greatest  length 
almost  on  a  hue  of  the  center  of  the  valve.  Body  of  the  shell  marked  just 
forward  of  the  middle  by  a  broad  shallow  mesial  depression  passing  from 
the  beaks  to  the  base  of  the  shell  Anterior  teeth  moderately  strong;  lat- 
eral tooth  long  and  slender,  but  strongest  near  the  posterior  end.  Muscular 
scars  faintly  marked. 

The  shell  is  remarkably  similar  to  the  narrowly  cylindrical  forms  of 
TJ.  anodontoides  Lea.  It  is  perhaps  not  quite  so  high  from  base  to  hinge, 
but  in  other  respects  is  exceedingly  like  it.  The  posterior  end  is  also  per- 
haps slightly  narrower,  and  in  this  respect  resembles  in  form  Cf.  nasuhis  ; 
but  the  A^alves  are  much  more  ventricose,  have  not  that  angularity  of  the 
posterior  umbonal  slope,  and  differ  essentially  in  the  shallow  sulcus  crossing 
the  valves.  The  specimen  used  retains  both  valves,  but  spread  widely  open. 
It  is  the  property  of  Prof.  Henry  Carville  Lewis,  of  Philadelphia,  who 
kindly  loaned  it  to  me  with  other  specimens  of  the  various  species  liere 
described. 

XJnio  rectoides,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXII,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Shell  very  elongate  with  subparallel  basal  and  cardinal  margins,  the 
:lbrmer  very  slightly  sinuate  near  the  middle  of  the  length;    anterior  ex- 


UNIONIDiE  FEOM  THE  CAMDEN  CLAYS.  251 

tremely  narrow  approaching  pointed  and  longest  above  the  middle  of  the 
height;  posterior  end  broader  and  obtusely  rounded  and  longest  below. 
Valves  compressed,  more  convex  behind  than  in  front  where  they  have  been 
quite  attenuate ;  anterior  muscular  scar  quite  moderate  in  size,  but  well 
marked;  posterior  scar  faint.  Cardinal  teeth  strong,  apparently  double. 
Lateral  teeth  apparently  straight  and  moderately  strong.  Surface  of  the 
shell  not  observed. 

This  species  presents  strongly  the  features  of  U.  rectus,  from  the  Ohio 
watershed,  but  perhaps  even  more  strongly  those  of  the  species  from  the 
waters  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.  It  is  so  very  distinct  in  its  elongate  nar- 
row form  from  any  of  those  associated  with  it  that  it  cannot  well  be  mis- 
taken. 

Geuiis  ANODONTA  Cuvier. 

Anodouta  grandoides. 

Plate  XSXV,  Figs.  2  and  3. 

Anodonta  grandoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  ]Sr.  S.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  164.    Pamphlet,  1868,  p.  32. 

Mr.  Lea's  description  of  this  species  reads  as  follows:  "Shell  smooth, 
elliptical,  very  much  inflated,  ventricose,  obtusely  angular  behind,  obliquely 
Tounded  before ;  beaks  submedial,  flattened  on  the  tips,  but  very  much  in- 
flated on  the  umbos." 

The  shells  of  this  species  in  the  collection  under  consideration  are  much 
better  preserved. than  those  of  A.  corpulentoides,  probably  because  they  were 
somewhat  stronger,  and  perhaps  also  because  from  their  somewhat  greater 
length  they  were  less  liable  to  become  imbedded  obliquely  in  the  sediment, 
and  thus  escaped  the  oblique  pressure  to  which  many  of  the  others  were 
subjected.  Their  form  appears  to  have  been  less  inflated  than  A.  corpulen- 
imdes,  with  the  beaks  less  central,  the  posterior  end  being  longer  proportion- 
ally, as  well  as  much  more  pointed,  and  more  angular  along  the  posterior 
umbonal  ridge,  while  the  proportional  height  of  the  shell  is  considerably  less. 
One  of  the  specimens  on  which  these  observations  are  based  retains  nearly 
its  original  form,  being  only  slightly  compressed  and  having  much  of  the 
epidermal  layer  preserved.  There  are  several  other  shells  among  our  fresh- 
vpater  forms  that  bear  considerable  resemblance  to  this  one,  as  well  as  A. 


252  PAL^OlSfTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

grandis  Say.  One  form  which  I  have  under  the  name  A.  plana  from  rivers 
in  Western  New  York  presents  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  it,  both  in  size 
and  outline. 

Anodonta  corpiilentoides. 

Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  1. 

Anodonta  corpulentoides  Lea.    Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  Phil.,  1868,  p.  164.    Pamph.,  1868,  p.  32. 

The  following  is  Mr.  Lea's  description  of  this  shell:  "Shell  smooth, 
rotundo-elliptical,  exceedingly  inflated,  very  ventricose,  obtusely  angular 
behind,  rounded  before;  beaks  submedial,  flattened  at  the  tips,  but  ex- 
cessively inflated  on  the  umbos."  In  his  remarks  on  the  species  he  says  it 
is  so  nearly  like  A.  corpulenta  Cooper  that  he  has  no  hesitation  in  considering 
that  as  its  nearest  representative.  The  specimens  which  I  have  seen  are  all 
more  or  less  crushed  and  distorted,  but  they  preserve  both  valves  and  retain 
much  of  the  original  shell,  but  little  of  the  epidermal  layer.  So  far  as  can 
be  judged  of  the  original  form  of  the  specimens  from  the  most  perfect  ones, 
I  should  think  the  anterior  portion  in  front  of  the  umbos  might  have  been 
somewhat  longer,  with  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  a  little  more  rounded 
than  specimens  of  ^.  corpidenta  which  I  have  received  from  Illinois.  In  other 
respects  I  can  detect  no  difference  whatever.  The  muscular  scars  are  not 
discernible  on  any  of  the  specimens. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES  DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  VOLUME. 

In  this  list  the  species  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  are  indicated  by  the 
letter  L;  those  from  the  Middle  Marl  Beds  by  M ;  those  from  the  base  of 
the  Upper  Marls,  which  bed  is  included  in  the  Cretaceous,  by  the  letter  U; 
and  those  from  the  top  layer,  suj^posed  to  be  Eocene,  by  the  letter  E.  P.  C. 
indicates  the  Plastic  Clays  at  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous  or  older,  and  U.  C. 
the  clays  near  Fish  House,  4  miles  above  Camden,  New  Jersey,  which  con- 
tain the  Unios. 


Class  BRAOHIOPODA. 

Family  TEREBRATULIDiE. 

Genus  Teeebratula. 

T.         Harlani  Morton L. 

T.         Harlani,  var.  fragilis  Morton L. 

Genus  Terebeatulina. 

T.         Atlantica  Morton . .- U. 

T.         florida  Morton f 

T.         lachryma  Morton : E. 

Genus  Terebratella. 

T.         plicata  Say L. 

T.         Vanuxemi  Lyell  and  Fortes L. 

253 


254  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 


Class  LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

Order  ASIPHONIDA. 
Suborder  MONOMYAEIA. 

Family  OSTREID^. 

Genus  OsTEKA  Linnceus. 

0.         denticulifera  Conrad L. 

0.         creuuliniarginata  Gabh L. 

0.         glaiiconoides  Whitfield JE. 

0.         glandiformis  Whitfield. U. 

0.         larva  Lamarck L. 

0.  (Alectrionia)  linguafelis  Wltitfield.  - .E. 

0.         panda  Morton -E. 

0.         pluniosa  Morton - L. 

0.         subspatula  Lyell  and  Fories  .  - L. 

O.         tecticosta  Gabb - - - L. 

Genus  Geyph^a. 

G.         Bryani  GaU - - U. 

G.         Bryani,  var.  precedens  Whitfield M. 

G.  convexa  Ilorton L. 

G.         mutabilis  Morton L. 

G.         vesicularis  Lamarck - L.  M.,  JE 

G.         var.  navia  Boenier - - L.  M. 

Genus  Geyph^ostrea. 

G.         vomer  Morton M. 

Genus  ExoGYEA. 

E.         costata  Say L- 

Family  ANOMIID^. 

Genus  Anomia - L. 

A.         argentaria  Morton L. 

A.         tellinoides  Morton L. 

Genus  DiPLoscHizA. 

D.         cretacea  Conrad L 

Genus  Paeanomia. 

P.         lineata  Conrad - - L. 

P.         scabra  Morton L. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES.  255 

Family  PECTENIDiE. 
Genus  Pecten  Klein. 

P.         Kneiskerni  Conrad —  JEJ. 

P.         planocostatus  Whitfield — L. 

P.         quinquenarius  Conrad , L. 

P.         Rigbyi  WUtfidd - - E. 

P.         tenuitestus  Gabb L. 

P.         venustus  Morton _ — L. 

P.         (Chlamys)  crati cuius  Ilorton  .  - -L. 

P.         (Syncyclonema)  perlamellosus  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Amdsium. 

A.         simplicum  Conrad L. 

A.         Conradi  Whitfield —  .  —  .L. 

Genus  Camptonectes. 

C.  (Amusium)  Burlingtonensis  Gabh L. 

C.  parvus  Whitfield - L. 

Genus  Neithea  Drouet L. 

N.         quinquecostata  Sowerby L. 

Family  SPONDYLID^. 

Genus  Spondylus  Lamarck. 

S.         gregalis  Morton L. 

Genus  Dianchoka  Soiverhy. 

D.  echinata  Morton L. 

Genus  Plicatula  Lamarck. 

P.         urticosa  Morton L. 

Genus  Radula  Klein. 

R.         acutilineata  Conrad '.  .L. 

R.         pelagica  Morton L. 

R.         reticulata  Lyell  and  Forbes L. 

Suborder  HETEEOMYARIA. 

Family  MYTILID^. 

Genus  Mytilus  Linnceus. 

M.         oblivius  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Modiola  Lamarck. 

M.         Burlingtonensis  Whitfield L. 


256  PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Family  MYTILID^— Continued. 
Genus  MoDiOLA — Continued. 

M.         (LiTiiODOMus'?)  inflata  Whitfield M. 

M.         Johnsoni  Wkiifield U. 

M.         Julia  Lea L- 

M.         ovata  Gobi M. 

Genus  LiTHODOMUs  Cuvier. 

L.         affinis  Gdbh L. 

L.         Eipleyana  Gabh - L. 

Family  PTERIIDtE  Meek.       - 
Genvis  Pteria  Scopoli. 

P.         mniosaziz  Avicula  annosa  Conrad E 

P.         laripes  Morton .  _ L. 

P.  navicula  Whitfield - L. 

P.         petrosa  Conrad L. 

Genus  Meleagrinella  Whitfield. 

M.         abrupta,  Conrad's  sp L. 

Genus  Gervilliopsis  Whitfield. 

G.         ensiformis  Conrad L. 

G.         minima  Whitfield —  L. 

Genus  Inoceramus  Sowerhy. 

I.         Barabini  Morton L. 

I.         perovalis  Conrad L. 

I.         pro-obliqua  Wliitfield L. 

I.         quadrans  Whitfield L. 

I.         Sagensis  Oiven L. 

I.         Sagensis,  var.  quadrans  Wliitfield L. 

Family  PINNID^. 

Genus  Pinna  Linnceus. 

P.         laqueata  Conrad L. 

P.         rostriformis  Morton M. 

Suborder  DIMYAEIA. 

Family  ARCIDJE. 

Genus  Arc  A  Linnceus 

A.         altirostris  Gabh L. 

A.         quindecimradiata  Gabb U. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES.  257 

Family  ARCID^— Continued. 
Genus  Nemoarca  Conrad. 

N.         cretacea  Conrad L. 

Genus  Nemodon  Conrad. 

N.         angulatum  Gdbh .L. 

N.         brevifrons  Conrad L. 

N.         Eufaulensis  Gdbb L. 

Genus  Breviakca  Conrad. 

B.  Saffordi  Gabh L 

Genus  Trigonaeca. 

T.  cuneiformis  Conrad L. 

T.  transversa  Gabh L. 

Genus  Cibota  Browne. 

C.  multiradiata  Galh L. 

C.  obesa  Whitfield L. 

C.  rostellata  Morton .L. 

C.  uniopsis  Conrad L. 

Genus  Idonearca  Conrad. 

I.         antrosa  Morton L. 

I.         compressirostra  Whitfield M. 

I.         medians  Whitfield M. 

I.         Tippana  Conrad L. 

I.         vulgaris  Morton L. 

Genus  AxiNEA  Poll. 

A.         alta  Whitfield L. 

A.         Conradi  Whitfield IE. 

A.         Mortoni  Conrad .L. 

Family  NUCULID.^. 

Genus  Nucula  Lamarck. 

N.         Circe  Whitfield E. 

N.         Monmouthensis  Whitfield L. 

N.         percrassa  Conrad L. 

N.         perequalis  Conrad L. 

N.         Slackiana  Gabb '. L. 

4418  MON 17 


258  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Famil)^  NUCULID^— Continued. 
Genus  NucuLANA  Linh. 

N.         albaria  Conrad E. 

N.         compvessifrons  Conrad - L. 

N.         Gabbana  WMtfield L. 

N.         long-ifrons  Conrad L 

N.         pinniformis  Gahh L. 

N.         protexta  Gdbh L. 

Genus  Perrisonota  Conrad 

P.         protexta  Conrad L. 

Genus  Nucularia  Conrad. 

N.         papy ria  Conrad L. 

N.         secunda  Whitfield .IE. 

Family  TRIGONID^. 
Genus  Trigonia  Brug. 

T.         cerulea  Whitfield L. 

T.         Eufaulensis  Gdbh L. 

T.         Mortoni  Whitfield L. 

Family  UNIONID.^. 
Genus  Unio  Bitzius. 

U.         alatoides  Lea U.  C. 

U.         cariosoides  Lea U.  C. 

U.         humerosoides  Lea .U.  C. 

U.         ligamentinoides  Lea. . .  — V.  C 

U.         nasutoides  Lea U.  C. 

U.         prseanodontoides  Whitfield U.  C. 

U.         radiatoides  Lea U.  C. 

U.         rectoides  WUtfidd U.  G. 

U.         Roanokoides  Lea U.  C. 

U.         subrotundoides  Lea U.  C. 

Genus  Anodonta  Cuvier. 

A.         corpiilentoides  Lea U.  C. 

A.         grandoides  Lea U.  C. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES.  259 

Order  SIPHON  IDA. 

Suborder  INTEGRIPALLIATA. 

Family  ASTARTID^]. 

Genus  AsTAETE  Sowerhy. 

A.         castanella  Whitfield JE, 

A.         planimarg-inata  Whitfield _JE. 

A.         veta  Conrad _ p  (j 

Genus  Cardita  Brug. 

C.         Brittoni  Whitfield _  _e. 

C.         intermedians  Whitfield f/; 

C.         perantiqua  Conrad _g;_ 

Family  CRASSATELLID^ 

Genus  Ceassatella  Lamarck 

G.         alta  Conrad ]i] 

C.         cuneata  Gabh ^ 

C.         carta  Conrad jj 

C.         Delawarensis  Gdbh [/. 

C         littoralis  Conrad f/. 

C.         Monmouthensis  Gdbh X. 

C.         obliquata  Whitfield jj. 

C.         prora  Conrad x. 

C.         rhombea  Whitfield jj_ 

C.         subplana  Conrad x. 

C.         transversa  Gahb , X. 

C.         vadosa  Morton X. 

Genus  Scambula  Conrad. 

S.         perplana  Conrad X. 

Genus  Gooldia  Adams. 

G.         Conradi  Whitfield X. 

G.         decemnaria  Conrad. X. 

G.         declivis  Conrad X 

G.         paralis  Conrad _ j^ 

Genus  Vetocaedta    Conrad. 

V.         crenulirata,  Lea^s  sp .X. 

V.         octolirata  Gabh _  _x. 


260  PA^L^OKTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Family  LUCINID^. 

Genus  LuciNiA  Bnig. 

L.         cretacea  Conrad L- 

L.         Smockana  Whitfield L- 

Family  CHAMID^. 

Genus  Die  ERAS  Lmnarck 

D.         dactyloides  Whitfield L. 

Family  CARDIID^. 

Genus  Caedium  Linnceus. 

C.         Eufaulensis  Conrad L. 

( ).         Ripleyanum  Conrad L. 

C.         Ripleyense  Conrad LI 

C.  (Ckiocardium)  dumosum  Conrad L. 

C.  (C.)  multiradiatum  Galh L. 

C.  (C.)  nucleolus  Whitfield U. 

Geniis  Pachycaedium  Conrad 

P.         Buvlingtonense  Whitfield L. 

Geuus  Peotocaedium  Beyr. 

P.         curtum  Conrad -E. 

P.         pei'elongatum  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Fulvia  Gray. 

F.         tenuis  Whitfield - L. 

Genus  Feagum  Bolton. 

F.         tenuistriatum  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Leiopistha  Meek. 

L.         elegantula  Boeiner - L. 

L.         inflata  Whitfield B. 

L.         protexta  Conrad - B. 

Genus  Cymella  Meek 

C.         Meeki  Whitfield B. 

Family  CYPRINIDaE. 

Genus  Veniella  Stolicslca. 

V.         Conradi  Morton B. 

V.         decisa  Morton L. 

V.         elevata  Conrad L. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES.  261 

Family  CYPRINIDiE— Continued. 
Genus  Veniella — Continued. 

V.         inflata  Conrad L. 

V.         rhomboidea  Conrad U. 

V.         subovalis  Conrad L. 

V.         trapezoidea  Conrad L. 

V.         trigona  Gabh L. 

Genus  Ambonicardium  Whitfield. 

A.         Cooki  Whitfield P.  C. 

Genus  IsocAEDiA  Lamarck. 

I.         Conradi  Gahb ill. 

Genus  Sph^riola  Stoliczha. 

S.         umbonata  Whitfield L. 

Family  CYRENID^. 

Genus  CoRBicuLA  Muhlfeld. 

C.         annosa  Conrad   P.  C. 

C.         emacerata  Whitfield  . .  ■ P.  C. 

Suborder  SINUOPALLIATA. 

Family  VENERID^. 
Genus  Callista  Pali. 

C.         Delawarensis  Gabh L. 

Genus  Caryatis  Boemer. 

C.         ovalis  Whitfield E. 

C.  ?       veta  Whitfield ..U. 

Genus  Apheodina  Conrad. 

A.         Tippana  Conrad L. 

Genus  Cypeimeria  Conrad. 

C.         excavata  Morton L. 

C         densata  Conrad L. 

C.         depi'essa  Conrad L. 

C.         Heilprini  Wiiffield L. 

C.  spissa  Conrad , L. 

Genus  DosiNiA  Scopoli. 

D  ?         erecta  Whitfield L. 

D.  Gab])i  Whitfield L. 


262  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Family  VENERID^E— Continued. 
Genus  Tenea  Conrad. 

T.         pinguis  Conrad L. 

Family  PETRICOLIDiE. 

Genus  Petricola  Lamarck 

P.         Nova-^g}T)tica  Whitfield U. 

Family  TELLINID.^. 

Genus  TrLiisir.iiA  Conrad. 

T.         eborea L. 

Genus  LiNEAEiA  Conrad 

L.         contracta  Whitfield L. 

L.         metastriata  Conrad  — L. 

Genus  ^EoRA  Conrad. 

A.         cretacea  Conrad L. 

Genus  ^NONA  Conrad. 

A.         Eufaulensis  Conrad L. 

A.         papyria  Conrad L. 

Genus  CoEiMYA  Agassis. 

C.  tenuis  Whitfield L. 

Family  DONACINID^. 

Genus  DoNAX  Linnaeus. 

D.  Fordi  Lea L. 

Family  MACTRID^. 

Genus  Veleda  Conrad. 

V.         sequilatera  Whitfield. 

V.         lintea  Conrad -  .L. 

V.         nasuta  Whitfield U. 

V.         tellinoides  Whitfield L. 

V.         transversa  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Gnathodon  Bang. 

G.         tenuidens  Whitfield P.  C. 

Family  ANATINID^. 

Genus  Pholadomya  Sowerhy. 

P.         occidentalis  Morton L. 

P.         Roemeri  Whitfield L. 


CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  SPECIES.  263 

Family  ANATINIDtE— Continued. 
Genus  Peeiplomya  Conrad. 

P.         elliptica  Conrad L. 

P.         truncata  Whitfield U. 

Genus  Ceecomya  Agassiz. 

C.         peculiaris  Conrad L. 

Family  CORBULID^. 
Genus  CoRBULA  Brug. 

C.         crassiplica  Gabh L. 

C.         Foulki  Lea - L. 

C.         subcompressa  Gahh  . . L 

C.         (Ne^ra)  nasutoid.es  Whitfield E. 

Genus  Ne^ra  Gray. 

N.         gequivalvis  Whitfield JS. 

Family  SAXICAVID^. 

Genus  Panopea  Menard. 

P.         elliptica  Whitfield U. 

P.         decisa  Conrad L. 

Family  SOLENIDiE. 

Genus  SoLTMA  Conrad. 

S.         lineolata  Conrad - . .   L. 

Genus  Leptosolen  Conrad. 

L.         biplicata  Conrad L. 

Genus  Legumen  Conrad. 

L.         appressum  Conrad L. 

L.         planulatum  Conrad L. 

Genus  SiLiQUA  Muhlfeld. 

S.         cretacea  Gdbh -. 

Family  PHOLADID^. 

Genus  Pholas  Linnaeus. 

P.         cithara  Morton L. 

P.  ?       lata  Whitfield L. 

Genus  Martesia  Leach. 

M.         (Pholas)  cretacea  Gahh L 

Genus  Parapholas  Conrad. 

P.         Kneiskerni  Whitfield E. 


264  PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEKSEY. 

Family  TEREDID^. 

Genus  Teredo  Linnceiis. 

T.         emacerata  Whitfield E. 

T.         irregularis  Gahh L. 

T.         tibialis  Morton M. 

Family  GASTROCH^NID^. 
Genus  Gastroch^na  Spengler. 

G.         Americana  Gobi) M. 

Genus  Clavagella  Lamarck. 

C.         armata  Morton L. 


IISTDEX. 


Page. 

Acantkocardimn  Eufaulensis 132 

iE^•o^'A  Eafaulensis 168 

papyria 168 

^ORAcretacea 167 

Alectrioni  A  linguafelis 223 

Amboxicardia 24 

Cookii 25 

Amusium  BurlingtonensiH 53 

Ciinradi 52 

simplicum 51 

Anatina  elliptica 177 

Anatixid^ 175,220 

Anodoxta  corpnlentoides 252 

grandoides 251 

Anomia  argentaria 42 

■micronema 42 

oibliqua 42 

tellinoides 43 

AxoMiiDiE : : 42 

APHROriNA  Tippana 154 

Ahca 82 

altirostds 82 

Eufaulensis 83 

multiradiata 94 

qtiindecimradiata 208 

rostellata 91 

Saffordi 87 

uniopsis 92 

Arcid^ .82,199,208 

asiphokida 29 

AsT^A  RTE  annosa 26 

castauella 231 

corhicula 128 

crenulirata 128 

octolirata 127 

paralis 126 

planimarginata 232 

vetu 23 

veta   231 

AsTARTiUiE   23, 124,  209,  231 

Avicula  abrupta .., 72 

annosa 226 

laripes 68, 69 

petrosa 68 

AXINEA .99,230 

alta   101 

australis 99 

Conradi 230 

hamula 99 


Page. 

AxiNEA  Mortoni 99 

rotunda 99 

subaustralis 99 

Ba ACHIOPODA 5,  6 

Breviarca 87 

Saffordi 87 

Bucardia  veta 218 

Conradi 200 

Callista 153,  232 

Delawarenais 1 53 

C  AMPTONECTEB 56 

bellisculptilis 53 

Burlingtonensia 53 

parvus 55 

Cardiid^ 132,214,236 

C  ARDITA 209.  232 

Brittoni 233 

deci^a .' 145 

intermedia 209 

perantiqua  232 

subquadrata 232 

Cakdium 132 

(Ckiocabdium)  dumosmn 133 

elega^itula 141 

Eufaulenais 132 

{Trachycardium)  Eufaulensis 132 

linteutn 172 

(Criocardium)  multiradiatum 135 

■miiltiradiatum 135 

(Protocardium)  perelongatum ]3G 

protextum 140 

K-ipleyanum  ^ 132 

Ripley  ense 1 32 

Eipleyense 133 

SpilVmani 136 

C ARY ATis  Delawarense 153,  237 

ovalis 237 

?veta 218 

Cercomya  peculiaris 178 

C  H  AMIDiE 131 

Chlamys  craticnlum 49 

venuntum 45 

CiBOTA  cretacea 94 

multiradiata 94 

obesa 93 

rostellata , 91 

uniopsia 92 

Clavagella  armata 192 

Clavipkolas  pectorosa 187 

265 


266 


INDEX. 


Page. 

CORBICULA  annosa 26 

emacerata 26 

COEBULA 178,239 

crassiplica 178 

Foulki 180 

nasutoides 239 

perbrecis 178 

subcompressa 180 

CORBUUD^ 178, 239 

CORIMYA. 170 

tenuis 170 

Ceassatella 115,209,234 

alta 234 

Carolinensis HC 

Conradi 209 

cuneata 118 

curta 209 

Delawarensi3 119,210 

lintea 116 

littoralis 212 

ilonmouthensis 119 

obliquata 235 

perplana 123 

pleuronema 212 

prora 120 

pteropsis 118 

rhombea 213 

Mipleyana 116 

subplana 121 

transversa 122 

Tadosa 116 

Ckassatellid^ 115 

Crasiiina  veta 231 

Ckiocakdiusi  dumosTun 133 

niultiradiatam 133 

nucleolus --■  214 

Ctenoides  acutilineata 62 

denticuticosta 63 

pelagica 61 

reticulata 63 

Cucullcea  antrosa 96 

nefjlecta 96 

terminalis 98 

Tippana 95 

transversa   - 89 

transversalis 89 

vulgaris 98 

Cultellus  cretaceits 186 

Ci/clas  crctacca 129 

Oymbophora  lintea 172 

-CYilELLA 142 

Meeki 142 

-CT2fCrCL0J;EMA 50 

Burlinfjtonensis 53 

?  perlamellosa  50 

simplicia 51,  52 

<;;rrKiiiEi;iA 156 

alta 157 

cretacea 156 

cretaeensis 156 

densata — 157 

depressa 156 

escavata 159 

Heilprini 160 

spissa 160 

-GTPRiNlDiE 24, 144,  21 5 


Page. 

Cythere  excavata 159 

DiANCHORA 58 

echinata 58 

DiCERAS  dactyloides 131 

DlMYARlA 82 

Dione  Delatvarensis 153,237 

Tippana 154 

Diplodonta  paralis < 163 

DiPLOSCHIZA 43 

cretacea 43 

DONACINID^ 171 

DONAX  Fordi 171 

DOSINIA 161 

densata 157 

dep  ressa 156 

donata 157, 159 

? electa  162 

excavata 159 

Gabbi 161 

Haddonfiddensis 156 

Etea  Delawarensis 210 

Momnouthensis 119 

prora 120 

transversa 122 

EXOGTRA 39 

Americana 39 

costata 39 

lateralis 194 

torosa 39 

Fragilla  elegantula 141 

protexta 140 

Fkagum 139 

teDuistriatum 139 

FULVIA 139 

tenuis. 139 

Gastroch^sa  Americana 203 

Gastroch^nid^ 192, 203 

Gervillia  ensiformis 73 

Gervilliofsis 73 

tnsiformis 73 

minima : 74 

Glossus  Conradi 200 

Glycimeris  decisa 181 

Ga'athodon  tenuidena 27 

Goniosoma  inflata 144, 147, 148 

GOULDIA 124 

Conradi 125 

crenuUrata 128 

decemaaria 124 

declivis 126 

paralis 126 

Grtph^a 36, 194,  224 

aucella 37 

Bryani 206 

■var.  precedens 194 

convexa 36,  37 

digitata^Bir.Tucumcarii 36 

lateralis 194 

mutahilis 36 

Pitcberi 36 

Tucumcarii 36 

vesicularis 36,  224 

var.  aucella *. 36,  37 

Tar.  navia 36,  3 S 

var.  navicella 38 

Gryph^a  wmer 194 


INDEX. 


267 


Page. 

GsTPHMOBTRE A  lateralis 195 

vomer 195 

Heteromyakia 64 

IDOKEARCA 95,199 

antrosa 96 

capax 95 

compressirostra 199 

medians 199 

TiegUcta 96 

Tippana 95 

transversa 89 

vnlgaris 98 

Inocebamus 75 

Balchi "6 

Barabini ^^ 

circularis '^6 

confertim-annulatus 76 

convexus ''^6 

Cripsii "^5 

Nebracensis 76 

peculiaris  [cekcomya] 1 S8 

perovalis SO 

pro-obliquus 80 

prosimus -  -  -  "^^ 

Sagensis ''6 

Tar.  qnadrans  - .  - 79 

Vanuxemi 76 

Integripalltata 29 

isocardia 200 

Conradi 200 

ISOCARDID^ 200 

.  Janira  2lortoni 56 

Lcevieardium  SpillTnani 136 

Xamellibeanchiata 19 

from  Ibe  Plastic  Clay 22 

Lower  Marls 29 

Middle  Marls 194 

base  of  tbe  Upper  Marls 205 

Eocene  Marls 222 

JLeda  angulata 84 

longifrons 107 

pinniforma lOS 

protexta 105, 106, 109 

Slackiana 103 

suhangulatwm 84 

Legumes  , 184 

appressum 184, 185 

elliplicam   1S4 

planata ]  84 

Ijlanulatmu 184 

Leptosolen 183 

biplicata 183 

lAma  a&utUineata 62 

pelagica _ 61 

reticulata 63 

.LlSEARIA 165 

contracta 167 

metastriata 165 

LlOPISTHA 140 

elegaotula 141 

inflata 142 

protexta 140 

LiTHODOMUS 66 

affinia 66 

?  inflata 197 

.XiTHODOMUs  Eipleyanns 67 


Page. 

Lithophagus - 66 

aMnis 66,  67 

Ripleyanus .■*: 66,  67 

LUCINA 129 

cretacea 129 

pinguis 163 

Smockana 130 

LUCINIDJE 129 

Macrodon  Eufaulensis 83 

MACTRlDiE 172,217,238 

Maetesla 190 

citbara 187 

(Pholab)  cretacea 190 

MELiEGRLSELLA 71 

abmpta 72 

Meretrix  Tippana 154 

MODIOLA 14,197,207 

Eurlingtonensis 65 

infiata 197 

Jobnsoni 2u7 

Julia 64 

o  vata 197 

MOSOMl'ARIA 29 

Mysia  gibbosa 163 

Mttilid^ .64,197,207 

MXTILUS 64 

oblivins   64 

Ne^ha 239,240 

a^quivalvis 240 

nasntoides 239 

Xeithea 56 

Mortoni .- 56 

quinquecostata. 5G 

Nemoarca 86 

cretacea 86 

JijEMODOX 83 

angalatum 84 

brevifrons 85 

Eufaulensis £3 

KUCULA 102,227 

circe 227 

Monmoutbensis 102 

percrassa 102, 103 

percrassa 103 

pcrequalis 104 

Slackiana 103 

:N"ucula:n"a  albaria 228 

albaria 106 

angulaiuin 84 

compressifrons 109 

Gabbana 106 

longifrons   107 

pinnaformis 108 

protexta 105 

protexta 106 

Slackiana 103 

subangulatum 84 

NUCULARIA Ill;  229 

papyiia Ill 

secunda 229 

NucuuDJE    102, 227 

Ospriosolen  cretacea 186 

OsTKEA .29,205,222 

AmeHcana 39 

Bryani 206 


268 


INDEX. 


Page. 

OsTREA  con  vexa 36 

cvenuliraarffinata 30 

denticulifera 29 

faJcata 34 

glaDditbmiia 205 

glauconoidea 222 

larva 34 

var.  nasuta. 36 

(Alect rioDia)  linguafelis , 223 

mesenterica 34 

pnuda 30 

pellacida 34 

plnniosa. 31 

suhalata 34 

snbspatulata 32 

tecticosta 33 

torosa 39 

iirticosa 61 

resicidan€ 36 

OSTREID.E 29,194,205,222 

PACHYCARDa'M 138 

Bnrlingtonensis 138 

Panofea 181, 219 

decisa 181 

elliptica 219 

Fapyridia  elegantula 140, 1 41 

profexta 140 

Paraxomia 44 

scabra 44 

lineata 45 

Parapholas 241 

Kjaeiskemi 241 

Pectex ; 45,224 

BurlingtoneTisis 53 

(Chlamts)  craticnlus 49 

Kneiskerni 224 

planicostatas 48 

(Stxcyclo.)  perlamellosus „ 50 

quadncostatiis 56 

quinquecostaius 56 

q^uinquenarius 47 

Eigbyi 226 

{SyneyclmieTna)  simplicujn 51 

simplictis 51,  52 

tenuitestus 47 

Tenustus 45 

Pectenii>^ 45,224 

Pebiplomya 177,220 

elliptica 177 

truDcata 220 

Perissoxata 110 

protext-a 110 

Ferna  Julia 64 

0}>ata 197 

Peteicola  iSTova-^gyptica 216 

PETEICOLID^ 216 

Pholadid^ 187,  241 

Pholadomya ; 175 

occideDtali3 175 

Eoemeri 176 

Pholas 187 

cithara 187 

cretaceua 190 

lata 186 

pectorosa 187 


Page. 
PlNKA 81,198 

laqneata 81 

rostriformis 198 

PlNXlD.E 81 

Placuna  lintea 44 

scabra 44 

Placunomia  lintea 4+ 

scabra 44 

Placunanomya  lintea 44 

scabra 44 

Plagiostoma  ecMnatum 59 

gregalis .  * 57 

pelagica .• Gl 

Plicatula  Gl 

urticosa 61 

Polorlh  us  A^nericana 203 

irregularis 191 

tibialis 201 

PUOTOCARDIUM .136,236 

curtum 236 

lintcum 172 

perelongatum 136 

Pseudamusium.  simplicwni 51 

Ptehia 68 

laripes 69 

navicula 70 

petrosa 68 

Pteriidje 68,198 

Pycnodonta  vesicularis 3G 

Radula 61 

acutilineata 62 

denticuticosta 63 

pelagica 61 

reticulata 63 

Sangiiinolaria  cretacea 156 

Saxicatid^ 181,219 

SCAMRUr.A 123 

perplana 123 

SiLiQUA  cretacea 186 

Siliquaria  biplieata 186 

SiXUOPALUATA 153 

SiPHOXID  A 115 

Solemya  planulata 184 

Solexid^ 182 

SOLTMA 182 

lineolata 182 

SPHiERIOLA 152 

timbonata 152 

Spoxdyled^ 57 

Spoxuylus 57 

capax 59 

echinatus -  59 

gi-egalis 57 

Syncycloxema 52 

Burlingtonenais 53 

perlameUosa 50 

?  simpUcia  51 

?  simplicus 51 

Tellimera 164 

eborea 164 

chorea 164 

Tellina  densata 157 

ehorea 164 

EufauleTisis 168 

TELLIXID2E 104 


INDEX, 


269 


Tenea 163 

paralis 163 

pinguis 163 

Tekebratella 12 

plicata 12 

Tanuxemi 14 

Terebratula 6 

Atlantica 9 

Atlantica 6 

camella 6 

lacryma 10 

jtorida-na 11 

fragilis,  var ■. 7 

glossa 9 

Halliana 9 

Harlani 6 

var.  fragilis 7 

perovalis 8 

plicata 12 

Sayi 12 

suhfragilis 6 

Yanuxemi 14 

Terebeatulina 9 

Atlantica 9 

fioridana 11 

Halliana 9 

lachryma 12 

Teredid^ 191,201,242 

Teredo  eniacerata 191,201,242 

irregularis 191 

tibialis 201 

Tkachi'cardium 136 

Evfaidensis 132 

Trigoxarca S8 

cuneiformis 88 

Ei{falensis 83 

passa 84 

Saffordi 87 

transversa 89 

Trigosia 112 

cenilea 114 

Eufaulensis 113 

"Uortoni , 112 

thoracica 112 

Trigonid^ 112 

Ukio 244 

alatoides 249 


Page. 

Unio  cariosoides = 247 

liamerosoides 248 

ligamentinoides 249 

nasutoides 244 

pra:'anodontoides 250 

radiatoides 245 

rectoides 250 

EoaDoliOides 248 

subrotuudoides 246 

TJnioxiDjE 244 

Uperotis  contorta 191 

Veleda 172.217.238 

a^quilatera --8 

lintea 172 

nasuta 217 

rhom  boidea 215 

tellinoides 173 

transversa 174 

Ye7iericardia  perantiqua 232 

Venerium 153,218,237 

Yeniella 144, 215 

Conradi 144 

decisa 145 

elevata 144,147,148 

inflata U7 

rhomboidea 215 

subovalis 150 

trapezoidea 1 51 

trigona 149 

Yenilia 144, 145 

Conradi 144 

rhomboidea 215 

siibovali'i 150 

trapezoidea 151 

trigona 149 

Yenus  Hipleyana 153 

Yenericardia  perantiqua 232 

Vetericardia 128 

crenulirata 128 

octolirata 127 

Yetocardia ----       127 

crenulirata 128 

octolirata 127 

Yola  2lorto?ii 56 

Toldia  albaria 105,228 

compressi/rons 109 

protexta 105,228 


PLATE    I. 

Page. 

Terkbratella  Vanuxemi  Lyell  and  Forbes 14 

Fig.  1.  Dorsal  view  of  a  speeimeu  whicli  is  rather  coarsely  plicated. 

2.  Profile  view  of  the  same. 

3.  View,  enlarged  one  and  a  half  diameters,  of  a  finely  plicated  form. 

4.  A  ventral  valve  shovcing  bifurcating  plications. 

Terebuatell.v  plicata  Say 12 

Fig.  5.  Dorsal  view  of  a  large  individual. 

6.  Profile  view  of  the  same. 

7.  Ventral  view  of  a  different  individual  of  large  size. 

8.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  portion  of  the  last  one  to  show  the  form  of  the  foramen 

and  plates. 

9.  Enlarged  view  of  a  dorsal  valve  showing  the  loop  and  its  connection. 
TerebratulijSta  Atlantica  Morton 9 

Fig.  10.  Dorsal  view  of  a  cast  showing  very  fine  strisB  and  a  flattened  dorsal  valve. 

11.  Coi)y  of  Conrad's  figure  of  T.  glossa. 

12.  Profile  of  a  smaller  crushed  specimen. 

13.  Dorsal  view  of  a  specimen  from  Parmingdale,  N.  J. 

Terebratulina  lachryma  Morton 12 

Fig.  14.  Enlarged  dorsal  view  of  a  specimen  from  Charleston,  S.  C,  introduced  for  com- 
parison with  the  last. 

Terebratula  Harlani  var.  fragilis  Morton 7 

Fig.  15.  Dorsal  view  of  a  cast  of  a  young  shell  showing  the  strong  plications  at  this  age. 

16.  Profile  view  of  the  same. 

17.  Dorsal  view  of  a  specimen  of  the  normal  form. 

IS.  Dorsal  view  of  a  partial  cast  showing  an  extremely  narrow  form. 

Terebratula  Harlani  var.  perovalis  Morton 8 

Fig.  19.  Dorsal  view  of  a  half-grown  shell  of  T.  Harlani  possessing  the  features  ascribed 
to  this  variety. 

Terebratula  Harlani  Morton 8 

Figs.  20-22.  Three  views  of  a  full-grown  specimen  from  near  NeAv  Egypt,  N.  J.,  showiug 
the  absence  of  plications  which  are  sometimes  very  distinct  in  as  large  ones 
as  this. 
23.  View  of  the  interior  of  the  dorsal  valve  with  the  loop  attached.     The  figure  is 
restored  from  several  specimens,  but  not  exaggerated. 

270 


U.S. GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY'. 


MONOGRAPH    iX  .   PlAI  L 


I. AD    ana  RPW  del 


T  Sinclair  *  Soil  Fmla 


BRACH I OPODA  . 

(cretaceous    and    tertiary.) 


PLATE    II, 

Page. 
AsTARTE  VETA  Courad 2!! 

Fig.  1.  Copy  of  Sir.  Conrad's  figure  from  tlie  Am.  Jour.  Conch. 
CoRBicuLA  ANNOSA  Conrad's  sp 26 

Fig.  2.  Left  side  of  a  specimen  from  Sayers  &  Fislier's  clay  bant. 

3.  Left  view  of  a  larger  .siiecimen  sliowing  the  form  more  distinctly. 

4.  Antero-cardinal  view  of  tlie  same. 

CORBICULA  EMACERATA  Whitfield 26 

Fig.  5.  Left  view  of  tlic  most  perfect  specimen  seen. 
6.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 
GN.VrHODOX  TENUIDENS  Whitiield 27 

Fig.  7.  Right  view  of  a  very  complete  specimen  showing  the  general  form,  and  also  marks 
of  a  lateral  tooth. 
8.  Posterior  view  of  the  same. 
9  and  10.  Views  of  a  smaller  specimen. 

Ajibonicaedia  Cookii  Whitfield 26 

Fig.  11.  Left  side  of  a  large  specimen. 

12.  Cardinal  view  of  another  individual. 

13.  Anterior  view  of  the  sj)ecimen  fig.  12. 

14.  Anterior  profile  view  of  a  partial  cast  showing  the  evidence  of  a  tooth  in  the  left 

valve  and  a  part  of  the  pallial  line  on  the  right. 

273 


U    S, GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH     IX,     PLATE     i! 


;.AD    a^d  RPW  del 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  AT  A 


PL  AST  I  i:     CLAN'S  i 


PLATE    III. 

Page 
OSTREA  TECTICOSTA  Gabb 33: 

Fig.  1.  Exterior  of  the  type  specimen. 
2,  lutei'ior  of  the  same. 

OsTKEA  LAKVA  vai.  NASDTA  Morton 34 

Fig.  3.  A  specimen  showing  more  than  the  usual  number  of  plications. 
4.  Anotlier  intlividual  with  few  plications. 

OSTEE A  LAKVA  Lamarck 34 

Fig.  5.  Eight  side  of  a  specimen  of  the  usn.al  character. 

6.  Opjiosite  side  of  the  same. 

7.  Interior  of  a  specimen  showing  very  many  plications. 

OSTKEA   PENTICULIFEKA  Coniad 29 

Fig.  8.  Exterior  of  a  specimen  identified  and  labeled  by  Mr.  Conrad,  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
9.  Interior  of  the  same. 

OSTREA  CItENUtlMARGINATA  Gabb 30 

Fig.  10.  Exterior  view  of  a  single  valve  from  Marlborough,  N.  J. 
11.  luterior  view  of  the  same. 
OsTREA  PLUiMOSA  Morton 31 

Fig.  12.  View  of  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimen. 
13.  View  of  a  more  elongate  specimen. 

OsTREA  SUBSPATULATA  ?  Lyell 3£l 

Fig.  14.  View  of  a  cast  which  is  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species. 
GRYPHiEA  VESICULAEIS  Lamarck 36- 

Fig.  15.  Exterior  view  of  a  specimen  of  the  form  described  by  Dr.  Morton  as  0.  convexa. 
16.  View  of  the  upper  side  of  a  smaller  form  without  the  lateral  extension.     See  Plate 
III,  Fig.  2. 

274 


.U    S   GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY, 


MONOGRAPH    i:-C       PLATE    ill. 


L  A  D  owe  ,  del 


T  Sinclair  &  Son  Hiila 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(CR  ETACEOUS    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS.) 


PLATE    IV. 

Page. 
Gryph^a  vesicdlaris  Lamarck 36 

Fig.  1.  Exterior  view  of  ii  specimen  which  somewhat  appronches  G.  Pilcheri  in  form. 

2.  View  of  the  upper  side  of  the  same. 

3.  View  of  the  upper  side  of  a  large  llat  form  having  a  deep  lateral  channel.     See 

PI.  V,  Fig.  2,  for  profile. 

DiPLOSCniZA  CRETACEA  Courad 43 

Figs.  4  and  .'i.  Views  of  a  broad  specimen  doiilitfiilly  of  the  species. 
6-8.   Copies  of  Mr.  Conrad's  lignres  of  the  type  of  the  species. 

AxoMiA  AHGEXTAKIA  Morton 4^ 

Fig.  9.  View  of  a  larjie  specimen  referred  to  tills  species. 

10.  View  of  a  valve  having  the  specific  niarldugs  described  by  Dr.  Morton. 

11.  An  enlar/jement  of  the  surface  of  the  s^ame. 

AXOMIA  TELi.ixoiDES  Mortem -t;! 

Fig.  12.   View  of  a  group  of  lower  valves  of  this  species. 

13.  Ui)per  Kurlaee  of  a  cast  of  both  valvi's,  showing  the  form  of  the  perforation  and 
indistinct  wrinkles  near  tho  border  of  the  valve. 

276 


iEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


MOMOC-o.^.^H  P^A^E    ,V 


Vi^.^ 


»;, 


■i^- 


•  p-A'h.i-.field  de". 


LAM  ELL  I  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(CR  ETACEOUS    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS.) 


T  Sinclair  *  Son  Ph-!a 


PLATE    V. 

GRYPHiEA  VESICULARIS  Lamarck 36 

Fig.  1.  Upper  view  of  a  large  flat  specimen  of  the  form  known  under  the  generic  name 
Pi/cnodonta. 

2.  Lateral  view  of  tLe  specimen  shown  on  Plate  IV,  Fig.  3,  showing  the  convexity 

and  the  depth  of  the  lateral  sinuosity. 

3.  Lateral  view  of  the  specimen,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  16. 

278 


U    S   GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH     IX  .    =LA^E 


-^^. 

-^^ 


.  .>■  V/nilfie'ia.  dei. 


LA  WELL  I  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(cretaceous    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS. 


PLATE  VI. 

Pago. 
ExoGYRA  cosTATA  Say 39 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  upjjer  side  of  a  characteristic  specimen  of  the  species. 
2.  Opposite  side  of  the  same. 

280 


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BJ 

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CD 
CD 

m 
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r 
o 
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o 
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33 

> 

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H 
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PLATE    VII. 

Page. 

■PECTEN  VENUSTUS   MortOQ - 45 

Fig.    1.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  right  valve  enlarged  to  two  diameters. 

2.  Enlarged  view  of  a  right  valve,  preserving  the  shell,  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 
:>.  View  of  a  left  valve.  The  curved  lines  indicate  the  degree  of  convexity. 
4.  Enlarged  view  of  the  liinge  of  the  specimen,  Fig.  '.i. 

Pectisn  tenditestus  Gabb- 4 

Fig.  5.  View  of  a  ioft  valve,  the  shell  preserved. 

6.  View  of  another  left  valve,  showing  a  different  degree  of  ornamentation. 

Pecten  (Syncyclonkm.4.?)  perlamellosus  Whitfield 50 

Fig.  7.  View  of  the  specimen  described,  natural  size. 

Ajiusium  Conradi  Whitfield 59 

Fig.  8.  View,  enlarged,  of  a  left  valve  showing  indistinct  radii. 

9.  Enlarged  view  of  a  right  valve  showing  the  concentric  lines. 

10.  Enlargement  of  the  concentric  lining  of  the  right  valve. 

Amtjsium  siMPLicuii  Conrad ."'1 

Figs.  11  and  1"2.  Enlarged  views  of  specimens  of  this  species  from  Eufanla,  Ala.,  the  typical 
locality  of  the  species.     The  lines  between  these  figures  show  the  convexity. 

PECTEN  QUiN-QUENAKius  Conrad - 47 

Fig.  13.  View  of  a  small  right  valve  from  the  limestone  nodules  at  Marlborough,  N.  J. 
14  and  13.  Impressions  in  fine  micaceous  clay,  from  Freehold. 
16.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  from  Fig.  14. 

Pecten  (Chlamys)  CRATICUMS  Morton 4D 

Figs.  17  and  18.  Views  of  Dr.  Morton's  type,  the  largest  fragment  I  have  seen  of  the  spe- 
cies. 

282 


,U  ,S  GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY^ 


MONOGRAPH    lY      PLATE    VU, 


t 


%, 


fl»yl 


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X 


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Mm 


'"hii 


■% 


'^    6- .:_-.-^ 


TT.   T 


T  SitLcldir  A  Sou  Phiic 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 
(cretaceous   -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS 


PLATE  VIII. 

Pago. 

Camptonbctes  PAitvus  Whitfield •'io 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  left  valve.    Enlarged  three  rliameters.    The  curved  line  shows  the  con- 
vexity of  the  valve. 
2.  Enlargement  of  the  surface,  showing  tlie  impressed  and  interrupted  striiB. 

Camptonectes  Bdrlingtonensis  Gabh oS 

Fig.  3.  View  of  left  valve  of  a  small  shell. 

4.  An  enlargement  of  the  surface  of  the  same,  showing  its  fealiires. 

5.  A  right  valve  of  similar  size. 

6.  An  enlargement  of  the  surface  of  the  same  from  near  the  uiaigin.     Both  this  and 

the  last  are  from  the  typical  specimens  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  in  the  description 
of  C  hellisculptus. 

7.  View  of  a  large  imperfect  valve  from  Freehold,  retaining  a  part  of  the  shell. 

8.  View  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type,  which  is  a  cast  from  Bnrliiigtou,  N.  J. 

9.  View  of  a  small  valve,  showing  the  striic,  from  Freehold. 

PeCTBN  PLANICOSTATOS  Whitfield 48 

Fig.  10.  View  of  a  left  valve,  showing  the  smooth  flattened  libs 

11.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  showing  the  form  of  rib,  a-nd  the  fine,  even,  concen- 
tric strise. 

Neithea  QUiNQUECOSTATA  Lamarck 56 

Figs.  12  and  13.  Views  of  a  very  large  lower  valve  of  the  species;  being  only  a  cast  and 

imperfect,  it  does  not  fully  show  the  features  of  the  ribs. 
F"ig.  14.  View  of  a  small  upper  valve,  from  a  gutta-percha  impression  in  the  natural  mold, 
Holmdel,  N.  J. 

284 


.'j.s  geolog;c/>l    survey. 


MONOGRAPH    IX      PLATE  VII 


ili>  S      ,   \ 


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/./: 


I  \ 


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L  A.Dowe  ,  de) . 


TSmclaxr  5  Son  PmU 


LAMELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(CR  ETACEOUS   -  LOWER     MARL    BEDS.) 


PLATE   IX. 

Page. 
Plicatula  URTicosA  Morton 61 

Fig.  1.  Vipvv  of  a  specimen  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 

2.  View  of  a  diflerent  individual,  sliowiug  considerable  variation  in  surface  characters 
from  the  last. 

Radula  pelagica  Morton 61 

Fig.  3.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  specimen  preserving  a  portion  of  the  shell,  and  show- 
ing angular  plications;  from  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

4.  View  of  a  smaller  shell,  entire,  with  rounded  plications,  from  the  limestone  nodules 

at  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

5.  Posterior  view  of  a  specinen  from  Holmdel,  showing  the  curvature  of  the  shell. 
E.ADOLA  ACOTILINEATA  Conrad 62 

Fig.  6.  Enlarged  view  of  a  shell  from  Haddondeld,  N.  J.,  showing  the  narrow  radii. 
7.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  of  the  same. 

Radula  reticulata  Lyell  and  Forbes 6'i 

Fig.  8.  A  view,  enlarged  to  two  diameters,  of  a  shell  from  Upper  Freehold,  N.  J. 
9.  Profile  view  of  the  same,  showing  its  convexity. 

Paranomia  lixeata  Conrad 45 

Fig.  10.  View  of  an  upper  valve  of  this  species,  imperfect  at  the  upper  edge. 

Spoxdylus  grkgalis  Morton 57 

Figs.  11  and  12.  Views  of  a  very  fair  lower  valve  of  large  size,  showing  the  features  very 
perfectly.  The  shell  shows  a  perforation  made  by  some  boring  mollusk  during 
life. 

286 


OLOGICAL     SUHVtY. 


MONOGRAPH,      '■       Pi.ATE     !X. 


,   ■'^> 


--v-^- 


.  AXow..  ,  ie: 


T  Sinclair  5-  Sor..Phila 


LAMELLl  BRANCHI  ATA  . 

(CR ETACEOUS    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS, 


PLATE   X. 

Page, 

Spondylus  gk?;galis  Morton 5',' 

Fig.  1.  View  of  llie  upper  side  of  a  cast  showing  the  muscular  scar.     From  Upper  Free- 
hold, N.  J. 
2.  View  of  the  lower  side  of  a  smaller  specimen. 

DiASCHOKA  ECHlXATA  Morton 59 

Figs.  3-5.  Three  views  of  a  nearly  entire  upper  valve  preserving  the  surface  .struct  nrc,  and 
the  margins  of  the  foramen  entire.     Morton's  type. 
6.  A  young  lower  valve  having  a  fragment  of  foreign  shell  attached  at  the   apex. 
Holmdel,  N.  J. 
,  7.  View  of  lower  valve  attached  to  Exogijra  costata.     Freehold,  N.  J. 

8.  View  of  a  similar  valve  attached  to  Gnjjiha^a  rcsicidaris. 

9.  Cardinal  view  of  a  specimen  preserving  the  lower. valve  and  part  of  the  upper, 

the  most  of  the  latter  being  internal  cast. 

Parauomia.  scabra  Morton 44 

Fig.  10.  View  of  the  type  specimen  of  Dr.  Morton.     I  have  seen  no  entire  individual  valves, 
and  only  a  few  other  fragments. 

288 


r  Sinclair  »  Son  Pnuc 


LAMEL-LiBRANCHIATA, 
(cretaceous  -lower    marl   beds  j 


PLATE    XI. 

Page. 
NUCULA  MONJIOUTHENSIS  Wliitfield 102 

Fig.  1.  View  ol'  a  left  valve,  natural  size. 

NucuLA  Slackiana  Gabb 103 

Fig  2.  View  of  the  right  side  of  the  type  specimen. 
3.  Left  valve  of  a  hirger  example. 

Nucui.a  percrassa  Conrad 102 

Fig.  4.  A''iew  of  a  specimeu  from  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls  near  Marl- 
borough, N.  J. 
5  and  6.  Views  of  a  cast  supposed  to  be  from  Haddonfield. 

NuccLANA  pixnaformis  Gabb 108 

Fig.  7.  View  of  the  type  specimen,  enlarged  three  diameters. 

8.  View  of  a  more  elougated  form,  presumably  of  the  same  species,  enlarged  four  diam- 
erei's. 

Nccur.AXA  compressifroxs  Conrad 109 

Fig.  9.  View  (if  ooe  of  the  type  specimens  greatly  enlarged. 

NucfLAXA  pnoTEXTA  Gabb ■ 105 

l-'ig.  10.  Viewof  the  specimen  figured  by  Mr.  Gabl)  as  the  type  of  the  species,  partially  restored. 

Nucui.AXA  Garcaxa  Whitfleld 106 

Fig.  11.  View  of  a  small  individual  corresponding  to  Mr.  Gabb'a  figure. 

12  and  13.  Viei\s  of  the  specimen  from  Princeton.  College;  both  enlarged. 

PERiiisoxoTA  PROTEXTA  Conrad 110 

Fig.  14.  Enlarged  view  of  ihe  type  specimen. 
1.0.  A  flirt  hi-r  enlargement  of  the  hinge. 

Ntjcui.axa  loxgifroxs  Conrad 107 

lig.  Ui.  Exterior  of  one  of  the  type  specimens. 

17.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  showing  the  teeth. 

Ndcularia  papyri  a  Conrad Ill 

Fig.  18.  View  of  a  shell  enlarged. 

19.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  right  valve,  enlarged. 

20.  Enlargement  of  a  fragment  preserving  a  few  of  the  teeth.     The  specimens  are  aU 

from  the  original  types. 

ClBOTA  multir.\diata  Gabb 94 

Fig.  21.  Left,  view  of  the  type  specimen,  natural  size. 
22.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

AsiXEA  MORTOXi  Conrad 99 

Fig.  2j.  Right  view  of  a  specimen  preserving  the  shell. 

24.  Caidin.ll  view  of  thi'  same. 

25.  A  cist  showing  the  character  of  the  teeth. 

AxiXEA  ALTA  Whitheld 101 

Fig.  26.  Lateral  view  of  a  east,  showing  the  elevated  heaks,  etc. 

27.  Profile  view  of  the  same. 

28.  View  of  a  cast  which  preserves  the  form  of  the  teeth  in  part. 

29.  View  of  a  similar  cast,  showing  the  crenulations  of  the  margin. 

ClBOTA  OHESA  Whitfit'id 93 

Fig.  30.  Eight  view  of  the  specimen  described. 
31.  Basal  view  of  the  same. 

CiBOTA  uxiorsis  Conrad -.-1 

Fig.  32.  Left  view  of  a  cast  of  the  species.     Collection  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  92 

History. 
33.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

ClBOTA  ROSTELLATA  Morton 91 

Fig.  34.  Right  view  of  a  characteristic  example  of  the  species  (a  cast). 

35.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

36.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  left  valve,  retaining  the  surface  features  more  distinctly 

marked  than  on  the  other. 
290 


rEOLOGiCAL     SURVEY 


MONOGRA-'H     :X 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA 

iVn  E'^'AC  E.01J3    -  -OWER    MAR.,     a 


PLATE    XII. 

Nemodon  brevifrons  Conrad 85 

Fig.  1.  View  of  a  specimen  identified  and  labeled  by  Mr.  Conrad,  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
2.  Enlarged  view  of  the  binge  of  the  same. 

Nemodon  Eufaulensis  Gabb 83 

Fig.  3.  View  of  a  partial  cast  from  the  limestone  nodules  of  the  Lower  Marls  at  Holmdel, 
N.J. 

4.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  of  the  same. 

5.  Enlargement  (two  diameters)  of  a  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  one  of  the 

types. 

Nemodon  angulatum  Gabb 84 

Fig.  6.  View  of  the  type  specimen,  natural  size. 
7.  Enlarged  cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Nemoarca  Cretacea  Conrad 86 

Fig.  8.  Enlargement  to  two  diameters  of  a  cast  from  the  iron  nodules  from  Keyport,  N.  J. 

9.  View  of  the  exterior  (tiiree  diameters)  of  one  of  the  type  specimens. 

10.  Diagram  of  the  hinge  of  the  same. 

BSEVIARCA  Saefordi  Gabb 87 

Fig.  11.  View  of  the  exterior,  natural  size,  of  one  of  the  type  specimens,  from  Haddonfield, 
N.  J. 
12.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  of  the  same. 

Arca  (Trigonarca)  transversa  Gabb 89 

Fig.  13.  Left  side  of  a  specimen  from  Mullica  Hill,  N.J. 

14.  Eight  view  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen. 

15.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

16.  View  of  a  small  cast,  more  angular  on  the  umbonal  ridge  than  the  others,  and 

showing  the  hinge  features. 

Trigonarca  cunf.iformis  Conrad 88 

Fig.  17.  Enlarged  view  of  the  exterior  of  the  type  specimen,  Haddonfield,  N.  J.  (seven 
diameters). 
18.  Outline  view  of  the  interior  of  the  same  equally  enlarged. 

Idonearca  Tippana  Conrad 95 

Fig.  19.  View  of  the  cast  of  a  left  valve  from  the  deep  out  of  the  Holmdel  and  Keyport 
turnpike,  N.  J. 

20.  Outline  profile  of  the  same,  showing  convexity. 

21.  Inside  of  a  valve  from  near  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala.,  to  show  the  hinge  features. 

Akca  ALTiROSTRis  Gabb 83 

Fig.  22.  Eight  view  of  the  original  type  of  the  species. 
23.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

292 


C-bCOLOGICAL 


MOMOGRAPH 


''xT^ 


Ms^ 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  AT  A. 
;TACEOLiS    -  LOWtR     MARL     BEDS 


PLATE    XIII. 

Page. 

Idoneauca  vulgauis  Mortou 98 

Fig.  1.  Lateral  view  of  a  cast  of  tbo  usual  form  of  tbo  species. 

2.  Anterior  profile  view  of  the  same. 

3.  Lateral  view  of  a  oast  of  an  old  aud  thickened  specimen. 

4.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

5.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  single  valve,  sliowiiig  the  outline  of  tlio  siicll  uud  teeth. 
Idonearca  antrosa  Mortou 90 

Fig.  6.  Lateral  view  of  a  cast  of  medium  size. 

7.  Anterior  i)rofilo  view  of  the  same. 

8.  Lateral  view  of  another,  larger  hut  imperfect  cast. 

9.  Anterior  profile  view  of  the  same. 

10.  View  of  the  exterior  of  a  specimen  from  the  limestone  uodules  from  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

This  is  the  form  described  by  Mr.  Gabb  as  /.  neglecta. 

11.  View  of  a  cast  which  retains  the  shell  on  one  valve  partially  showiug  the  teeth, 

which  are  represented  on  the  posterior  side  as  obtained  from  a  gutta-percha 
cast  iu  the  shell  of  the  opposite  valve. 

294 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  AT  A. 


PLATE    XIV. 

Page. 
Trigonia  Eufaulensis  Gabb 113 

Fig.  1.  Exterior  of  a  specimen  from  near  Eed  Bank,  N.  J.,  in  the  nollection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

3.  A  small  cast  from  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

4.  View  of  a  cast  from  Shultz's  Mills,  near  Long  Branch,  N.  J. 

Trigonia  Mortoni  Whitfield 112 

Fig.  5.  Left  view  of  au  internal  cast  of  the  usnal  form  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 
5a.  Cardinal  view  of  same. 

6.    View  of  an  imperfect  impression  of  the  left  side  as  obtained  from  a  gutta-percha 
cast  iu  the  natural  mold,  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

Trigonia  ceeulea  Whitfield 114 

Fig.  7.  View  of  a  right  valve,  natural  size,  showing  the  form  and  the  style  of  ribs  charac- 
teristic of  the  species. 

Pteri A  NAVICDLA  Whitfield 70 

Fig.  8.  View,  twice  enlarged,  of  the  type  specimen. 

Pteria  laripes  Morton  sp 69 

Fig.  9.  View  of  a  left  valve  of  this  species. 

Pteria  petrosa  Conrad's  sp 68 

Fig.  10.  View  of  an  iniperiect  cast  from  an  iron  nodule  from  Keyport,  N.  J. 

Mei,eagrinella  aurupta  Conrad  sp 72 

Fig.  11.  View  of  a  left  valve,  natural  size. 

12.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  from  the  same. 

13.  Enlargement  of  the  exterior  of  a  right  valve  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 

14.  Enlargement  of  the  interior  of  the  same  specimen. 

Inoceramus  Sagexsis  Owen 76 

Fig.  15.  View  of  an  imperfect  right  (coavex)  valve  from  the  iimestone  nodules  at  Ilolm- 
del,  N.  J. 

Inoceramus  Sagensis  var.  quadrans  Whitfield 79 

Fig.  16.  View  of  the  specimen  described. 

Inoceramus  pro-obliqua  Whitfield 80 

Fig.  17.  View  of  the  type  specimeu,  showing  its  features. 

296 


GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY, 


MONOGRAPH     iX       PLA  .  t 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA 


PLATE    XV. 

Page. 

Inoceramus  Sagensis  var.  VANUXnin 76 

Fig.  1.  View  of  a  left  valve  from  Keyport,  N.  J.     The  specimeu  is  quite  flat  with  the  undu- 
lations very  sharply  defined. 

iNocEnAAiDS  Sagensis  Owen 76 

Fig.  2.  View  of  an  imperfect  convex  right  valve  from  Keyport,  N.  J.,  with  broad,  rounded 
undulations.     There  are  spots  in  the  position  of  the  receding  muscular  scars. 

Inoceramus  Barabini  Morton 75 

Fig.  3.  View  of  an  imperfect  right  valve,  which  is  quite  convex,  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 

4.  View  of  a  specimen  from  Marlborough,  N.  J. 

5.  Cardinal  view  of  same,  showing  its  convexity. 

Inoceramus?  perovalis  Conrad 80 

Fig.  6.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  cast,  which  is  Mr,  Conrad's  type  of  the  species. 

Gervilliopsis  minima  Whitfield 74 

Fig.  7.  Enlarged  view  of  the  right  side  of  the  cast  described. 

Gervxlliopsis  ensiformis  Conrad 73 

Fig.  8.  View  of  the  inside  of  an  imperfect  left  valve,  showing  muscular  impressions,  area, 
etc.     The  anterior  end  is  slightly  restored  at  the  thickened  part. 
9.  Basal  view  of  the  anterior  end  of  the  large  specimeu  figured  on  Plate  X,  fig.  5,  show- 
ing the  anterior  openiog. 

10.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  large  left  valve,  showing  the  peculiar  muscular  scars ;  a,  ante- 

rior?; p,  posterior;  c  and  d,  probably  pedal  scar. 

11,  View  of  the  anterior  end  of  a  cast.     One  of  those  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  in  the  original 

description  of  the  species. 

298 


U   S  GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


M0f>10GRAPH     IX       PLATE     XV. 


► 


LA.L),  and  RPW.d^l 


V  Sinclair  *  Son  Phila 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA. 

(CR  ETACEOUS   -  LOWER     MARL     B  E  D  S  .j 


PLATE    XVI. 

Page 
Pinna  laqueata  Conrad 81 

Fig.  1.  Lattral  view  of  a  large,  imperfect  specimen  from  Burlington,  N.  J. 

2.  A  similar  view  of  a  smaller  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  retaining  the  out- 
line of  the  posterior  margin. 

Pinna  rosteiformis  Morton 198 

Fig.  3.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen  from  the  Middle  Marls  at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey. 
4.  Lateral  view  of  another  specimen  from  the  same  locality. 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformxs  Conrad's  sp 73 

Fig.  5.  View  of  a  large,  nearly  perfect  specimen  from  Woodbury,  Gloucester  County,  New 
Jersey. 

300 


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PLATE    XVII. 

Page. 

Mytilus  OBLivius  Whitfield 64 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  only  specimen  known,  natural  size. 
LiTHODOMUS  AFFINIS  Gabb 66 

Fig.  2.  Lateral  view  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen,  natural  size. 
3.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

LiTHODOMUS  KiPLEYANA  Gabb 67 

Fig.  4.  Lateral  view  of  a  very  entire  cast  of  a  shell,  showing  the  callus  at  the  posterior  end; 
one  of  the  originals. 
5.  View  of  a  group  of  the  burrows  which  have  been  made  in  wood,  from  Mulllca 
Hill,  N.  J. 

MoDiOLA  Julia  Lea 64 

Fig.  6.  Lateral  view  of  Mr.  Lea's  type,  twice  enlarged. 

7.  View  of  a  specimen  from  another  locality,  natural  size,  doubtfully  referred  to  this 
species.     Comp.  M.  Johnaoni. 

MoDiOLA  BURLiNGTONENSis  Whitfield , 65 

Fig.  8.  Lateral  view  of  the  type  specimen,  from  Burlington,  N.  J. 
9.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Crassatella  (Etea)  proka  Conrad 120 

Fig.  10.  Lateral  view  of  the  type. 
11.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Crassatella  vadosa  Morton 116 

Fig.  12.  Right  view  of  an  internal  cast. 

13.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

14.  View  of  a  specimeu  preserving  some  of  the  shell  substance,  showing  the  concentric 

markings.     From  Freehold,  N.  J. 
15.  Similar  view  of  another  specimen  from  the  same  locality, 

Crassatella  transversa  Gabb 122 

Fig.  16.  Lateral  view  of  the  type  specimen. 
17.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Crassatella  cuneata  Gabb 118 

Fig.  18.  View  of  a  specimen,  natural  size. 

19  and  20.  Views  of  a  cast  of  this  species,  enlarged  to  two  diameters. 

Crassatella  Monmouthensis  Gabb 119 

Fig.  21.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  cast  of  this  species,  Mr.  Gabb's  type. 
22.  Similar  view  of  another  cast. 

302 


U.S  GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY. 


MONOGRAPH    IX       PLATE     X\ 


'^fmnm^j^ 


■^ 


LAII    ar.d  B.PW  del 


LAMELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(cretaceous   -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS. 


PLATE    XVIII. 

Page. 

GOULDIA  CONRADi  Whitfield 125 

Fig.  1.  Exterior  of  a  left  valve,  enlarged  three  diameters. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

3.  Interior  of  a  right  valve,  enlarged  to  the  same  extent. 

GouLDiA  DECEMNARiA  Conrad 124 

Fig.  4.  View  of  the  type  specimen,  greatly  enlarged. 
Vetocakdia  crenulirata  Conrad 128 

Fig.  5.  Enlarged  exterior  view  of  one  of  the  types. 

6.  Interior  view  of  same. 

7.  Enlarged  view  of  the  hinge  of  a  left  valve. 

Scambula  perplana  Conrad m 123 

Fig.  H.  Exterior  of  one  of  the  tyi)e8. 

9.  Eularged  view  of  a  right  valve  (two  diameters). 

10.  Similar  view  of  a  left  valve. 

GouiDiA  declivis  Conrad 126 

Fig.  11.  An  enlarged  copy  of  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  of  this  shell. 

GoULDiA  PARALis  Courad 126 

Fig.  12.  Copy  of  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  cited  under  the  description. 

13.  View  of  a  fragment  of  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  shell,  as  obtained  by  a  gutta- 
percha impression  from  a  mold  in  marl  from  Mr.  Schanck's  pits  near  Marl- 
borough, N.  J. 

Crassatella  subplana  Conrad 121 

Fig.  14.  Exterior  of  an  imperfect  specimen,  which  siows  the  general  form  and  surface 
markings. 

15.  Interior  of  another  specimen. 

16.  An  imperfect  cast  of  the  species. 

DosiNiA  erecta  Whitiield 162 

Fig.  17.  Lateral  view  of  a  small  specimen,  preserving  the  shell. 

18.  Lateral  view  of  a  cast  which  shows  the  depth  of  the  inflected  cardinal  border. 

19.  Profile  view  of  same,  showing  the  inflected  border. 

20.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  specimen,  imperfect  at  the  beak,  but  retaining  the  shell  in 

part. 

LuciNA  Smockana  Whitfield 130 

Fig.  21.  Left  view  of  an  internal  cast,  showing  the  form  and  gibbosity  of  the  valves. 
22.  Cardinal  view  of  same. 

LuciNA  cretacea  Conrad 129 

Fig.  23.  View  of  the  interior  of  a  right  valve,  enlarged. 

24.  The  hinge  still  further  enlarged. 

25.  Exterior  of  a  larger  shell  (two  diameters). 

Diceras  dactyloides  Whitfield 131 

Fig.  26.  View  of  the  cast  described. 

27.  Lateral  view  of  the  same,  showing  the  muscular  soar. 

304 


^■W 


M   S. GEOLOGICAL     SURVtY 


MONOGRAPH     IX       PLATE  XVM! 


TVSinclair  »  Sor.  phila 


LAMELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(cretaceous    -  LOWER     MARL     3EDS,) 


PLATE    XIX. 

Page 
Vexiella  subovalis  Conrad 150 

Fig.  1.  View  of  tbe  right  side  of  the  cast,  which  had  been  labeled  by  Mr.  Conrad. 
2.  View  of  the  hiuge,  as  obtained  by  a  gutta-percha  impression  on  the  cast. 

Veniella  trapezoidea  Courad 151 

Fig.  3.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  specimen,  Tvhich  is  slightly  distorted  by  compression. 

Vbxiella  inflata  Conrad 147 

Fig.  4.  View  of  the  left  side  of  the  type  specimen,  natural  size. 
5.  Enlarged  cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Vexiella  elevata  Conrad 148 

Fig.  6.  Vertical  view  of  the  type  specimen,  enlarged  to  two  diameters. 
7.  Profile  view  of  same. 

Vexiella  C'oxradi  Morton 144 

Fig.  8.  View  of  a  cast  of  this  species,  natural  size,  from  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

9.  Similar  view  of  another  cast. 

10.  View  of  the  interior  of  a  specimen  from  Eufaula,  Ala.,  of  which  the  exterior  cor- 

responds to  Fig.  9  in  its  varices. 

Veniella  teigoxa  Gabb , 149 

Fig.  11.  View  of  the  left  sid6  of  the  type  specimen. 

12.  Anterior  view,  showing  the  convexity.     The  figure  is  very  imperfect. 

13.  Left  view  of  a  second  example,  also  from  the  collection  of  tlie  Academy  of  Natural 

Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

14.  Anterior  view  of  the  same. 

Veniella  1  DECiSA  Morton 145 

Fig.  15.  Left  view  of  a  nearly  perfect  cast  of  the  species,  showing  the  general  features. 
IG.  Anterior  view  of  the  same. 

Sph^eriola  UJiiiOXATA  Whitfield 152 

Fig.  17.  Right  view  of  the  type  specimen. 

18.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same.     These  figures  show  the  ligament  and  general  form  of 
the  shell. 

306 


us   GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY. 


MONOGRAPH     IX,     PLATE, >:IX 


LA.B     and  F  PW.  del 


^mciau   *   Sor.  phiia 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  . 

(cretaceous    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS. 


PLATE    XX. 

Leiopistha  protexta  Conrad 140 

Fig.  1.  Lateral  view  of  a  cast  of  the  oidinary  form,  from  Holmdel,  N.  J. 

2.  Cardinal  view  of  tlie  same. 

3.  A  east  showing  finer  aud  more  numerous  plications. 

Leiopistha  ixflata  Wliittield 142 

Fig.  4.  View  of  a  caot,  showing  the  shorter,  broader,  and  more  inflated  form,  and  the  round 
ribs. 
5.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

CymellaMeeki  Whitfield 142 

Fig.  6.  View  of  a  small,  imperfect  cast. 

7.  View  of  a  larger  cast,  retaining  both  valves. 

FULVIA  TENUIS  Whitfield 139  • 

Fig.  3.  View  of  the  specimen  described,  natural  size. 

Cakdiuji  (Criocardidji)  dumosum  Conrad i:i3 

Fig.  9.  View  of  a  medinm-sized  specimen,  retaining  the  shell  in  part  (collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences),  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
10  and  11.  Views  of  a  larger  cast,  showing  the  general  form. 

15.  Enlargement  of  the  surface,  as  obtained  by  gutta-percha  pressed  into  a  fragment 

of  the  matrix. 
13.  View  of  a  small  shell,  with  imperfect  surface,  found  labeled  C.  Alahamiensis  by  Mr. 
Gabb  (collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences). 

Cardium  Eipleyandm  Conrad 132 

Fig.  14.  View  of  specimen  from  the  iron-stone  nodules  at  Keyport,  N.  J.,  enlarged  four 
diameters. 

Cabdium  (Feaguji)  texuistriatum  Whitfield 139 

Fig.  15.  Vi  jw  of  a  partial  cast  of  a  left  valve. 

16.  An  outline  .showing  convexity  of  the  same. 

Cardium  Eufaulense  Conrad 132 

Fig.  17.  A'iew  of  a  cast  of  a  left  valve,  where  the  ribs  are  preserved  in  all  their  sharpness. 
Holmdel,  N.  J. 
18  and  19.  Views  of  a  large  cast,  nearly  destitute  of  surface  markings,  but  showing 
them  near  the  front  margin.     The  specimen  has  been  laterally  compressed. 

f  4.RDIUM  (Protocardium)  pereloxgatum  Whitfield 136 

Figs.  20  and  21.  Views  of  a  cast  of  a  single  valve,  from  Cream  Ridge,  N.  J. 
22.  Posterior  profile  view  of  a  cast,  showing  the  ribs  of  this  jiart 

308 


U    S. GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH     IX       PLATE    XX 


L"  A.Dowe  ,  del- 


T  S^n-clau:  &   SoTi,Ph-.la 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  . 

(cretaceous    -  LOWER     MARL     BEDS, 


PLATE    XXI. 

>age. 

Cardium  (Ckiocakdium)  multiuadiatdm  Gabb 135 

Fig.  1.  Lateral  view  of  a  well-preserved  oast  of  this  species. 
2.  Cardinal  view  of  I  he  same. 

'A.  Enlargement  of  a  fragnjeut  of  1he  matrix,  showing  the  character  of  ribs  and  the 
spines  which  rise  from  the  depressions  between  them,  as  obtained  from  a  gutta- 
percha impression. 

Cakdium  (Pkotocardum)  pehelongatum  "Whitfield 1S6 

Figs.  4  and  5.  Views  of  a  large  cast  from  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  showing  the  general  form. 

PACHYCAKDini  BrRLIXGTONENSE  Whitfield 138 

Figs.  6  and  7.  Views  of  the  fast  described,  showing  the  remains  of  the  strong,  heavy  ribs, 
and  the  large  muscular  scars. 

310 


U    S   GEOLOGICAL     SURVE 


MONOGRAPH    IX  .    PuATE 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  . 

;R ETA C SOUS -LOWER     MARL     BED^ 


PLATE    XXII. 

Page. 

Tenea  Pi^TGUiS  Conrad 163 

Fig.  1.  Left  view  of  an  internal  cast. 

2.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

3.  View  of  the  hinge,  enlarged  twice,  from  Mr.  Conrad's  type,  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 

Dosi>i A  Gabbi  Whitfield - 1«1 

Fig.  4.  Left  view  of  a  cast,  showing  all  the  features  recognized. 
5.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Aphrodina  Tippaxa  Conrad 154 

Fig.  6.  Cast  of  a  large  right  valve.     Deep  cut,  Holmdel  and  Keyport  Turnpike. 
7.  A  smaller  left  valve  from  Marlborough, N.  J. 

Cai.lista  Delawarknsis  Gabb 153 

Figs.  8  and  9.  Views  of  what  is  supposed  to  be  Mr.  Gabb's  type  of  the  species. 

10.  View  of  a  young  specimen,  retaining  the  shell,  from  nodule  in  Lower  Marls  at 
Holmdel. 

Cypkimeria  depressa  Conrad lo6 

Fig.  11.  Interior  of  a  shell  from  Haddonfield.     One  of  Conrad's  originals. 

12.  Exterior  of  the  same. 

13.  View  of  a  oast  from  Fieehold ;  a  shorter  form. 

Cyprimeria  Heilprini  Whitfield ItO 

Figs.  14  and  15.  Views  of  the  type  specimens.     Collection  of  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

C YPRIJIERIA  EXCAVATA   Morton l'-9 

Figs.  16  and  17.  Views  of  a  very  imperfect  cast  referred  to  this  species.     Freehold,  N.  J. 
Cy'PRIJIEria  spissa  Conrad - 16l) 

Fig.  18.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  right  valye  referred  to  this  species. 
Cyprimeria  densata  Conrad 157 

Fig.  19.  View  of  a  specimen  from  Freehold,  N.  J.,  retaining  the  shell  in  part. 
20  and  21.  Views  of  Mr.  Conrad's  type  specimen. 

312 


U    =;   GEOLOGICAL     SURvt^ 


MONOGRAPH     IX       PLATE 


LAM  ELLl  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

("C  R  E  T  A  C  E  L  Lb    -  _  O  'A  E  R     MA  R  L     B  -- 


PLATE    XXIII 


L^a'io. 


DoxAx  FoRDi  Lea in 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  type  ?  sx>ecimeu  in  tlie  collection  of  the  Academj'  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia. 
JiNO>iA  Eui-AULENSis  Couiad 168 

Fiff.  2.  View  of  the  type ;  natural  size. 

3.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  to  three  diameters. 
iENONA  TAPYiUA  Courad 1(J9 

Fig.  4.  View  of  the  only  specimen  known;  Conrad's  type. 
LlXEARIA  CONTKACTA  Whitfield I(i7 

Fig.  .5.  View  of  a  specimen,  natural  size,  as  obtained  by  guttapercha  from  a  natviral  mould. 
LiXEAi!l.\  METASTRIATA  Courad 165 

Fig.  6.  View  of  the  exterior  of  a  shell  from  Haddon  field. 

7.  Similar  view  of  a  cast  in  a  natural  mould  from  Holmdel,  N.J. 

8.  An  enlargement  to  two  diameters  of  the  interior  of  the  shell  in  Fig.  6,  showing  the 

hinge  characters. 

CoRiarvA  TENUIS  Whitfield 170 

Fig.  9.  View  of  a  cast  of  medium  size. 

10.  Outline  cardinal  view  of  the  same  showing  the  inequality  of  the  valves. 

11.  View  of  a  larger  cast,  showing  the  vascular  scars. 

Teli.imera  eborea  Conrad  164 

Fig.  1"2.  View  of  the  type  specimen;  natural  size. 
V^.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge. 

PeRIPLOM  YA  ELLIPTICA  Gabl) - 177 

Fig.  14.  Left  view  of  a  cast  of  the  species. 
15.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

JiOKA  CRETACEA  Conrad : 167 

Fig.  16.  View  of  the  exterior  of  "Mr.  Conrad's  type  specimen. 
17.  View  of  the  hinge  of  the  same. 
Veleda  LlNTEA  Conrad 172 

18.  View  of  a  large  crushed  specimen;  natural  size. 

19.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge. 

20.  Enlargement  to  three  diameters  of  a  nearly  perfect  shell. 

21.  -Enlargement  to  two  diameters  of  a  larger,  partially  exfoliated  specimen.     Tliis 

and  the  foregoing  are  all  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  and  were  used  by  Mr.  Cou- 
rad. 

Veleda  transversa  Whitfield 174 

Fig.  22.  View  of  a  cast,  showing  the  general  form,  surface  strise,  and  imprints  of  teeth. 
Marlborough,  N.  J. 

Vei.eda  tellixoides  Whitfield 173 

Fig.  23.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  left  valve,  showing  the  strongly  contrasting  form  with  that  of 
Fig.  22. 

Cekcomy A  PECULIARIS  Conrad 178 

Fig.  24.  Esteiior  of  the  fragment  described  by  Mr.  Conrad. 

25.  View  of  the  under  surface,  showing  all  that  remaius  of  the  hinge. 

CORBITLA  SCBCOJIPRESSA  Gabb 180 

Fig.  26.  View  of  the  ouly  specimen  observed,  enlarged. 

CORBULA  FOULKEI  Lea 180 

Fig.  27.  Enlarged  view  of  the  exterior  of  a  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  the  original 
locality. 

28.  Interior  view  of  the  same. 

29.  Enlarged  view  of  a  shorter  specimen,  probably  a  variety  of  ihe  same. 

COKBULA  CRASSIPLICA  Gabb 178 

Fig.  30.  Enlargement  to  three  diameters  of  a  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
314 


S    3  c-:  0  L  0  6  ■  C  A  L-     S  U  RY  E  Y  . 


MONOGRAP^I     ■'<       P;_A~E 


„<-^ 


/ 


vV|-L!-f.';>i    a.e"i 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCHIATA  . 

-       -    !•  U  S    -  L  O  W'Z'^     MARL     BEDS. 


PLATE    XXIV. 

Page 
Pholadi  mya  occedentalis  Morton 175 

Fig.  L  View  of  a  large  specimen  from  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  in  the  American  Museum  Natural 
History,  New  York  City. 
',',.  Anterior  proiile  of  the  same. 
">.  Cardinal  view  of  an  imperfect  specimen  from  Burlington,  N.  J. 

Pholadomya  Eoemeki  Whitfield 176 

Fig.  4.  View  of  the  best  preserved  individual  observed. 

PA.'^fOPEA  DECISA  Courad 181 

Fig.  5.  View  of  a  cast  of  medium  size,  showing  the  usual  form. 

6.  View  of  a  larger  cast  from  Burlington,  N.  J.,  in  the  collection  of  the  American 

Jilusenm  of  Natural  History. 

7.  Cardinal  view  of  a  cast  from  Holland,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

8.  View  of  the  interior  of  the  hinge  as  obtained  from  a  gutta-percha  cast  from  the 

preceding  specimen. 

316 


GEOLOGICAL     SUrWEY 


MONOGRAPH     'X      PLATE 


■■*(;»• 


U^- 


-  Ay 


rh' 


-^ET^^^^fc.' 


V 


^^  • 


\ 


WTy. 


^^•- 


.f^" 


""^ 


"^"^gSTOW^"™^-^ 


LAM  ELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(CR  E^AC   E  :  L  i    -L'j7vt:c;      ■;  a  P  L      3  EDS 


PLATE    XXV. 

Page. 

Lkptosoldn  bipmcata  Conrad ISJ 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  right  side  of  the  most  perfect  cast  seen  from  New  Jersey. 
2.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Legumen  pi.anulatum  Conrad 184 

Fig.  :i.  View  of  an  internal  cast  from  Freehold,  N.  J. 

4.  A  cast  showing  the  external  features.of  the  shell,  from  near  Marlhorongh,  N.  J. 

Legumen  elupticum  Conrad 184 

Fig.  5.  View  of  a  shell  of  this  species  from  Tippah  Coimty,  Mississippi,  introduced  for 
comparison  with  the  other  species. 

Legumen  appressusi  Courad 185 

Fig.  6.  View  of  the  left  side  of  a  shell  from  Haddoufield,  N.  J. 

7.  Cardinal  vie^  of  the  same. 

8.  View  of  the  hinge  of  the  left  valve,  enlarged  to  two  diameters. 

SiLiQUA  ciuiTACEA  Gahb 186 

Fig.  9.  View  of  the  right  side  of  the  cast  nsed  by  Mr.  Gabb. 
10.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

SOLTJi A  LINEOLATA  Conrad - 182 

Fig.  11.  View  of  the  exterior  of  Conrad's  type  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  N.  J. 
1'2.  Interior  view  of  the  same. 
13.  Enlargement  of  the  hinge  of  the  same. 

Pholas  ciTii ar a  Morton 187 

Fig.  14.  Eight  view  of  the  specimen  described  as  P.  pectorosa  by  Conrad.     Tinton  Falls. 

15.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

16.  View  of  an  imperfect  specimen  from  near  Marlborough,  N.  J. 

Pholas?  lata  Whitfield 189 

Fig.  17.  View  of  the  cast  of  a  left  valve,  showing  the  features  described. 

Teredo  irregularis  Gabb 191 

Fig.  18.  View  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen,  showing  a  fragment  of  the  cast  of  a  shell  at 
the  lower  end. 
19.  View  of  another  tube  cast,  also  one  of  Mr.  Gabb's  specimens. 

Martesia  cretacea  Gabb .- 190 

Figs.  20-22.  Three  views  of  an  internal  cast,  enlarged  to  two  diameters,  showing  the 
surface  marking  to  some  degree. 
23.  View  of  a  colony  of  tubes,  natural  size,  apparently  the  ones  originally  described. 

Clavagella  armata  Morton 192 

Fig.  24.  Near  top  of  plate  is  an  enlarged  view  of  a  cast  of  this  species,  showing  the  general 
features;  two  diameters. 


U    SGEOLOGl  CAL     SURVEY. 


MOr^iOGRAPH     iV:  ,    PLATE    XXV. 


LA.D,  and  RPW  del 


LAM  ELL  I  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 
(CR  ETACEOU'S   -  LOWER     MARL     BEDSj 


PLATE    XXVI. 

Paso. 
MODIOLA  INFLATA  Whitfield 197 

Fig   1.  Enlarged  lateral  view  of  tlie  specimen  described. 
2.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

ISOCAEDIA  CONEADI  Gab!) 200 

Fig.  3.  Lateral  view  of  Gabb's  type  sijeeimen. 

4.  Anterior  view  of  the  same,  copied  from  Gabb's  figures. 

Idonearca  medians  Whitfield 199 

Fig.  5.  Lateral  view  of  one  of  the  examples  used  in  description. 
6.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Geyph^a  Beyani  var.  peecedens  Whitfield 194 

Fig.  7.  Lower  valve  of  a  form  which  is  very  prevalent  at  New  Egypt  and  in  Monmouth 
County. 
8.  Upper  view  of  the  same. 

Geyph^a  vesicularis  Lamarck 194 

Figs.  9  and  10.  Views  of  a  form  which  is  most  abundant  and  quite  characteristic  of  the 
Yellow  Limestones.     New  Egypt. 

GRYPHiEOSTREA  VOMER  MortOn 195 

Figs.  11  and  12.  Views  of  the  prevalent  form  in  the  Yellow  Limestones,  at  Timber  Creek 
and  New  Egypt,  N.  J. 

MoDiOLA  ovata  Gabb 197 

Fig.  13.  View  of  the  right  side  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen. 

14.  View  of  the  anterior  end  of  another  specimen,  preserving  the  form  of  the  beaks 
more  perfectly. 

Idoxearca  compeessieostra  Whitfield 199 

Fig.  15.  Eight  view  of  a  very  entire  specimen. 
16.  Anterior  profile  view  of  same. 

GasteocHjEna  Ameeicana  Gabb 203 

Fig.  17.  View  of  cast  of  this  species,  showing  the  irregular  constrictions  of  the  tube. 
18.  A  similar  view  of  another  cast. 

Teredo  tibialis  Morton 201 

Fig.  19.  View  of  a  part  of  a  group  of  the  tube  casts,  showing  their  usual  form.     Nearly  all 
of  these  have  been  broken  off  at  the  lower  end. 

20.  Enlargement  of  the  upper  end  of  a  cast,  showing  the  muscular  scar. 

21.  Enlarged  view  of  the  aperture. 

22.  Enlarged  view  of  the  upper  end  of  a  tube,  showing  the  partial  septa  of  this  part 

of  the  tube.     This  and  the  two  preceding  figures  are  copied  from  Mr.  Gabb's 
figures,  but  have  all  been  verified  in  many  individuals. 

320 


S. GEOLOGICAL     SLiRVtL" 


MOr^lOGRAPH     IX       PLATE     XXVI. 


%. 


fi^V        1 


,.v<" 


n 


;   fWi 


T  Smclair  *  Sen  Phils 


LA  WELL  I  BRANCH  I  AT  A  . 

(cretaceous  -  MIDDLE     BEDSj 


PLATE    XXVII. 

Pago. 
OSTEEA   GLANDIFOKMIS  Whitfield 205 

Fig.  ] .  Exterior  view  of  an  upper  valve  from  Farmingdale,  N.  J. 

2.  Interior  view  of  the  same. 

3.  View  of  a  lower  valve  from  near  Vincentowu. 

4.  and  5.  Views  of  a  cast  from  near  Farmingdale. 

Gryphje  Brtani  Gabb 206 

Fig.  6.  View  of  a  small  shell,  which  shows  the  scar  of  attachment  at  the  beak. 
7.  Interior  of  an  older  specimen. 
8  and  9.  Views  of  an  old  specimen,  all  from  Mr.  Gabb's  type  series. 

Aeca  quindeci.viradiata  Gabb 208 

Figs.  10.  Left  view  of  a  large  shell  preserving  the  surface  to  some  extent,  New  Egypt,  N.  Y. 
11-13.  Views  of  an  internal  cast,  showing  the  usual  features  of  the  species,  New 
Egypt,  N.  J. 

Crassatella  Delawarensis  Gabb 210 

Fig.  14.  View  of  a  small  specimen  from  near  New  Egypt,  preserving  the  shell. 
15.  View  of  a  cast,  the  usual  condition,  from  near  Farmingdale,  N.  J. 

Crassatella  rhombea  Whitfield 213 

Fig.  16.  Eight  view  of  a  specimen  preserving  the  shell,  the  only  one  ever  found,  near  New 
Egypt,  N.  J. 

17.  Anterior  profile  view  of  the  same. 

18.  Left  view  of  an  internal  cast  from  Squankum,  N.  J.     Columbia  College. 

19.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

332 


,U,S  GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH     IX       PLATE    XXVII 


biiiciaj-  ii  ; 


LAM  ELL  I  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

('cretaceous  -BASE  OF  UPPER  MARL  BEDS. 


PLATE    XXVIII. 

Page. 
ClIASSATELLA  CL'RTA  Couiad  ? 209 

Figs.  1  aud  2.  Views  of  a  cast  from  Squanknm,  N.  J.     Colnmbia  College  collection. 

3.  A  partial  cast  from  New  Egypt,  sUowing  suvfaco  strise.     A.  M.  N.  H.  collection. 
4  and  5.  Views  of  a  similar  speeiiiieu  from  Squankum.     Rutgers  College  collection. 

Cbassateli-A  littoealis  Courad 212 

Fig.  ().  An  imperfect  shell  of  tlie  species  from  Squankum.     Rutgers  College  collection. 

7.  View  of  au  internal  east  showing  its  elliptical  form  and  rounded  umboual  ridge, 
Squankum.    Columbia  College  collection. 

MODIOLA  JOHXSONI  Whitfield 207 

Fig.  f?.  Cardinal  -view,  natural  size,  of  a  very  perfect  specimen  of  the  species. 
9.  Lateral  view  of  the  same. 

CmOCARDIUM  NUCLEOLUS  Whitfield 214 

Fig.  10.  Lateral  view,  enlarged,  of  au  internal  cast  of  the  usual  size  and  form. 
11.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Vexiella  RHOMiJOlDEA  Courad 215 

Fig.  lii.  Lateral  view  of  a  shell  presenting  the  usual  features. 
13.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Cardita  intermedia  Whitfield 209 

Fig.  14.  Lateral  view  of  an  internal  cast,  showing  the  remains  of  plications  on  the  margin. 
15.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Cartatis  veta  Whitfield  . . . , - 218 

Fig.  16.  View  of  a  cast  from  Squ.aukum,  N.  J. 

17.  View  of  a  cast  from  Farmingdale,  N.  J. 
Fig.  18.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen  from  Farmingdale,  N.  J.,  preserving  the  shell  aud 
showing  the  surface  stria3. 
19.  Anterior  view  of  the  same. 

Periplomta  truncata  Whitfield 220 

Fig.  20.  Lateral  view  of  a  cast  from  near  New  Egypt,  N.  J.     Rutgers  College  collection. 
;21.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

Pei  RICOLA  NovA-^GYPTiCA  AVhitfield 216 

Fig.  22.  View  of  the  specimen  described  showing  the  form  of  the  shell  and  the  pallial  sinus. 

Veleda  nascta  Whitfield 217 

Fig.  23.  View  of  a  right  valve  showing  the  surface  strise. 

Panopea  elliptic  a  Whitfield 219 

Fig.  24.  Lateral  view  of  the  most  perfect  specimen  observed. 
25.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same. 

324 


U   S^GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY- 


MONOGRAPH    !■■'       DLA'^E      .-v;!: 


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LJU).  ana  RPW.  del 


LAMELLI  BRANCH  I  ATA  . 

(cretaceous  -  BASE    OF    UPPER     MARL    BEDE 


PLATE   XXIX. 

Page. 
OsTKEA  LisTGUATELis  Whitiiield 223 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  cast  described. 
OsTREA  GLAUCON'OiDES  Whitfield 222 

Fig.  2.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  lower  valve. 
Pectex  Kxeiskerni  Conrad 224 

Fig.  3.  View  of  the  type  specimen  as  obtained  by  a  gutta-percha  east  in  the  natural  mold. 

Fig.  4.  View  of  an  internal  cast  of  a  left  valve  showing  the  radii  flattened  and  indistinct. 

Fig.  5.  View  of  the  exterior  of  a  right  valve  as  obtained  from  the  natural  mold. 
Pecten  EiGBYi  Whitfield 226 

Fig.  6.  Enlarged  view  of  the  type,  a  right  valve,  obtained  from  the  natural  mold. 
GRTPHiEA  VESicuLAEis  Lamarck 224 

Fig.  7.  Vertical  view  of  the  cast  described. 
8.  Lateral  view  of  the  same. 
AviCDLA  ANNOSA  Courad 226 

Fig.  9.  If  the  figure  be  turned  so  as  to  bring  the  point  at  the  right  end  downward,  its 
resemblance  to  a  fragment  of  a  univalve  shell  will  be  readily  seen. 
AxiNEA  CoxEADi  Whitfield 230 

Fig.  10.  Upper  view  of  the  cast  described. 
11.  Outline  profile  of  the  same. 
jSitjcula  Circe  Whitfield 227 

Fig.  12.  View  of  the  cast  of  a  left  valve,  natural  size. 
Nucularia  secdnda  Whitfield 229 

Fig.  13.  View  of  a  right  valve,  natural  size. 
14.  Enlarged  view  of  the  same. 
NuccLASA  albaria  Conrad 228 

Figs.  15  and  16.  Views  of  two  specimens  showing  the  extremes  in  form. 
Crassatella  alta  Conrad 234 

Fig.  17.  View  of  an  imperfect  cast  which  is  referred  to  this  species. 
Crassatella  obliquata  Whitfield 235 

Fig.  18.  View  of  an  internal  cast  of  a  left  valve  showing  the  massive  hinge  plate  and 
teeth. 

326 


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LAMELLIBRANCHIATA  . 
(eocene  -UPPER    LAVfR    OF    UPPER    MARLS.) 


•***» 


PLATE    XXX. 

Page. 
ASTAKTE   CASTANELLA.  Wllitfield 231 

Fig.  1.  View  of  cast  of  the  right  valve,  showiug  the  creuulatioiis  of  the  border. 
2.  Similar  view  of  a  left  valve. 

ASTARTE  PLAXIMAKGINATA  Whitiield 23"^ 

Fig.  3.  View  of  a  cast  of  a  left  valve.     Natural  size. 
4.  Enlarged  view  of  a  rounder  specimen 

Protocardia  curta  Conrad , 236 

Fig.  5.  Cast  of  a  right  valve  which  retains  the  fine  radiating  striae. 

6.  View  of  a  specimen  retaining  both  valves. 

7.  ¥iew  of  the  hinge  as  obtained  from  the  specimen,  fig.  6,  by  gutta-percha. 

Cardita  perantiqua  Conrad 232 

Fig.  8.  A  cast  of  the  interior. 

9.  The  exterior  as  obtained  by  gutta-percha  from  a  natural  mold. 

10.  Enlargement  of  four  of  the  anterior  ribs  from  the  last  figure. 

Cardita  Brittoni  Whitfield 233 

Figs.  11  aud  12.  Views  of  a  specimen  which  is  somewhat  distorted,  but  shows  the  fine  ribs. 

Crassatella  obliqcata  Whitfield 235 

Fig.  13.  Eight  side  view  of  a  very  perfect  cast  of  this  speoies. 
14.  Anterior  profile  view  of  same. 

Caryatis  ovalis  Whitfield 237 

Fig.  15.  View  of  the  cast  of  a  right  valve  which  shows  the  surface  features. 
16.  Similar  view  of  a  left  valve  which  retains  the  features  of  the  exterior. 

VeLEDA  iEQUILATERA  Whitfield 238 

Fig.  17.  Enlarged  view  of  a  cast  of  a  left  valve  of  this  species. 

CORBULA  (NE.ERA)  NASCTOIDES  Whitfield ' 239 

Fig.  18.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  small  rotund  specimen. 

19.  A  similar  view  of  a  larger  slightly  compressed  specimen. 

Ue^ba  ^QUiVAivis  Whitfield 240 

Fig.  20.  Enlarged  view  of  a  specimen  showing  the  rostrum  nearly  entire. 
21.  A  larger  specimen,  natural  size,  imperfect  behind. 

Pabapholas  Kneiskeksi  Whitfield 241 

Fig.  22.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

23.  Cardinal  view  of  the  same  specimen. 

24.  Basal  view  of  the  same. 

Teredo  emacerata  "Whitfield .-.  242 

Fig.  25.  View  of  a  group  of  the  fillings  of  tubes  showing  their  general  character. 

328 


U    S. GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY, 


MONOGRAPH     IX        P^ATE 


LA-ti.   and  PP.V7,  d^l 


Sinclair  &  Son.FhUa 


LAMELLI  BRANCH!  ATA  , 
(eocene  -.UPPER    LAYER    OF    UPPER    MARLS) 


PLATE    XXXI. 

Pase 
Unio  ligamentinoides  Lea '-^49 

Fig.  I.  View  of  the  right  side  of  Mr.  Lea's  type  of  the  species. 
Unio  pb^anodontoides  Whitfield 250 

Fig.  2.  View  of  the  type  specimen. 
Unio  Eoanokoides  Lea 248 

Fig.  3.  Outline  cardinal  view  of  a  large  specimen  of  the  species. 
Unio  hu.mehosoides  Lea 248 

Fig.  4.  View  of  the  right  side  of  Lea's  type  specimen. 

330 


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PLATE    XXXII. 

Page. 
Unio  kectoides  Whitfield 25(» 

Fig.  1.  Cardiual  view  of  the  type. 
2.  Eight  side  of  the  type. 

Unio  cakiosoides  Lea 247 

Fig.  3.  Vievr  of  the  right  side  of  the  type  specimen. 

Unio  ligamextinoides  Lea 249 

Fig.  4.  Eight  side  of  a  specimen  identified  with  this  species.     For  figure  of  Mr.  Lea's  type 
see  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  1. 

Unio  subrotundoides  Lea 246 

Fig.  5.  View  of  the  left  side  of  Mr.  Lea's  type. 

332 


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PLATE    XXXIII. 

Page 
XJkio  Eoakokoides  Lea 248 

Fig.  1.  Left  view  of  a  specimen  of  the  prevailing  form. 

2.  Left  view  of  auotlaer  specimen,  showing  less  arcuatiou  of  the  hinge-line  and  a 
more  quadrangular  form.     See  outline,  Fig.  3,  Plate  XXXI. 
Unio  ALATOiDES  Lea 249 

Fig.  3.  A^'iew  of  a  specimen  of  this  species,  showing  a  portion  of  the  posterior  alation. 
4.  Yiew  of  another  specimen  differing  in  size  and  in  the  curvature  of  the  basal  line. 

334 


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PLATE    XXXIV. 

Page. 
Unio  radiatoides  Lea 245 

Figs.  1-3.  Views  (if  three  diflerent  examples  of  the  species  stowing  slight  vari a tiou.siu  form 
and  condition  of  preservatiou. 

Unio  nasutoides  Lea 244 

Fig.  4.  Left  view  of  one  of  the  best  preserved  individuals  of  this  species. 

5.  Cardinal  view  of  same.     The  valves  are  separated  to  a  oonsiderable  extent  along 
the  base,  giving  an  appearance  of  greater  depth  than  it  actually  possesses. 

Unio  ax.\toides  Lea 249 

Fig.  6.  Outline  cardinal  view  of  the  specimen  shown  on  Plate  xxxiii,  fig.  3. 

Unio  Koanokoides  Lea 248 

Fig.  7.  Outline  cardinal  view  of  the  specimen,  Plate  xxxiii,  tig.  2. 

Unio  ligamentinoides  Lea 249 

Fig.  8.  Outline  carcliual  view  of  the  specimen,  Plate  xxxii,  fig.  4. 

J36 


;j.S. GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY, 


MONOGRAPH     1>;      PLATE    XX/IV. 


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fCRETAC  Eu  JS       UNIONIDa'E  ) 


PLATE    XXXV. 

Page. 
^ODONTA  COltPUI.ENTOIDES  Lea 252 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  left  valve  of  a  specimen  which  preserves  the  valves  spread  open. 

Anodoxta  ghandoides  Lea , 251 

Fig.  2.  View  of  the  right  side  of  a  very  well  preserved  specimen  of  the  species. 
3.  Outline  cardinal  view  of  the  same  specimen 

338 


.U.S.GEOLOGICAL     SURVEY. 


MONOGRAPH     IX,    PLATE    X> 


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LA  M  E  LLI  B  RAN  C  H  I  ATA  . 

(cretaceous -unionidae) 


